electric current and direct-current circuits a flow of electric charge is called an electric current
TRANSCRIPT
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
A flow of electric charge is called an electric current.
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
QI
t
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
1 ampere =
CSI unit A
s
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
When electric charge flows through a closed path and returns to its starting point the path is called an electric circuit.
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
When electric charge flows through a closed path in one direction the path is called a direct-current circuit.
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
When electric charge flows through a closed path and periodically reverses direction the path is called a alternating-current circuit.
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
A battery produces a difference in electric potential
between its terminals through chemical reactions.
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
The symbol for a battery is
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
The terminal designated + corresponds to the higher potential, while the terminal designated by a – corresponds to the lower potential.
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
By convention we say that the direction of the current is the
direction in which a positive charge would move.
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Figure 21-4Direction of Current and Electron Flow
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
The electromotive force (emf) (ξ) is the potential across the
terminals (voltage) of a battery under ideal conditions.
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
The charges that actually move through a conductor, are electrons.
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
In a real conductor there is always some resistance to electron flow,
and a potential difference is necessary to keep them flowing.
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
Ohm’s Law relates the potential(V), resistance (R)and current (I)in a
circuit
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
Ohm’s Law
V IR
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
Ohm’s Law
11 = 1ohm
V VR
I A
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
Ohm’s Law
LR
A
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
Ohm’s LawUnit for resistivity is
m
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
When an electric charge moves across a potential difference the potential energy changes by the
amount
( )U Q V
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
SI unit; watt, W
( )U Q Vpower P IV
t t
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
Other expressions for electric power
22 V
P I RR
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
Other expressions for electric power
22 V
P I RR
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
Resistors in a series are connected end to end.
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Example 21-5Three Resistors in Series
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
The equivalent resistance for resistors in series is just the
sum of the individual resistances
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
For the example given
1 2 3eqR R R R
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
Each of the resistors connected in series has the
same current going through it.
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
Resistors connected in parallel are connected across the same potential difference.
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Example 21-6Three Resistors in Parallel
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
The equivalent resistance for resistors in parallel is calculated by adding the reciprocal values of the individual resistors.
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
This gives the reciprocal of the equivalent resistance
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
For the example given
1 2 3
1 1 1 1
eqR R R R
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
The current going through individual resistors connected in parallel is not necessarily the same.
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
The sum of the currents will be equal to the current calculated for the individual resistors.
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
For circuits that contain resistors connected both in series and in parallel, we first calculate the equivalent resistances.
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
We then treat the result as if it were just another resistor in series. Ex.21-7 on page 693.
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Example 21-7Combination Special
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
The sum of the voltage drops in a circuit must be equal to the voltage applied to the circuit.
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Figure 21-16Capacitors in Parallel
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
The equivalent capacitance for capacitors in parallel is
just the sum of the individual capacitances
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
For the example given
1 2 3eqC C C C
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
The sum of the individual charges on the capacitors is equal to the charge on the
equivalent capacitor.
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Figure 21-17Capacitors in Series
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
The equivalent resistance for capacitors in series is calculated by adding the reciprocal values of the individual capacitors.
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
This gives the reciprocal of the equivalent capacitance.
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
For the example given
1 2 3
1 1 1 1
eqC C C C
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
Active example 21-3 p 700.
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
Kirchoff’s rules1. The sum of the currents entering a junction, must equal the sum of the currents leaving that junction (result of charge conservation).
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
Kirchoff’s rules2. The algebraic sum of the potential differences around a closed loop is zero. The potential increases in going from the negative to the positive terminal of a battery, and decreases when crossing a resistor in the direction of the current. (energy conservation).
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
Batteries – all non-ideal batteries have an internal resistance. The voltage measured across the terminals of a battery will be less with current flowing than without current flowing.
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
Ammeters are connected in series with the part of the circuit being tested. The ideal resistance of an ammeter is 0 .
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Electric current and direct-current circuits
Voltmeters are connected in series with the part of the circuit being tested. The ideal resistance of a voltmeter is ∞.