electrical and solar pv systems ()

5 DAY SOLAR PV THEORY & INSTALLATION COURSE

Irtaza Syed, PhD, P. Eng., PMP, PVIP (NABCEP), [email protected]

Workshop: 5D PVI www.solartraining.ca Lec: 1

Lecture 1

Electrical & RE Systems Overview

2



Theory

Conventional: electrical power generation, transmission/distribution & utilization

Photovoltaic (PV) Systems: Off-Grid, On-Grid, & Hybrid Systems

Renewable (RE): electrical power generation, transmission/distribution & utilization

Feed In Tariff (FIT), Net Metering (NM)

RE systems

Applications

Market

Future

Labs

No Calculations

No Hands-On

3




Generation

Medium voltage levels (usually 11kV to 23kV)

Electromechanical Generators run by

Hydro run of river, hydro storage dams

Steam gas, oil, coal, nuclear

Transmission

High voltage levels (usually 115kV to 1200kV)

Distribution

Medium voltage levels (usually 2.4kV to 69kV)

Utilization

Industrial Medium voltage levels (usually 2.4kV to 69kV)

Commercial/Institutional/Residential Low voltage levels (usually 120V to 600V)

4

Generation, transmission,

distribution as 3 phase

Utilization as 1, 2 or 3 phase

60 (or 50 Hz)




5

Transformer: steps voltage

up and down as required

Generation, transmission, distribution & utilization – source: www.science.smith.edu




6

Conventionally:

Power flow from generation

utilization (unidirectional)

Grid use reclosers, breakers,

sectionalizes for protection &

faulty system isolation

Generation, transmission, distribution & utilization – source: Electric Machinery and Power System Fundamentals – Theodore Wildi



Photovoltaic (PV) Systems: Off-Grid, On-Grid & Hybrid

Off-Grid

Standalone PV system – Not connected to utility/grid (aka Local Distribution Company)

Direct Current (DC), Alternating Current (AC), or DC-AC PV systems

PV panels (or modules), Battery, Charger, Inverter, Load

Inverter can be Square Wave, Modified Square Wave or Sine Wave Type

On-Grid / Grid Tied / Utility Interactive

Same as Off-Grid but:

Connected to LDC

Use Pure Sine Wave Inverter

Hybrid

Operates On-Grid as well Off-Grid

Hybrid Inverter required

7

Sun energy has 2 components: heat

& light

PV Module converts sun-light into

DC electricity

Heat increase losses system

operating at cooler temperature

perform better



Off-Grid PV System

8

Local load can be AC, DC, or both

AC & DC

Battery storage is usually employed

Simplest Off-Grid system is PV

panel & load directly connected

Connecting load through Charger

&/or Inverter is recommended for

relaiballe operation & battery life



On-Grid PV System

9

On-grid system is required to

disconnect from grid when grid is not

healthy (aka Anti-Islanding)

Grid health is determined by grid

voltage (V) & frequency (f)

PV system disconnects at under/over

V & under/over f

Inverter is required to ensure grid

health ( normal V & f) for 5 minutes

(300 second) before injecting power

into grid

Battery & charger optional in On-

Grid system



Renewable (RE): electrical power generation, transmission/distribution & utilization

Generation

Low voltage levels (usually 120V to 690V)

Solid State Power Electronic Converters run by

Renewable Energy resources Wind, PV, etc.

Transmission

Existing grid voltage levels

Distribution

Existing grid voltage levels

Utilization

DC, AC, or Both

Local or exported to grid for remote use

10

Generation & utilization can be DC or AC

Transmission & distribution is AC – though DC

seems to be the future

PCC / POC voltage matched by transformer

Utility connection may require additional

upgrades or changes direct result of reverse

power flow



Feed In Tariff (FIT), Net Metering (NM)

FIT - On-Grid system

All generated power exported to grid (none used locally)

Paid per defined Tariff for KWH produced (usually monthly)

Generation metering required (usually unidirectional)

Sized per local regulations

NM - On-Grid system

Generated power consumed/used locally first

Deficient power retrieved from grid

Excess power exported to grid (grid used for storage)

May or may not get paid for excess KWH but has to pay for energy consumed from grid

Generation & consumption metering required (usually bidirectional or two meters)

Sized per local load consumptions (local consumption analysis recommended for sizing)

11

DC/AC Ratio = 1 – 1.4

Storage cycle is 11 months usually

Excess at the end of 11 month cycles is either

not paid or paid at defined rate (marginal)

Battery use is optional

Size optimization is recommended



RE Systems Applications, Market & Future

Applications

Space (International space station, communication satellites)

Consumer electronics (Calculators, Watches)

Transportation (Road signs, Railway signals)

Portable applications (Stage, Mobile Power, RV’s)

Rural (health clinics, water pumps)

Remote Communities (power, heating, cooling)

Lighting (Street lights, buildings)

Market/Career

Sales, marketing, procurement

Engineers, designers, assemblers

Contractors, electricians, installers

12

Medical Emergency System, PV on Camel – Source: Inhabitat



RE Systems Applications, Market & Future

Market/Career

Financing, accounting, project management

Regulators, inspectors

Teachers, instructors

Future –

driven by

Global warming & environmental concerns

Grids expensive restructuring/upgrades

Fossil fuel reserves depletion

Energy independence and security

Cushion against rising energy prices

13

Quaid-e-Azam, Pakistan (1000 MW, 4M Panel) – Source: Wikipedia

Alcatraz, CA (307kW, 2kAH Bat) – Source: NREL

[email protected] www.solartraining.ca

14

Please keep working environment SAFE by ensuring:

Your own safety

Fellow workers safety

Working area safety

Thank you!

electrical and solar pv systems ()

Technology