electrical stimulation goals and treatment
TRANSCRIPT
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Electrical Stimulation Goals and Treatment
Adapted from Therapeutic Modalities: Art & Science, Knight
& Draper (2008) for KIN 195
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Competencies for Therapeutic Modalities
TM-C2
Explain the principles of physics, including basic concepts associated with the electromagnetic and acoustic spectra (e.g., frequency, wavelength) associated with therapeutic modalities.
TM-C3
Explain the terminology, principles, basic concepts, and properties of electric currents as they relate to therapeutic modalities.
TM-C4Describe contemporary pain-control theories.
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Competencies for Therapeutic Modalities, cont.
TM-C6
Explain the body's physiological responses during and following the application of therapeutic modalities.
TM-C7
Describe the electrophysics, physical properties, biophysics, patient preparation and modality set-up (parameters), indications, contraindications, and specific physiological effects associated with commonly used therapeutic modalities.
TM-C8Identify appropriate therapeutic modalities for the treatment
and rehabilitation of injuries and illness.
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Basics of Electricity• Must understand why as well as how to
use electrical stimulation.Or• You’ll be a knobologist.
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Review: Requirements for Ion Migration: Chemical Effects
• Must have continuous monophasic DC electron flow to cause ion migration.
• Moving electrons against gradient– Like pushing a car uphill– When you pause, it rolls back down.
• Why does a twin-pulse high-volt current not produce a chemical effect?
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Review: Polarization & Action Potentials
• Stimulation requires a polarized membrane (between inside and outside of nerve membrane).
– More positive ions than negative ions outside nerve and more negative ions than positive ions inside membrane
– When polarized, membranes have a potential of −70 to −90 mV between inside and outside of membrane
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Review: Polarization and Action Potentials (cont.)
• Nerve action potential eventually causes– An ascending sensory impulse to the brain
Or– A descending muscle action potential
• Muscle action potential causes muscle contraction.
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Review: Polarization and Action Potentials (cont.)
• Nerve repolarizes quickly.
• Absolute refractory periods vary from 0.4 to 2 msec
– Depends on specific nerve
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Review Excitability: Nerve Size and Depth
• The larger the nerve, the easier it can be stimulated.• The more superficial the nerve, the easier it can be
stimulated.• In a practical sense:
– Large sensory nerves are more excitable than motor nerves.– Motor nerves are more excitable than pain fibers.
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Review Excitability: Rate or Frequency
• Doesn’t effect individual threshold– Effects torque as it approaches tetany– Increased rate means increased fatigue rate.
fatiguetetany
5/sec
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Review Electrodes: Physical Dimensions
• Shape is unimportant– Most are round or square or rectangular.
• Size and placement determine the number of motor units stimulated.
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Review Electrode Function
• Active electrode– Electrode under which the current density
is great enough to elicit the desired response
• Indifferent (dispersive) electrode– Electrode under which the current density
is not great enough to elicit the desired response
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Most Commonly Used Wave Forms
DC: DC
IF: Polyphasic
HV: Twin pulse
LV : Biphasic and polyphasic burst (Russian)
TENS: Biphasic
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Review: Pulse and Cycle Characteristics
• Pulse: finite period of charged particle movement, separated from other pulses by a finite time during which no current flows
• Made up of one or more phases
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Review: Pulse and Cycle Characteristics (cont.)
• Pulse named by number of phases– Monophasic
• One phase
• Current flows in one direction only.
– Biphasic• Two phases
• Current flows in both directions.
– Polyphasic• Many phases
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Review: Burst Characteristics • Burst
– Finite series of pulses flowing for a finite time period followed by no current flow • Think of it as turning a pulse train or AC current on and off.
– Burst interval• Time during which burst occurs
– Interburst interval• Time between bursts, usually in milliseconds
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Review: Current Timing & Modulation
• Pulse width (pulse duration) – Time required for each pulse
to complete its cycle
– Reported in microseconds or milliseconds
• Short pulse duration: <150 µsec
• Long pulse duration: >200 µsec
• Interpulse interval – Time between successive
pulses
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Review: Surge Characteristics
• Ramp up– Time during which the
intensity increases
• Plateau– Time during which pulses
remain at maximum preset intensity
• Ramp down– Time during which the
intensity decreases
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Commonly Used Wave Forms (p.142)
• Direct (galvanic) wave form– Pure DC current,
used for iontophoresis
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Commonly Used Wave Forms (p. 142, cont.)
– Monophasic, rectangular, pulsed
• Also called a modified square wave• Similar to DC but modulated from AC input
current• On and off times are not necessarily equal
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Commonly Used Wave Forms (p. 142, cont.)
– Polyphasic, symmetrical, balanced, sinusoidal• Wave form generated and sold by utility
companies
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Commonly Used Wave Forms (p. 142, cont.)
• Faradic wave form– Induced asymmetrical AC current– Biphasic, asymmetric, unbalanced, spiked – Positive portion: short duration, high amplitude, and spiked – Negative portion: long duration, low amplitude, and curved
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Commonly Used Wave Forms (p. 142, cont.)
• Biphasic wave form– Symmetrical, balanced, rectangular, pulsed
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Commonly Used Wave Forms (p. 142, cont.)
• Russian wave form– Polyphasic, symmetrical, sinusoidal, burst
– Developed by Russian scientist Kots; thus the name
– Initially a 2500 Hz AC current burst, modulated every 10 msec, now many frequency choices
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Commonly Used Wave Forms (p. 142, cont.)
• Twin pulse wave form– Monophasic, pulsed, twin spiked– Common wave form of high-volt muscle simulators
– Has been called high-volt galvanic and pulsed direct current – However, not direct or galvanic current– Result of misunderstanding physiology
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Commonly Used Wave Forms (p. 142, cont.)
• Interferential wave form– Symmetrical, sinusoidal, high frequency (2000–5000 Hz) AC
– Two channels, with different frequencies, used simultaneously
– Two currents cause a tissue current amplitude modulation
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Commonly Used Wave Forms (p. 142, cont.)
• Interferential wave form: current amplitude modulationTwo identical currents
Two opposite currents
Two offset currents
Usually accomplished with two different frequency currents
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Use of Electrical Current Stimulation for Pain Relief
• Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
• Interferential current therapy (IFC)• Iontophoresis• Neuromuscular electrical stimulation
(NMES)
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For all modalities…• Know the effects, indications, contraindications,
& precautions• Verify the modality is set up correctly before
treatment begins• Prepare the patient psychologically & physically
for the treatment• Begin treatment conservatively and ask for
patient feedback• At the end of treatment, clean up the modality
and instruct the patient about next treatment and activity level until then
• Maintain the machines appropriately
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TENS• TENS
– Transcutaneous: through the skin
– Electrical– Nerve: sensory– Stimulation:
depolarize• Stimulate sensory
nerves with pulsed current via surface electrodes
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TENS: Physiological Aspects• Electrode placement
– Usually at the site of pain
• Clinician can change the patient’s perception of acute and chronic pain.
• Selective depolarization of afferent nerves
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How does TENS work?
• Many theories
• Gate system and sensory TENS
– 80-150 pps
• Endogenous Opiate system stimulated
– Motor TENS and brief-intense TENS• Low beat frequency 1–5 pps• Slight muscle twitch
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Brief Research Findings on TENS
• Research is difficult.• TENS has relieved pain associated with
– Osteoarthritis– Rheumatoid arthritis – Dysmenorrhea – Low back pain
• Postoperative TENS
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TENS
Advantages1. Portable
a. Can be used during activity
2. Self-treatment
3. Alternative to cold during cryokinetics
Disadvantages1. Eliminates pain; not
cause of pain
2. May mask more serious problems
3. We don't know enough about it yet
4. May become a panacea (too reliant on it, maybe even after healthy)
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TENS: Indications & Contraindications
Indications
1. Pain of peripheral origin
2. Acute pain
3. Chronic pain
Contraindications1. Do not use on person
with:a. An implanted pacemaker
b. History of heart disease
2. Do not treat trans-thoracic area
3. Discontinue use if a skin irritation develops
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TENS: Precautions
G. Precautions1. Treatment over an area with:
a. Impaired sensation
b. Skin lesions (cuts, abrasions, new skin, recent scar tissue)
2. While driving or operating heavy machinery
3. Temporary decrease in pain does not mean cause of pain has gone.
4. Delicate unit, not a cheap radio a. Treat it kindly.
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Electrode placement techniques for TENS
Electrode placementa. Over acupuncture or trigger points
b. Directly over the pain
c. Proximal or distal to pain
d. Crisscross over pain (two-channel unit)
e. Over motor point (helps with spasms)
f. Dermatome placement
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Adjust pulse width and ratea. Go through entire range and select most
comfortable settings.b. Specific settings for specific conditions.
i. Acute pain: narrow pulse width (75 µsec) and high pulse rate (80–200 pps)a) Pain relief is almost immediate, but short lasting (1–60 min)
ii. Chronic pain: wide pulse width (200 µsec) and low pulse rate (1–5 pps)
a) Pain relief may take ½ hr but will be long lasting (6–7 hr)
Application Parameters: TENS
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Length of application1. Extremely variable
2. Some treat for 30–60 min, others for hours
Frequency of application1. Three or four times a day as needed for pain
Duration of therapy
1. Use until TENS is no longer effective.
Application Parameters: TENS (cont.)
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Interferential Current
• Interference or superimposition of two separate medium-frequency sinusoidal currents on one another
• Symmetrical, sinusoidal, medium frequency (2000–5000 Hz) AC
• Invented in 1950; used in United States by 1980s
• Fifth most frequently used physical agent
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• Basic principle– Decrease tissue impedance (resistance) so
simulation is less painful• Impedance at 50Hz = ~3200 Ω • Impedance at 4000 Hz = ~40 Ω• Current passes more easily through skin
• Advantages of vector pattern– Surface and deep stimulation– Targeted tissues for added benefit– Treatment of easily localized pain– Treatment of large areas– Treatment of poorly defined pain
What Is IFC Therapy? (cont.)
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How Does IFC work? (cont.)
• Example: One channel runs at 5000 Hz another at 5100 Hz– Use a dynamic vector (or scan for poorly
defined pain)
– Use target for easily localized pain
– Treats most of the area bracketed by the electrodes (scan or dynamic vector)
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Is IFC Therapy Effective? (cont.)
• Those who have had success – Correctly position vector– Use appropriate size and positioning of
electrodes– Use appropriate stimulation parameters– Persevere, if pain relief is not immediately
obtained
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IFC advantages & disadvantages
Advantages1. More comfortable than
a TENS a. Medium-frequency
currents meet with less skin resistance than low frequency currents.i. TENS uses low frequency
currents
2. Stimulates tissues deeper than a
TENS unit3. Larger coverage area
than TENS
Disadvantages1. Eliminates pain;
doesn't deal with cause of the pain2. May mask more
serious problems3. Few portable units
available4. Sometimes
becomes a panacea
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IFC: Indications & Contraindications
Indications1. Acute pain
2. Chronic pain
3. Muscle spasm
4. Pain that covers a large area
Contraindications1. Do not use on a
person who has:a. Implanted pacemaker
b. History of heart disease
2. Do not treat transthoracic area
3. Discontinue if skin irritation develops
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IFC Precautions
Precautions1. Be cautious when using IFC over:
a. Impaired sensation
b. Skin lesions (cuts, abrasions, new skin, recent scar tissue, etc.)
2. Use caution when using IFC while driving or operating heavy machinery.
3. A temporary decrease in pain does not mean the cause of the pain has gone.
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Application Parameters: IFC Adjust pulse rate settings for specific injury
a. For acute paini. Use a high pulse rate of 80–200 ppsii. Pain relief is almost immediateiii. Lasts only a few minutes to 1 hr
b. For chronic pain i. Use a low pulse rate of 1–5 pps ii. Pain relief may take ½ hr iii. May last 6–7 hr
Target or vectora. Pain that is easily identifiable and pinpointed
i. Use target or vector buttons to move spot where current intersects to area directly over pain
b. Pain that is hard to pinpointi. Use dynamic vector
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Application Parameters: IFC (cont.)
C. Length of application1. 20–30 min
D. Frequency of application1. Once or twice daily, as needed for pain
E. Duration of therapy
1. Use until IFC is no longer effective.
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NeuroMuscular Electrical Stimulation
• NMES is used for– Muscle reeducation and prevention of
disuse atrophy – Decreasing muscle spasm– Decreasing edema
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History of NMES • 1980 companies started manufacturing
Russian current
• No North American scientist has been able to duplicate Kots’s claims of 30% increase in force vs. voluntary contractions and lasting gains up to 40% in healthy athletes– Great amount of pain (as the current
amplitude was increased to try to replicate a voluntary muscle contraction)
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Why NMES?
• Used on patients who cannot perform a voluntary muscle contraction– Peripheral nerve innervation is intact, yet muscle
is too weak to contract from atrophy, pain, immobilization, etc.
• Promotes early AROM in postsurgical and immobilized limbs
• Break pain-spasm-pain cycle of muscle spasms
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Don’t Replace Strength Training with NMES
• NMES recruits fibers in the opposite order than that of a voluntary contraction.– Machine = large fibers followed by small– Voluntary = small fibers followed by large
• Patient needs to move on to more traditional weight training ASAP.
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Tetanic Contraction to break Muscle Spasm
• Goals– Increase local circulation– Remove metabolic wastes– Mechanically stimulate muscle fibers– Induce some muscle spasm fatigue
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NMES for Decreasing Edema
• Produce cyclic muscle contractions to help pump chronic edema– 5–10 sec on; 5–10 sec off
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NMES Effects
Effects1. Muscle contraction
a. Increase blood flowb. Retard atrophy developmentc. Decrease and retard neuromuscular inhibitionsd. Increase muscle relaxation; decrease spasm
2. Decrease paina. Possibly by decreasing muscle spasm
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NMES Advantages & Disadvantages
C. Advantages1. Can be applied to
immobilized body part
D. Disadvantages1. Sometimes
becomes a panacea
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NMES Indications & Contraindications
Indications1. Residual or chronic muscle
spasm
2. Any time normal neuromuscular function is not possible
3. Muscle strains
4. During cast immobilization or disuse atrophy
5. Pain owing to muscle spasm
Contraindications1. Do not use:
a. On a person with a pacemaker
b. Over the heart or brain
c. Over recent or non-union fractures
d. Over potential malignancies
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NMES Precautions
G. Precautions1. Be cautious over an area with:
a. Impaired sensation
b. Skin lesions (cuts, abrasions, new skin,
recent scar tissue)
c. Decreased range of motion
d. Extensive torn tissue
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Application Parameters:NMES
C. Length of application1. 10–30 min
2. See individual manufacturer’s instructions.
D. Frequency of Application1. As often as twice per day if separated by
3–4 hr
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Iontophoresis: Basic Principle Like charges repel like charges,
Drug ions are repelled or pushed into the underlying tissue. Two electrodes
– One drug delivery– One larger dispersive electrode
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How Does Iontophoresis Work?
• When an electrical DC current is applied
– Positively charged electrode delivers positively charged drug ions into skin and surrounding tissues
– Negatively charged electrode delivers negatively charged drug ions into skin and surrounding tissues
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Why Use Iontophoresis?
• Delivering medicine such as anti-inflammatories and pain relievers directly without the negative effects of
– Painful needle injections– Risk of infection from nonsterile needle
injections– Avoid the gastrointestinal side effects of
NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors– Localized drug delivery; doesn’t travel through
entire system– Machine is Portable and easy to transport
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Common Drug Ions Used in Sports Medicine
• Dexamethasone– Negative ion
– Reduces inflammation by inhibiting biosynthesis of prostaglandins and various other inflammatory substances
• Acetate– Negative ion
– Assists in dissolving calcium deposits and scar tissue in soft tissues
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Common Drug Ions Used in Sports Medicine (cont.)
• Hydrocortisone– Positive ion– Assists in decreasing tissue inflammation
by inhibiting biosynthesis of prostaglandins
• Lidocaine– Positive ion– Assists in decreasing local pain by
blocking nerve impulse transmission
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Is Iontophoresis Effective?
• Debate– Research has shown it to deliver
medication from 6 to 20 mm below the skin
• Effective in reducing pain and inflammation associated with
• Plantar fasciitis • Temporomandibular disorders • Epicondylitis
– When dexamethasone, lidocaine, or sodium salicylate is used
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Ionto Advantages & Disadvantages
AdvantagesCompared to injections:
Virtually painless
Noninvasive, minimizing…
Risk of infection
Risk of tissue necrosis, tendon rupture, etc.
Compared to oral medications:
Localized drug delivery, nonsystemic
Avoid risk of systemic side effects
Disadvantages1. Eliminates pain or
inflammationa. Doesn't deal with the
cause of the pain/inflammation.
2. Slight risk of electrode burns
3. Some believe transdermal drug delivery is not possible.
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Iontophoresis Indications & Contraindications
Indications
Used to administer water-soluble ionic medications
Contraindications
Damaged or denuded skin Recent scar tissue
Drug allergies
Transcranial
Orbital region
Electrically sensitive support systems Pacemakers
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Iontophoresis: Precautions
Precautions
Diabetes
Pregnancy
Over external metal fixation devices
Elderly skin
TMJ
Dizziness
Metallic taste
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Ionto: Drug Dose Calculation
Dosage (mA/min) = Current (mA) × Treatment time (min)
• Examples:• 40 mA/min = 4.0 mA (current) × 10 min (time)
• 40 mA/min = 2.0 mA (current) × 20 min (time)
• 24 mA/min = 2.0 mA (current) x 12 min (time)
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Reported Sensation of Iontophoresis
Some patients feel little or no sensation; others describe it as a tingling or warm sensation.
The intensity of the sensation varies among patients and depends on the site being treated.
These sensations usually decrease or disappear after a few minutes.
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Typical Skin Reactions to Ionto
DC causes capillary dilatation, leading to erythema (reddening) of the skin under one or both electrodes.
Less frequent: appearance of small fluid-filled bumps caused by the release of histamine from dermal mast cells
Note: These skin reactions disappear over the course of a few minutes but may last longer in patients with particularly sensitive skin. Also, some patients with sensitive skin may react to the adhesive on the electrode.
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Reduce Negative Effects from Iontophoresis
• To help reduce the risk of skin irritation – Clean the skin with an alcohol scrub.– After treatment, apply a lotion containing
aloe vera.– Increase the size of the anode or cathode
to decrease current density.– Increase the spacing between electrodes
to decrease current intensity.
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Application Parameters: Ionophoresis
C. Length of application1. Dose specific
D. Frequency of application1. Every other day
E. Duration of application1. Up to 3 weeks
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High Voltage Pulsed Current Stimulation for Wound Healing
• Electrical stimulation for the purpose of repairing tissues includes management of open wounds and edema reduction.
• Production of a twin-peak, monophasic, pulsed current driven by its characteristically high electromotive force or voltage
• Positive or negative polarity
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HVPC (cont.)
• Versatile and can perform several functions:
– Pain modulation– Edema reduction– Muscle reeducation and spasm reduction– Wound healing
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Characteristics of High-Volt Stimulator• Low volt stimulators generate <150 V
• High volt stimulators generate >150 V
• HVPC uses between 150 and 500 V.
• High peak voltages
• Low average current
• Twin peak monophasic waveform – Resembles a double spike with a fast rise
followed by a fast decline
• Short pulse widths (100–200 µsec)
• Pulse rates of 1–200 Hz
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HVPC: Uses & Techniques
• Monophasic current used for– Pain reduction– Disuse atrophy– Reduction of edema – Wound management
• Monopolar or bipolar technique– Monopolar used when treatment is directed
over a large area – Bipolar used for muscle contraction or
chronic pain
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HVPC: Advantages
• Less resistance to the current by the skin
• Short phase duration allows for moderately high-intensity muscle contraction with little discomfort
– Other types of stimulators provide a stronger contraction
• Highly variable in its functions
• Can be used for – Pain modulation
a. Sensory level (acute pain)
b. Motor level (chronic pain)
– Edema reduction – Treating muscle
weakness– Wound healing
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HPVC: Disadvantages
Disadvantages1. Cannot provide as strong of a contraction as
NMES
2. Many aren’t portable.
3. Sometimes trial and error are needed to determine electrode polarity for wound healing.
4. Effects (muscle contraction) are as strong as low-volt units.
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HPVC: Indications & Contraindications
Indications1. Wound lesions
(pressure sores, scarring from incisions)
2. Edema control and reduction
3. Residual or chronic muscle spasm (when low-volt unit unavailable)
4. Pain
Contraindications1. Do not use on patient
with pacemaker
2. Do not use overa. Heart or brain
b. Lumbar and abdominal area of pregnant women
c. Potential malignancies
d. Anterior cervical area
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HPVC Precautions
G. Precautions1. Be cautious when using HVPC over an
area with:a. Impaired sensation
b. Extensive torn tissue
c. Hemorrhagic area
2. Patients with epilepsy should be monitored during treatment.
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HVPC: Edema Management
• Curbing edema formation– HVPC is not DC– Decreases the permeability of
microvessels – Decreases the leaking of vessels, reducing
the number of plasma proteins and amount of fluid that leave the vessels to enter the interstitial spaces
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HVPC: Edema Management (cont.)
• Two protocols for curbing edema Water immersion
-Negative polarity -120 pps -90% of visible motor threshold-30 min treatments every 4 hr-Apply ASAP postinjury or as long as edema is still forming
Resolution of edema once formed-Can be employed in a muscle pumping action to get rid of edema-Intensity increased until strong muscle contraction -Setting of 1–10 pps for muscle contraction
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HVPC: Pain Modulation
• Ineffective in reducing the pain of delayed-onset muscle soreness
• Yet has been shown to help relieve pain caused by muscle spasm
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HVPC: Wound Management
• How does HVPC stimulate wound repair? – Body possesses bioelectric currents in the
vascular and interstitial tissues.
– Blood vessel walls, insulating tissue matrix, interstitial fluid, and intravascular plasma are capable of conducting bioelectricity.
– When tissues are damaged, an electrical potential is created between injured and noninjured tissues.
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HVPC: Wound Management (cont.)• DC may stimulate cellular activity when injured.• Stimulating débridement of injured tissues• Tissue regeneration and remodeling• May speed up healing by promoting the natural
healing process• May develop a difference in potential between
wound area and the surrounding healthy tissue• Injury potential typically becomes positive 24–48
hr after injury & negative 8–9 days after injury.• As the wound heals, the difference slowly returns
to baseline.– Can be used to enhance the natural process of tissue
recovery and healing
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HVPC: Electrode Polarity
• Negative polarity– Increases
• Vascularity• Stimulation of
fibroblastic growth• Collagen
production• Epidermal cell
migration– Inhibits bacterial
growth
• Positive polarity – Increases macrophages– Promotes epithelial
growth
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HVPC: Electrode Polarity (cont.)
• Most treatments begin with the negative polarity– Encourages blood clots to dissolve and
increases the inflammatory by products• Necrotic tissues
• Positive polarity encourages clot formation around the wound and granulation tissue.
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Application Parameters: HVPC
D. Frequency of application1. As often as three per day if separated by
3–4 hr
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Microcurrent Electrical Nerve Stimulation
• Therapeutic use of constant (DC) and pulsed (interrupted) currents where the stimulus amplitude is in the microamperage range
• Proposed Uses– Tissue healing– Pain control– Edema control– Slow healing skin lesions
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MENS Names• Many names of microcurrent
– MENS does not accurately describe this device. – Current intensity is too low (<1 mA) to cause motor nerve
depolarization
• Other than MENS, these devices have been referred to as:– Low-voltage pulsed microamp stimulation– Biostimulation– Bioelectric therapy– Low-intensity direct current – Low-intensity electrical stimulation
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MENS: Theory
• Brief research– No clear-cut
research supporting the use of microcurrent therapy
– Positive effect in treating• Pressure ulcers• Diabetic ulcers• TMJ disorders
• No effect in treating– DOMS– Pressure ulcers– Coracoacromial
arch pain– Surgically induced
wounds
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MENS: Theory (cont.)
• Might play a positive role in wound healing, an area athletic trainers typically don’t deal with
• It is safe.