electric mobility in future buildings - active net zero...

Electric Mobility in Future Buildings - Active Net Zero Energy Buildings -

J. Peças Lopes, Centre for Power and Energy Systems - INESC TEC September, 2015

Research and Technological Development | Technology Transfer and Valorisation | Advanced Training | Consulting Pre-incubation of Technology-based Companies

29/09/2015 2nd Net Zero-Energy Buildings Conference 2

1. The Electric Mobility Paradigm Motives for EV adoption

• High concentration of GHG in the atmosphere (global problem)

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1. The Electric Mobility Paradigm Expectable benefits

Reduction of the fossil fuel usage in the transportations sector

Immediate reduction of the local pollution levels

(CO2, CO, HC, NOX, PM)

If EV deployment is properly accompanied by an increase in

the exploitation of renewable endogenous resources

GHG global emissions will be greatly reduced Important

contribution to eradicate the global warming problematic

Source: topnews.in

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1. The Electric Mobility Paradigm b) Expectable benefits

Controlled EV charging (and V2G) together with Demand Response under

the paradigm of a active net zero energy building or district, might be used

to “shape” the power demand, avoiding very high peak loads and energy

losses

EV storage capability might be used to avoid wasting “clean” energy

(wind/PV) in systems with high renewables integration.

Obtain a local balance of generation / consumed energy (at home /

building, district level)


DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES (DER)

• Distributed storage devices (static: batteries…)

• DG units (wind, solar, Combined Heat and Power…) – Property of private promoters

• Controllable Loads (large industrial consumers and…

set of domestic clients)

• Electric Vehicles (highly flexible controllable loads and possibly distributed

storage devices when in V2G mode)

2. Smart Grid Paradigm Components


2. Smart Grid Paradigm Active demand response

Active Loads – Implementation of demand response strategies

– Controlling loads is essential to ensure power balance

– Provide reserve to grid (terciary reserve).

Active Net Zero Energy Building

The deployment of smart meters and home energy

management tools will enable the development of innovative demand response strategies, dedicated to LV consumers.

7

Ch

argi

ng

rate

C

har

gin

g ra

te

Power

Reduce load

Reduce load

Voltages

Max

.

Min

.

Power

Increase load

Increase load

Technical challenges – Integrated management of EV and RES

2. Smart Grid Paradigm Foreseen problems for distribution networks resulting from EV and DG


3.Refuelling and recharging location preferences

Where do you / would you choose to refuel your vehicle?

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Conventional vehicle Electric vehicle

Pro

po

rtio

n o

f re

sp

on

de

rs

At a service station or recharging station At work At home

Consensus emerging

that home recharging is

preferred option


3. Location of vehicle for longest period of inactivity

Where is your vehicle parked for the longest period?

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

Weekday Weekend

Pro

po

rtio

n o

f re

sp

on

de

rs

At home in a garage

At home in a driveway

At home on the street outside my

home

At home but in a parking space

away from my home

At work

At an intermediate location, such as

a rail station

At a shopping district


3. Profile of time of return from last journey of the day, Portugal

What time do you return from your last journey of the day?

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%M

onday -

->

06:0

0

12:0

0

18:0

0

Tuesday -

->

06:0

0

12:0

0

18:0

0

Wednesday -

->

06:0

0

12:0

0

18:0

0

Thurs

day -

->

06:0

0

12:0

0

18:0

0

Friday -

->

06:0

0

12:0

0

18:0

0

Satu

rday -

->

06:0

0

12:0

0

18:0

0

Sunday -

->

06:0

0

12:0

0

18:0

0

Pro

po

rtio

n o

f re

sp

on

de

rs


4. The EV integrated into a building / home

• V2H as a particular case of V2G

HAN

LAN

EV

AMM

µG

µG

Storage

Active Net Zero Energy Building


4. V2H - Use Cases

AMM

EV

App

Home Grid

The home / building is connected to the electric grid and EV are available for energy management. The AMM is responsible for managing the EV charging/discharging along with the home appliances (App)


4. V2H - Use Cases

AMM

Home Grid

EV

App

µG

The home / building is connected to the electricity grid with EV and µG available for energy management. The AMM is responsible for managing the EV charging/discharging along with available microgeneration and home appliances


4. V2H - Use Cases

AMM

Home Grid

EV

App

µG

1) It is considered that AMM intentionally inhibits any energy exchange with the grid. Enough microgeneration and V2H is available to supply the consumption. 2) An emergency event or fault in the grid forces the home / building to be physically disconnected from the grid

Individual microgrid <-> Active Net zero energy building


5. EV Business Models

Modes By Charging

Point Location and V2G

Capability

Private area

with private

Access

Private area

with public

access

Public area

with public

access

PU-EVSA-CC

Distribution

Grid

EVC

SoCEVM

EMC1

EV Owner1EVS-A1

EVC

SoCEVM

EVM

Suppliers

or Market

EMC2EV Owner2

EVS-A2

C

P

C

P

C

P

Physical Connection / Energy Flow

Contractual Relationship

Ownership / Property Border

Communication

Individual

domestic

charge

HO-SA-UCO

Distribution

Grid

EVC

FCM

SoC

Home

AppliancesPhysical Connection / Energy Flow


C

P


FCM

Supplier Final Residential Customer

PR-CPM-CC PR-CPM-V2B

Distribution

Grid

Converters

Storage

Generation

EVC

SoC

Suppliers

or Market

Charging Station

Final Customer - EVESP

FCM

EVM

EMC

EV Owner1CPM

EVM

EVM

EVM

C

P

C

P

C

PEVC

SoC




Communication

EV Owner2

HO-EVSA-CC

EVC

SoC

Supplier

EVM

EMC

Suppliers

or Market

EV OwnerEVS-A

Final Residential Customer

Home

Appliances

C

P




Communication

Distribution

GridFCMU

nc

on

tro

lle

d a

nd

Co

ntr

olle

d

Ch

arg

ing

in

th

e s

ho

rt t

erm

Distribution

Grid

EVC

FCM

SoC

SupplierFinal Residential Customer

As EV Owner

Home

Appliances



C

P


V2

G S

erv

ice

s

lon

g t

erm

HO-SA-V2H

PU-EVSA-V2G

EVC

FCM

SoC

Supplier Final Residential Customer

FCM EVM

EMC

Supplier

Or Market EV OwnerEV Aggregator

ISO

TSO

Distribution

Grid

Home

Appliances

C

P




Communication

Metering Direction

Final Residential Customer

As EV Owner

Distribution

Grid

EVC

FCM

SoC

Supplier

Home

Appliances

Energy flow at

peak hours

Energy flow at

off-peak hours

C

P




Communication

PR-CPM-EVSA-V2GHO-EVSA-V2G

Distribution

Grid

EVC

SoCEVM

EMC1

EV Owner1EVS-A1

EVC

SoCEVM

EVM

Suppliers

or Market

EMC2EV Owner2

EVS-A2

C

P

C

P

C

P




Communication

ISO

TSO

Distribution

Grid

Converters

Storage

Generation

EVC

SoC

Suppliers

or Market

Charging Station

Final Customer - CPM

FCM

EVM

EMC

EV Owner1CPM

EVM

EVM

EVM

C

P

C

P

C

PEVC

SoC




Communication

EV Owner2

ISO

TSO

Distribution

Grid

EVC

SoC

Suppliers

or MarketCommercial Building

Final Customer - CPM

EVM

EMC

EV OwnerCPM

EVMFCM

Electrical

Loads or DER

C

P

C

P




Communication


6. Energy management control principle for homes /buildings

Main objective of the control strategy is to minimise the total energy cost


6. The Triple architecture

How to manage the buiding? • Electricity price forecasts • RES generation forecasts • Load forecasts • Deal with users behaviour • Provide services to grid and comunity


6. The Any Place architecture

Home / building smart Metering platform


CL (MV)DG STOR MV)

µG STOR (LV)CL (LV) EV

Hig

h V

olt

age

Med

ium

Vo

ltag

eLo

w V

olt

age

SCADA/DMS

EB

SSC

DTC

OLTC CAP (MV)

OLTCSTOR (DT)

HEMA Home Energy Manager

to control DER at the building level

SCADA/DMS – Supervisory

Control and Data Acquisition /

Distribution Management System

SSC – Smart Substation Controller

DTC – Distribution Transformer

Controller

EB – Smart Meter

HEM – Home Energy Manager

DG – Distributed Generation

CL – Controllable Load

STOR – Storage Device

OLTC – On-Load Tap Changing

Transformer

CAP – Capacitor Banks

µG – Microgeneration

EV – Electric Vehicle

• Proposed Architecture

and Control Layers

7. Advanced Grid Architectures and Control Concepts Overall System Architecture


• The role of the DSO is evolving and emerging with the development of the

smart grid concept and its associated technologies (smart metering,

intelligent sensors, Active NetZero Buildings)

• Consequently, DSOs will have to change their focus by developing new

business activities and diversifying their business model

• This is especially important since the change of the operational philosophy

into an active network management approach will enable overcoming the

challenges that arise form an increasing penetration of DER (specially at the

LV level)

• New Functionalities: – state estimation,

– forecasting tools (generation, load)

– Coordinated voltage control

– Predictive and prescriptive control solutions to be extended to the distribution grid (LV

included)

8. System Operator under SG paradigm - The New Role of the Distribution System Operator

20

New combined profiles need to taken into account


9.Managing building resources in Island mode of operation

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800-3000

-2000

-1000

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Ac

tive

P

ow

er (W

)

Load PV WT EV

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800215

220

225

230

235

240

245

250

Vo

lta

ge

(V

)

Time (s)

Phase L1 Phase L2 Phase L3

247.2 V

215.7 V

Enable

PV

P-V

Droop

Enable

WT

P-V

Droop

EV

Charging

Enable

EV

P-V

Droop

Desables

WT e

PV

Droop

Load

Increase

Decrease

of MS

pow er

output

Increase

in MS pow er

output

Laboratorial tests


10. Conclusions

• Microgrid: the building block for future power distribution system allowing to facilitate and take full advantage of DER (demand response, thermal loads and EV with renewable resources, storage) connected at LV and MV levels

• Buildings (Active NetZero Buildings with EV connected) will behave as a Microgrid

• The wide deployment of smart meters with enhanced capabilities (bidirectional communication, information storage and processing) as well as ICT creates the infrastructure for management of the distribution grid of the future

• NetZero Buildings integrated in communities of buildings forming large microgrids will allow LV grid islanding operation and will provide self healing capabilities and increase global resilience of the grid.

electric mobility in future buildings - active net zero...

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