electrical services 101 - cibse • 19th october –electrical services 101 ... •almost all...
TRANSCRIPT
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ELECTRICAL SERVICES 101
Clive Girling (CEngFCIBSE) Solution Consultants
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AGENDA
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Whats happening?
CIBSE NSW calendar of events
19th October Electrical Services 101
26th October Fire Protection Services 101
8th November Acoustics Illuminating the dark art
2017 Calendar published soon
CIBSE ANZ regional update
2017 30th Anniversary
Seminar Series, Perth, Melbourne, Auckland & Sydney in
March
Cocktail Function June, Melbourne in June
Networking Events, including: Curry Evening, Golf Day, Lawn
Bowls, behind the scenes site visits, etc.
Communication
Website upgrade
Social Media CIBSE ANZ
E-news
Recording seminars & Podcasts
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Electrical
Power Supplies
Switchboard, meters, requirements, location & switchboard
types
Distribution Boards Sub Distribution Switchboards
Risers
Clean Power
GPO
SGPO
etc.
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Electrical Supply
Electrical supply a necessity
Electricity is dangerous
Needs to be transformed
Needs switching and metering
Needs distributing
Clean Power
Uninterruptable power supply
Emergency Power
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Inefficiency
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Safety
Single Phase vs. Three Phase
Low Voltage vs. ELV (Extra Low Voltage)
Fire potential Fault Current
Earth Leakage Electrocution
Electromagnetic Radiation
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3 Phase & Single Phase
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Power Factor Correction - 1
Almost all electrical loads in modern buildings cause a displacement between the voltage and current waveforms.
With a few exceptions this displacement is Lagging i.e. the current
lags the voltage waveform. The amount of lag is described by Cos
and is therefore a number between 1 & 0.
Every piece of equipment has a power rating Say a motor @10KW.
A typical electric motor has a power factor of 0.8.
Since power = Volts X Amp X Cos for the motor to deliver 10KW it
must draw I = 10,000 / (240 X Cos) =52A
If the motor had power factor = 1, the current draw would be I =
10,000 / (240 X 1) =42A
So power factor correction reduces current draw by 10A or 20%
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Power Factor Correction - 2
Benefits
PFC reduces the line current but not the input real energy.
The electricity retailer charge according to:
a) Real power (KWhours) This ignores Cos or power factor.
b) Apparent power (KVA) This measures Cos or power factor. It
is this quantity that is reduced by PFC. (By 20% in our example)
Electricity suppliers encourage (and now insist on) power factor
correction because the decrease in line current significantly reduces
the losses in their distribution equipment. It also increases the
effective utilisation of their equipment.
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Harmonics -1
Harmonic distortion of the voltage and current waveforms are
caused, in the main, by switched mode power supplies (PCs),
electronic speed controllers (mechanical services), electronic lighting
dimmers and UPS equipment.
Harmonic distortion levels are discussed in the AS 61000 series
standards. These are based on IEC standards which are still being
developed.
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Harmonics -2
Problems arising from excessive harmonic distortion include:
- Overloading of neutral conductors and in extreme cases burning
out of the neutral (Triplen harmonics: 3rd, 9th, 15th, 21st / Zero
sequence)
- Overheating of electric motors (Negative sequence harmonics: 5th
& 11th )
- Overloading of diesel / generators (Physical stress caused by non
sinusoidial step type load waveforms
- Generator / UPS malfunction caused by voltage irregularity
- Failure of PFC capacitors
- Nuisance tripping of circuits breakers
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Harmonics - 3
Problems with harmonics are more likely to be encountered in
- Older buildings
- Buildings fed by small capacity supply
- Building with high concentrations of electronic loads
- Buildings with relatively low capacity electrical reticulation
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Cable Resistance
1.5mm2 copper cable
5amp - low
heat effect
15amp high
heating effect
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Transformers
Oil coolant (ozone busting, volatile, carcinogenic, toxic)Note: Carcinogenic PCB oils are now banned.
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Magnetic Interference (EMI)
EMI or EMR is a phenomena associated with all current
carrying conductors.
There is no Australian Standard or Code defining exposure
to EMR. Reference to UK guidelines are commonly made.
There is little agreement within the scientific community on
effects of EMR on humans.
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Switching & Metering
Mains switch to separate Ultility Cos gear from consumers
gear.
Mains fuse to protect Utility Cos gear & limit consumers
instantaneous power intake.
Metering
Distribution Board and MCBs/fuses.
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Main Electrical Switch Board
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Types of Main Switchboard
Design and Manufactured to AS 3439.
Form of Construction (Form 1 to 4).
Additional protection eg arc fault detection, earth leakage
protection etc.
Type of functional units (MCCB or CFS).
Multiple incoming supplies.
Critical Loads.
Requirement for Service Protective Device
(Switchboards > 800A rating)
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Sub-meters and Switches
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ESD - ENVIRONMENTALLY
SUSTAINABLE DESIGN
Basic and statutory minimum requirements as defined within
BCA section J part 6 Lighting & Power and part 8 - Access
for Maintenance.
Most energy rating schemes now require sub metering to be
incorporated as part of the building distribution system.
This enables individual load groups to be monitored to
ensure that the design performance is achieved in practice.
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ESD - ENVIRONMENTALLY
SUSTAINABLE DESIGN
Sub Meter Current
Transformers
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Distribution
Division of devices onto circuits.
15amp, 30amp, 60amp etc. Heavier gear & cables for
heavier currents.
Cables run from main to sub-distribution boards in secure
cupboards.
Electrical cables can cause interference with
communications cabling.
Large diameter cables hard to bend hard to disguise.
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Tenancy Metering
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Cabling
Buildings require an unbelievable amount of metal core
cabling.
Run from power supply to devices, also devices to
appliance switches.
Cant easily run cables through solid walls. Conduits or
surface mounting aesthetic impact.
Cable trays for horizontal runs.
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Cable Riser
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Riser & Cable Tray
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Fire Stopping
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Emergency Power
Emergency Supply diesel generation
UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply
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Space for Standby Generator
20 shipping container size for up to 1000KVA single
machine installation not including emergency switchboard.
Very big machines. 120+db noise.
Need access for maintenance.
Cooling via heat exchanger or engine mounted fan.
Sound proofing Attenuators same size as diesel/alternator
assembly.
Day tank / remote fuel tank / fuel pump.
Smoke and fire hazard.
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Diesel Generator
Combustion Exhaust
Silencers
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Diesel Generator
Control Panel
Acoustic Room
Diesel Tank storage basement
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Storage, Pumps - Basement
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Back-up Generator Room
Control Panels for 3 Sets
Single Engine & Generator Set
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Summary
Essential Demand must be assessed accurately
Essential supplies include fire services, lifts & smoke
exhaust
A rule of thumb dictates approx. 30% of total demand
Consider spatial/related issues -
Where can a standby generator be located?
Where is the main switchboard located comparatively?
Acoustic (noise) considerations are critical
Is a large fuel tank required for prolonged operation?
Where can the exhaust stack/system be accommodated?
Other issues?
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UPS
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UPS
Uninterruptable Power Supply
Battery room for stock of chemical (deep cycle) batteries @
$1,500 each.
12 volt DC batteries need converting back to 240v ac
current
Provide up to 15 minutes running time before back-up
generators come on-line.
Public communications networks have 180 minutes battery
autonomy.
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Uninterruptable Power Supply AC
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Uninterruptable Power Supply
Normal Mode
240v AC +/- 6%AS.3000
Power Smoother/Filter240v square wave*
UPS Battery Bank
Battery charger
Communications Cabinets
CommsEquipment 220v +/1
5%
+10%/-6% Source of the majority of harmonic distortion in modern commercial buildings.
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Uninterruptable Power Supply
Failure Mode
Power Smoother/Filter240v square wave
UPS Battery Bank
Discharge
Communications Cabinets
CommsEquipment 220v +/1
5%
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Back-up Power Generation
Failure Mode
Power Smoother/Filter240v square wave
Communications Cabinets
CommsEquipment 220v +/1
5%
Diesel Generator
Set
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48volt DC UPS
Battery Bank
Static transfer switch
A/C &Ventilator
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Communications
Voice
Data Copper based Cat5, 5e and 6
Data Glass based (fibre optic)
VOIP (Voice over IP)
VIDEO - MATV
Wireless Bluetooth etc
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Temperature Sensitivity
European Equipment made to 220v +/- 5%, 50 cycles
/second.
US Equipment made to 110v, 60 cycles/sec.
Temperature sensitivity: equipment design operating
temperature below 35degC
The higher the temperature, the greater the probability of
component failure.
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MATV
Master Antennae TV
Distribution
Note
Commercial Pay TV
providers have significantly
upgraded their installation
requirements to those
indicated in this slide.
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Communications
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Buildings to accommodate IT Users
Examples; Tenancies for solicitors, accountants, companies,
typical office usage.
Attributes;
Currently do not need high speed linkages (except for increasing Broadband applications);
Can accept downtimes of minutes;
Moderate capital investment.
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IT Equipment Housed
Multi-plexer(MUX)
Optic Fiber
Copper
Copper coax
KromePatchpanel
KromePatchpanel/MUX
One-to-
many
1:1 1:1
SatelliteRadioMicrowave Modems
File Servers
Multiplexers
Routers
Telecoms Companys Equipment
Communications CompanysEquipment
One-to-
many
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Future Proofing
At present, the capacity of Optic Fibre is limited only by the
speed at which the devices on its ends can operate. Typically
12 strand=13mm
Optic Fibre cables have Light Emitting Diodes at the
sending end.
Current advances in the technology are centred on
increasing transmission rates.
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An Optic Fibre Patch Panel
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1 - Inside Buildings
Communications Rooms feed vertical and horizontal service
risers.
Building Tenants are increasingly demanding their own
secure communications risers up through multi-storey
buildings.
This demand increased core size.
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Vertical Risers
Although holes through the slab need only accommodate
the cable tray and cables (30 x 30 cm) they need to terminate
in a communications cupboard.
The communications cupboard houses a router, and feeds
to horizontal cable distribution trays.
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Communications Cupboard
The communications cupboard needs to be:
Secure and monitored.
Air conditioned to maintain temperature and humidity limits.
Be provided with stable power (six outlets) and good
lighting.
Large enough for a technician to work in (100 x 60 cm / 50
devices)
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IT User Space
Current Space Standards are 10m2 per person assuming
the use of flat VDU screens, but
Supported by 4+m2 of other space including resource rooms
(printers, photocopiers, storage, etc.), meeting rooms, break-
out spaces etc.
20m2 per person is not uncommon.
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User Requirements
Desk Space
Lighting
Appropriate noise conditions
Heating/Cooling
Ventilation/IAQ
Power
Privacy
Storage
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Communications Cable Tray
Rogue Cables
Access or Computer Floor
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Building Requirements - 1
The incoming Telco cables should come through a secure,
sealed ceramic pipe through the ground or basement slab
(as for electrical mains).
The pipe should be gently radiused to allow for draw cables.
The cable should emerge into a secured area.
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Building Requirements - 2
The secure area should also house the Telcos Multiplexer
cabinets (around 80 x 80cm) and Krone frames (60 x 60).
The cabinets should be free standing, with clear access to
front and back to allow for technicians to manipulate wiring.
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Secure Area
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Building Requirements - 3
The space should have a raised (80cm) Access Floor and
crawl space.
The space should be provided with three distinct sets of
cable raceways:
One for A/C power cables
One for DC power cables
One for Communication Cables
The underfloor space should be monitored for moisture and
smoke.
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Access Floor
Earthing cables
Fibre Optic Cable tray
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Underfloor MonitorsPower outlets from different UPSs
Smoke Detector
Water Detector(porous cable)
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Building Requirements - 4
The space should have a large volume to allow for the
dissipation of heat.
The space should be air conditioned with multiple
redundancy, with provision for underfloor air delivery.
Access to the space should be controlled by security.
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Air Conditioning Units
Air Conditioning
Units
Power Distribution Units
A/C return duct
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Building Requirements - 5
Advanced fire suppression systems
User areas housing an organizations cabinets tend to be
large. Typically housing Reuters or other agencys cabinets.
20 x 20 x 5m would not be unusual; larger for Stock
Exchanges and Dealer Rooms.
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Communication Cabinets
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Patch Panels and Cabinets
Optic fibre cable easier to service from above
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Building Requirements - 6
Power
The area must be provided with stable, clean power through
a power conditioner ensuring voltage and amperage stability.
The power must be backed up by a UPS
The UPS must be backed up by an Emergency Generator
set.
The switching should allow for an external, mobile generator
to be connected.
(refer to notes on Electrical Supply)
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Main Electrical Switch Board
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Codes & Regulations
Building Code of Australia (BCA)
Energy Authority Service & Installation Rules Green Book
Australian Wiring Rules AS3000:2007
Cable selection AS3008.1
Wiring Systems AS3013
Switchboards AS3439.1
Lightning Protection AS1768
Emergency evacuation & exit lighting AS2293.1
+ Others.Depending on the type of project
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Lightning Protection
Not a BCA required system
Provision discretionary. Based on 4 risk categories using an
evaluation matrix:-
R1 Risk of loss of human life.
R2 Risk of loss of essential service to public.
R3 Risk of loss of cultural heritage.
R4 Risk of loss of economic value.
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Maintenance Issues
BCA requires regular documented essential services (now
called Safety Circuits) maintenance as per the relevant codes
eg Emergency lighting.
OHS legislation requires testing and certification of specific
equipment eg flexible power cords.
AS 3000 is mute on specific requirements general
maintenance is discretionary.
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Examples
Visual Inspection damage to cables, signs of overheating,
rubbish/material stored in cupboards. Check DB schedules.
Testing Insulation resistance, actual current demand
load balance.
Thermographic Scanning switchboards and major cable
junctions.
Rigorous testing may involve shutdowns.
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Work on Live Equipment
General Rule Not permitted on commercial installations.
If undertaken risk analysis must be undertaken taking into
account the risks associated with the shutting down of the
supply.
Many Major Operators do not permit live work under any
circumstances.
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Photograph Wiring?
Comms riser in 5 star residential building
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Photograph -
Multi $M business Premises.
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Photograph Hot Joint Stage 1
DB in major corporations Sydney office
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Photograph Hot Joint Stage 2
Switchboard compartment with moderate damage.
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Photograph Hot Joint Stage 3
Most damaged compartment
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Photograph Seat of fault
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Photograph Smoke Damage
Adjoining offices and stock within factory written off as a
result of smoke and Hot Smoke Damage. This section of the
building had to be demolished and rebuilt.
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Photograph Switchroom/Store
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Photograph The teams arrive
Forensic scientist gathering evidence
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Questions?
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SAVE THE DATE:
FIRE SERVICES 101
Mark Cummings and David Isaac
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