electric vehicles -...

Electric VehiclesUser groups – Technology – Infrastructure

Guideline Handbook – Public Education

English version

Contents

October 2013 GA MOVE/FP7/265499/Green eMotion/D10.6

1 Introduction 3

2 Before you decide 4

2.1 Benefitsofelectromobility 5

2.2 Variationsinmileageandrange 6

2.3 Economy,costofownership 7

2.4 What happens in the event of a crash? 8

3 On the road 9

3.1 Identifying correct sockets and plugs 10

3.2 Washingandeasymaintenance 11

3.3 Using regenerative braking 12

3.4 Preheating the cabin 13

3.5 Impactoftyrepressure,loadandwind 14

3.6 Howtodrivesafelywithoutsound/noise 15

3.7 Informationforcyclistsandpedestrians 16

3.8 HowtorescuepeoplefromacrashedEV 17

3.9 HowtoputoutanEVfire 18

4 The big picture 19

4.1 ClimateimpactofEV’s 20

4.2 EV Infrastructure 21

4.3 Utilizingsmartgridandroaming 22

4.4 Vehicle to grid technology 23

4.5 HowdoestemperatureaffectEVperformance? 24

4.6 RecyclingEVcomponents 25

5 Intheworkshop 26

5.1 Safetyfirst 27

5.2 Charginglevelsandmodes 28

5.3 Maximizingbatterylife 29

5.4 Transportation of EVs and batteries 30

5.5 Handling in non-OEM car repair shops 31

GA MOVE/FP7/265499/Green eMotion/D10.6

1 Introduction

Guideline handbook:

This guideline handbook addresses the basic education and training needsfordifferentprofessionalsinconnectionwithEVdeployment.

Purpose of the handbook:

ThehandbookgivesthemostimportantinformationaboutEVstothe relevant professionals. The handbook refers to the Green eMo-tionProjectwebsiteformoredetails.

The website:

Can be found at http://greenemotion-project.dk/

Thehandbookisbasedonexistingmaterialfromstakeholders,re-gionalregulationsandEuropeanstandardization,etc.

Languages:

Thehandbookisavailableinthemainlanguages:

� English

� French

� German

http://greenemotion-project.dk/


2 Before you decide

� Are you considering an electric vehicle?

� Wouldyouliketolearnmoreaboutelectricdriving?

Ifyourecognizeyourselfinoneoftheseoccupationalgroups,youwillfindusefulinformationinthishandbook.

Find more details on

http://greenemotion-project.dk/before-you-decide.aspx

http://greenemotion-project.dk/before-you-decide.aspx


2.1Benefitsofelectromobility

ThebenefitsofelectromobilityEVsare:

� Environmentallyfriendly–runonrenewableenergy

� Lownoise

� Easy-to-operate

� Nooilchange,etc.

EVs can run on solar energy. Solar energy is the cleanest and one ofthecheapestwaystoproduceusefulenergy.

Whileoil,coalandgaswillnotalwaysbeavailable,solarenergyisguaranteedtolastforatleastafewbillionyearsmore.

Consequently,itmakesalotofsensetousesolarenergywheneverpossible. The electric car can do just that because it stores energy in arechargeablebattery,notinafueltank.

OtherbenefitsincludeEVsbeingsilentbecauseelectricenginesmakepracticallynonoiseandareeasytooperateastheyhavenogearstick,noclutchandrequirenowarm-upphase.Furthermore,electricengines,unlikecombustionengines,areparticularlygoodatstartingatlowRPM.

Thesearejustexamples.TherearemanyotherbenefitsfromusingEVs.


http://greenemotion-project.dk/before-you-decide/the-benefits-of-elec-tro-mobility.aspx

Watch a short film here

http://greenemotion-project.dk/before-you-decide/the-benefits-of-electro-mobility.aspx

http://greenemotion-project.dk/before-you-decide/the-benefits-of-electro-mobility.aspx


2.2Variationsinmileageandrange

ThebigquestionregardinganEVishowfarcanitgoononecharge?

This depends primarily on:

� Driving style (Speed and start/stop)

� Outdoortemperature(HeatinganEVrequiresupto4kW)

The state of charge is the percentage of battery capacity currently available for driving. A certain range is never guaranteed as the rangeisheavilyinfluencedbyyourdrivingstyle,i.e.howfastyoudrive,howmanystarts/stopsyoumake,etc.

When it is cold outside you need energy for cabin heating. An EV producespracticallynowasteheatunlikecombustionengineve-hicles,soallheatinghastocomefromthebattery.HeatinganEVcabinrequiresupto25%oftherange,whichwillseriouslydrainthebattery,ifitisusedforprolongedperiodsoftime.Thisiswhyitis essential to preheat the cabin.

Find more details on:

http://greenemotion-project.dk/before-you-decide/variations-in-mile-age-and-range.aspx

http://greenemotion-project.dk/before-you-decide/variations-in-mileage-and-range.aspx

http://greenemotion-project.dk/before-you-decide/variations-in-mileage-and-range.aspx


2.3Economy,costofownership

� Thebatteryisthemostexpensivepartandcanberented

� ServicingcostsarelowerastheelectricEVtransmissionismuchsimplerthanacombustionengine

� Insurancecostsareoftenlower

Inshort,todescribethecostofanEVownershipyoushouldfirstlyconsiderowningorrentingtheEVbattery.IfyoufeelnervousabouthowandhowfasttheEVbatterydegrades,youshouldrentit.

YoushouldexpectlowerservicingcostasanEVdoesdoesnotrequireanyoilchanges.Ithasnofuel,ignitionandexhaustsystems,nocatalyst/particulatefilter,timingbelt,sparkplugs,waterpump,generator,startermotor,radiator,oilpanandothersystemsthatusuallyrequiremaintenance.

Furthermore,insurancecostsareoftenlowerforelectricvehicles.Thecostofpower(kWh-price)varieswithyouraddress.

Moredetailsandacomparablebudgetforconventionalcarvs.anelectriccarareavailableonthewebsite.

http://greenemotion-project.dk/before-you-decide/economy,-cost-of-ownership.aspx




2.4 What happens in the event of a crash?

� EVshaveallmodernsafetyfeatures

� Payattentionifthebatteryleaksfumesandliquids

� Lettheproperauthoritieshandlethewreck

ModernEV’shavebeencrashtestedandtheyhaveallthemodernsafety features such as airbags and belt tensioners.

ModernEV’shavebeencrashtestedandtheyhaveallthemodernsafety features such as airbags and belt tensioners.

TherearenewchallengeswhenanewtypeofvehicleisintroducedandanEVisnoexception.LiquidflammablefuelsandCO2emis-sionshavebeenreplacedwithequallydangeroushigh-voltagebat-teriesandvariouschemicalsubstancesinsidethevehicle.

Asyouwouldpayspecialattentiontoleakinggasolinefromacrashedcar,youshouldpayspecialattentionifcrashedEVbatteriesareleakingfumesorliquidsandlettheproperauthoritieshandlethewreck.Batteryfumesandliquidsareflammableandcanbetoxic.

Rescue cards can be found on the website

http://greenemotion-project.dk/before-you-decide/what-happens-in-the-event-of-a-crash.aspx




3 On the road

Inthissection,youwillfindpracticaladviceondealingwithEVsinthetraffic.

� If you are an EV driver

� Cyclist/pedestrian or

� Anyonewhomightwitnessatrafficaccident

Youwillfindmoreusefulinformationinthishandbook.


http://greenemotion-project.dk/on-the-road.aspx

http://greenemotion-project.dk/on-the-road.aspx


3.1 Identifying correct sockets and plugs

� AlwayschargeanEVusingthemanufacturer’ssocketsandplugs

� Many different plugs are available today

First,youwillcompromisesafetyifyouusedomestichousehold sockets,sincetheyarenotdesignedtobeconnectedtopowerfulsourcessuchasamodernEVbattery.

Second,differenttypesofchargingequipmentandserviceprovidersareusedtoavoidinstabilityinthepowergrid.

Many different kinds of plugs for EV charging are available. They includecommunicationtoensuresafety,compatibilityandcorrectcharging speed.


http://greenemotion-project.dk/on-the-road/identifying-correct-sockets-and-plugs.aspx




3.2Washingandeasymaintenance

� Avoidhigh-pressurecleaningofenginecompartmentandorangehigh voltage cables

� Apartfromtheabove,cleanyourcarlikeanyothercar

� Youcanchangelightbulbs(12V)andrefillwindshield-washingfluid

YoushouldnotbeafraidoflettingyourEVcomeintocontactwithwater.WashtheEVlikeanyothercar,butavoidhigh-pressurecleaningoftheenginecompartmentandallorangecolouredcompo-nents.

Asregardsdailymaintenance,youcanrefillwindshield-washingfluidandreplacelightbulbs,12Vfusesandthe12Vbattery,etc.

However,NEVERtrytodisconnectanyoftheorangewiresoropenthe battery case.


http://greenemotion-project.dk/on-the-road/washing-and-easy-main-tenance.aspx

High voltage cables are orange coloured

http://greenemotion-project.dk/on-the-road/washing-and-easy-maintenance.aspx

http://greenemotion-project.dk/on-the-road/washing-and-easy-maintenance.aspx


3.3 Using regenerative braking

� EVsregenerateenergywhenbraking

Traditionalautomobilebrakesrelyonfriction,whichonlywastesen-ergy.Electricregenerativebrakingconservesmuchmoreenergyandhelps to save energy.

Only EVs and hybrids are able to recapture energy like this and the benefitsareenormous.Regeneration,however,isneveraspowerfulasmechanicalbraking.


http://greenemotion-project.dk/on-the-road/using-regenerative-braking.aspx




3.4 Preheating the cabin

� Heatingconsumesalotofenergy–preheatyourcarathomewhenitiscoldoutside

SpecialprecautionsshouldbetakenincoldweatherwhenplanningadriveinyourEV.Forexample,thecabinshouldbepreheatedpriortothedrive,sincetheEVhaslimitedexcesspoweravailableforde-icingwhiledriving.

Whenpluggedin,thevehiclehasaccesstothemains,meaningthatthe battery is not drained by operating the heater or air conditioner.MostEVshaveprogrammableorremotecontrolledheatingsystemsthatallowyoutoturntheheateronfromyoursmartphoneorusingthe key fob.


http://greenemotion-project.dk/on-the-road/preheating-the-cabin.aspx




3.5Impactoftyrepressure,loadandwind

� MaximizetheEV’srangebyfollowingdrivingstylerecommendations

� Keep the correct tyre pressure

� Avoid excessive speed

AnEVusesenergyjustlikeanyothercar,butcarrieslessstoredenergy.Therefore,youcanmaximizeyourEV’srangebyfollowingtherecommendeddrivingstyleandmakingsurethatyourtyreshavethecorrect pressure.


http://greenemotion-project.dk/on-the-road/impact-of-tire-pressure,-load-and-wind.aspx




3.6Howtodrivesafelywithoutsound/noise

� EVs are practically silent

� Pay special attention to pedestrians and cyclists

Newchallengesoccurbecausepedestrians,cyclistsandothermotoristscannothearwhenanEVapproaches.WhendrivinganEVyoushouldthereforepayspecialattentiontowhetherotherroadus-ersareawareofyou.

Cyclistsandpedestrianscrossingtheroadwilloftenusetheirhear-ingratherthantheireyes.Silentcarsmaybeperceivedwrongly,sincepeopleareusedtoanoisytrafficenvironment.

Furthermore,pedestriansorcyclistsmaybeunintentionallysur-prisedbyEVsinvarioussituationssuchasasuddenmovementoutof a parking space.


http://greenemotion-project.dk/on-the-road/how-to-drive-safely-with-out-soundnoise.aspx

http://greenemotion-project.dk/on-the-road/how-to-drive-safely-without-soundnoise.aspx

http://greenemotion-project.dk/on-the-road/how-to-drive-safely-without-soundnoise.aspx


3.7Informationforcyclistsandpedestrians

UsesightincreasinglytobeawareofthesilentEVs �

Asapedestrianorcyclistyoushouldalwayspayspecialattentiontothetraffic,butyoumayneedtolearnhowtouseyoursenseofsightmoreassilentEVsareenteringthetraffic.

YoumayexperiencenewandsurprisingsituationswithEVs.Tryto appreciatethemastheyprobablydidnotdoitintentionally.They appreciate clean air and bird song just like you.


http://greenemotion-project.dk/on-the-road/information-for-cyclists-and-pedestrians.aspx




3.8HowtorescuepeoplefromacrashedEV

� AcrashedEVisnomoredangerousthanaconventionalcar

� Stoptheaccident(turnofftheignitionofthecrashedcar,warnotherroadusers,sotheydon’tcrashtoo)

� Call for professional assistance (call 112 in Europe)

� Releasebeltbucklesandwatchoutforsignsoffireorleakingbatteryliquids/fumes

� Givebasicfirstaidtooccupants (speaktothem,watchbreathing,stopanybleeding)

IfanEVhascrashed,itisnomoredangerousthanacrashedcon-ventionalcar,asthehighvoltagepartsarewellprotected.Iftherearenovisiblesparks,dowhatyouwouldnormallydotohelpcrashvictims.

Ifindoubtwhetherthevehicleiselectric,lookfororangecablesintheenginecompartmentortheabsenceofanexhaustpipe.Youmayalsoseethetext“ZeroEmission”writtensomewhereonthecar,butactualwarningsignsareonlyvisibleunderthehoodandsometimesinthetrunkofthecar.

Batteryfumesandliquidsareflammable,andthereforethereisalwaysariskoffirefollowinganEVcrash.Avoidbreathinginbatteryfumes/smokeandavoidtouchingliquidsfromthebattery.

Duetotheriskofneckinjury,crashvictimsshouldnotbemovedfromthevehicleiftheyarenotinimmediatedanger.Thebestthing

to do is to open the doors and help release the safety belts so that a quickescapeispossibleifthevehiclecatchesfire.Whilewaitingforprofessionalassistanceyoushouldprovidebasicfirstaid.


http://greenemotion-project.dk/on-the-road/how-to-rescue-people-from-crashed-evs.aspx




3.9HowtoputoutanEVfire

� EVfirescanbeextinguishedwithawaterhoseoracarbondioxideextinguisher

� Keep a distance to avoid electric chock

� Avoidbreathinginfumesorsmokefromburningbatteries

Afireinvolvinglithiumionbatteriescarriesnewchallenges,butincaseswherethefireisnotintheactualEVbatteryyoucanuseanyordinary extinguishing agents.

Ifthebatteryisonfire,makesurethatyouuselargeamountsofwater,butkeepsomedistancetothewrecktoavoidelectricchock.Further-more,makesurethatanybatteryliquidsarethinnedoutwithlotsofwatertominimizetheriskoftoxicgasgenerationandriskofreignitingthefire.

Avoidbreathinginfumesorsmokefromburningbatteriesandavoidtouching battery liquids.


http://greenemotion-project.dk/on-the-road/how-to-put-out-an-ev-fire.aspx




4 The big picture

Inthissection,youwillfindargumentsforEVsthatthefollowingshould consider carefully:

� Policymakers

� Developers/planners

� Fleetmanagersetc.

Ifyoufitintooneoftheseoccupationalgroupsyouwillfindusefulinformationinthishandbookor


http://greenemotion-project.dk/the-big-picture.aspx

http://greenemotion-project.dk/the-big-picture.aspx


4.1ClimateimpactofEVs

� EVshaveaverylowCO2 footprint

OneofthemainadvantagesofanEVisthatithasalowemissionwhenweconsideraverageelectricityproduction.

IntheEU,theaverageEVCO2footprintisverylowandbetterthaneventhemostefficientfossilfuelcars.WheretheEUelectricitypro-ductionwillbesignificantlygreenerinthefuture,fossilfuelswillonlyseemarginalimprovements.


http://greenemotion-project.dk/the-big-picture/climate-impact-of-evs.aspx




4.2 EV Infrastructure

� Chargingathomeispossible

� Anetworkofchargingstations

� Batteryswapservices

Ifyouownaparkinglot,youmayconsiderintegratinganinfrastruc-ture for EV users.

EVownersneedtochargetheirvehicleswhenathomeandawayfromhome,leadingtoaneedtocoordinatehowEVscanbecharged.

Anetworkofelectriccarchargingstationsshouldbewithinarea-sonableradius.Themostusedchargingstationsshouldprovidefastchargingand/orbatteryswapservices,takingthechargingtimeintoconsideration for the respective locations.

Moreover,differentlevelsofchargersexistwithdifferentpurposes,suchasalow-powerlevelforstandardhomechargingandseveraltypesofhigh-powerlevelsforfastcharging.


http://greenemotion-project.dk/the-big-picture/infrastructure-for-evs.aspx




4.3Utilizingsmartgridandroaming

� Thefuturecouldmakeuseofsmartenergyconsumption –smartgrid

Thevehicleownershouldnotonlybefreetochoosethetypeofvehiclehedrives,ownsorleases,heorsheshouldalsobeabletochoosebetweenseveralenergysuppliersforhisorherjourneyandbefreetouseanymeansofpaymentthatheorshewishestouse.

WithEVs,theelectricalgridwillbecomeamarketplacewherethou-sandsofenergyproducersandconsumersactintelligentlytooptimizethe use of energy across the borders.


http://greenemotion-project.dk/the-big-picture/utilizing-smart-grid-and-roaming.aspx

Watch a short film here




4.4 Vehicle to grid technology

� EVscanalsoactasanenergystoragesystem

EVscanbechargedinsituationswheretheelectricalgridhas excesspower.Similarly,EVswithavailablepowerthatarepluggedintotheelectricalgridcanactasbufferandreturnpowertotheelec-trical grid during shortfalls.


http://greenemotion-project.dk/the-big-picture/vehicle-to-grid-tech-nology.aspx

http://greenemotion-project.dk/the-big-picture/vehicle-to-grid-technology.aspx

http://greenemotion-project.dk/the-big-picture/vehicle-to-grid-technology.aspx


4.5HowdoestemperatureaffectEVperformance?

� HighorlowtemperaturesaffecttheperformanceofEVs

� Energy for heating and defrosting can reduce the range of EVs up to 25 %

Allcarsareaffectedbytemperature.Forexample,coldweatherin-creasesairresistancebecausecoldairisdenserthanwarmair.

BatteryEVscarryonlyasmallamountofenergyandthereforethereisonly little excess energy available for cabin heating or cooling.


http://greenemotion-project.dk/the-big-picture/how-does-temperature-affect-ev-performance.aspx




4.6RecyclingEVcomponents

� EVs are recyclable

Modern vehicles are roughly 90% recyclable. Electric vehicles and theirbatteriescanalsoberecycled.TheNissanLeaf,forexample,ispartlymadefromrecycledmaterialandisactually99%recyclable.

Modernbatteriesarealsorecyclable,butforreasonsofeconomy,itiscurrentlynotprofitabletorecyclethem.


http://greenemotion-project.dk/the-big-picture/recycling-ev-compo-nents.aspx

http://greenemotion-project.dk/the-big-picture/recycling-ev-components.aspx

http://greenemotion-project.dk/the-big-picture/recycling-ev-components.aspx


5Intheworkshop

Inthissection,youwillfindexamplesofwhattoconsiderregardingEVs,ifyouare:

� amon-OEMmechanic

� apartsclerk,or

� cargohandler,etc.

Ifyourworkbringsyouintocontactwithoneoftheseoccupationalgroups,pleasefindusefulinformationinthishandbookor


http://greenemotion-project.dk/in-the-workshop.aspx

http://greenemotion-project.dk/in-the-workshop.aspx


5.1Safetyfirst

� Take note of the safety guidelines supplied by the vehicle manufacturer

� Energystoredinabatterycanbeharmfulifdischargedinan uncontrolledmanner

RegardingEVrepairs,youshouldfamiliarizeyourselfwiththesafetyguidelinessuppliedbythevehiclemanufacturer.Therearea numberofnewrisksandchallengesassociatedwithbatteriesand electricity in general.

TheEVbatteryvoltageisatalethallevelanditisenoughtoallowelectricitytotravelthroughthinair.Moreover,theEVbatterystoresahugeamountofenergy,whichcanbeveryharmfulifdischargedinanuncontrolledmanner,forexample,ifshort-circuitedbyan ordinarysteelwrenchorelectricarcing.


http://greenemotion-project.dk/in-the-workshop/safety-first.aspx

http://greenemotion-project.dk/in-the-workshop/safety-first.aspx


5.2Charginglevelsandmodes

� AnEVcharger’slevelandmodeshouldcorrespondtotheEV

� AnEVchargershouldcommunicatewiththeEV

� Thedifferentlevelsandmodesareontheirwaytobeharmonized

BeawarethatanEVchargerhasacertaincharginglevelandacertainchargingmodecorrespondingtothepowerlevelofthechargerandtheschemethatthechargerusestocommunicatewiththeEVand possibly the electrical grid.

Thelevelsincludestandardchargingwithorwithoutcommunication,andseveralhighpowercharginglevels.Chargingatahighpowerlevelalwaysincludescommunication.

ThesedifferentlevelsandmodesareontheirwaytobestandardizedtoensuresafetyingeneralwithrespecttotheEVsandtheelectricalgrid.


http://greenemotion-project.dk/in-the-workshop/charging-levels-and-modes.aspx




5.3Maximizingbatterylife

� Extremetemperaturesshouldbeavoided

Lithiumionbatterieshaveafewenemiesincludingextremetemper-atures.ItisthereforecrucialthatthetemperatureofanEVbatterybemanagedproperlytoensurethatitcanoutlastthevehicle.


http://greenemotion-project.dk/in-the-workshop/maximizing-battery-life.aspx




5.4 Transportation of EVs and batteries

� EVsshouldnotbetowedforlongdistances

� Batteriesthemselvesmustbetreatedasdangerousgoodswhentransported

Whenitcomestotransportation,therearenewchallengeswithEVs.Forexample,towinganEVcanbeharmfultoitselectrictransmission,as an EV has no clutch.

Furthermore,batteriesarepotentiallyhazardous,andwhentheyarenotinstalledinEVs,theymustbetransportedonlyinaccordancewiththe legislation on transportation of dangerous goods.

Whencrashdamaged,EVsstillhavetheirbatteriesandtheyhaveanincreasedriskofcatchingfire,thereforethebatteriesmustbetreatedas dangerous goods.


http://greenemotion-project.dk/in-the-workshop/transportation-of-evs-and-batteries.aspx




5.5 Handling in non-OEM car repair shops

� ModernEVscontainparts,suchasthebattery,thatcannotbeserviced at regular car repair shops

Modern EVs contain highly sophisticated parts that cannot be ser-vicedatregularcarrepairshops.Thismainlyappliestothehighvoltagebattery,thepowerinverterandthechargingsystem.

Otherpartsmaybeservicedandreplacedinanycarrepairshop.


http://greenemotion-project.dk/in-the-workshop/handling-in-non-oem-workshops.aspx



Prepared by:KimWinther–DanishTechnologicalInstitute

Morten Holst Johansen – Danish Technological InstituteLene Skov Halgaard – Danish Technological Institute

Christian Gylling – Danish Technological Institute


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