Electricity and Magnetism

By: Jang Hyun Lee

What is Electricity?

Jang Hyun Fact:An atom that has the same number of electrons and protons is called a neutral atom!

You might think that electricity is a type of energy that lights up light bulbs and makes electronics work, or some kind of thing that sith shoot out of their fingers. Well, those answers are correct, but there’s more than that. All things are made out of atoms, microscopic, round things that are even in us, the air, and also water! An atom is made out of three things: protons, neutrons, and electrons. A proton has a positive charge, a neutron has neutral charge (which is no charge at all), and an electron has a negative charge. The protons and the neutrons are in the center of the atom, called the nucleus. Electrons are attracted to the protons, so the electrons orbit around them. But when an electron from another atom comes in to the atom, an electron jumps to another atom, and an electron in the other atom jumps to another……that creates electricity. But to be real electricity, the electrons must travel in the same direction. So basically, electricity is the flow of electrons.

ddddAn atom

How does Electricity work? If you want electricity to work well, use a conductor when you make a circuit. Conductors are materials that electricity can flow through very well. Most metals are good conductors. Silver is the best conductor, but is expensive. Copper is also a very good conductor. Gold is a good conductor of electricity, but not as good as copper or silver. Copper is the most common material used for electrical wiring. Insulators are materials that electricity can’t flow through. Most non-metals are insulators. Paper, glass, plastic, wood, rubber, cardboard, styrofoam, cotton, and wool are all insulators. Little amounts of electricity, such as shocks, can’t go through insulators. But big amounts of electricity, such as lightning, can burn through insulators. In conductors, electrons can move freely, but in insulators, electrons can’t move freely.

Jang Hyun Fact:However, there are some non-metallic conductors, including graphite, solutions of salts, and all plasmas.

Copper

Silver

Rubber

Plastic

What is Magnetism?Magnetism is the power of magnets. Magnets have two powers: attraction and repulsion. Magnets pull together or push against each other. The pulling is called attraction, and the pushing is called repulsion. All magnets have a magnetic field, even if you can’t see it. When magnets come closer, the magnetic fields react. All magnets have two parts. One side is called the north pole, and the other is called the south pole. Same poles repel, and different poles attract. There are different kinds of magnets. But all of them still have a north pole and a south pole. There are disk magnets, doughnut magnets, bar magnets, horseshoe magnets, and many more. Even the Earth is a giant magnet! The inner core spins faster than the outer core, and that creates a magnetic field. What does the field do? The sun is constantly shooting out hot solar winds that can burn things. If the solar winds could come into Earth, our planet could become dry like Mars! But, the Earth’s magnetic field protects us! The magnetic field of the earth even has a specific shape. It is narrow and tall on one side, and wide and short on the other side. That’s because the solar winds run along the narrow side, and bounces out the other side. Some solar winds touch the Earth’s atmosphere at the North pole and the South pole, but it doesn’t come into our planet, it slides across. The solar winds touching the Earth’s atmosphere creates auroras, beautiful and colorful lights in the sky, also called Southern lights or Northern lights. You can see them at night in winter, but, if you want to see for yourself, you must at least be very close to the North pole or the South pole.

(Pictures on the next page)

Jang Hyun Fact:Scientists say the Earth’s magnetic field can rotate in 60 billion years, and that could be the end of our planet!

Auroras

Solar winds

Earth’s magnetic field

How do Magnets work?Magnets work in different ways. And sometimes they don’t. They attract to and repel against other magnets. But, they can’t when they are too far apart. Well, magnets attract to other things, too. They stick to most metals, like steel, nickel, cobalt, iron, and more. Magnets can’t stick to some metals, like copper, stainless steel, and aluminum. Magnets also can’t stick to most non-metals like wood, glass, rubber, paper, and plastic.

Jang Hyun Fact:Iron filings stick to magnets, and can show a magnetic field when you put a magnet on paper and sprinkle the filings around the magnet. Also try with two magnets close together.

Iron filings

Magnetic field of a magnet

http://www.howitworksdaily.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/TS_126408633.jpg

How are Electricity and Magnetism connected?

A magnet can even make electricity! How? I’ll tell you. Normally in a wire, every electron is flowing through atoms, but they are going in different directions. If electrons flow through atoms in the same direction, that creates electricity. When we pass a magnet through the wire, the magnetic field pushes the electrons in one direction, and it creates electricity! In reverse, electricity can make a magnet. A magnet that is made by electricity is called an electromagnet. Electromagnets are temporary magnets. I’ll tell you how to make a needle a magnet. First, connect a battery to two wires. Then coil a thinner wire around a nail. Connect the two wires to the two tips of the thinner wire. Try to stick paper clips to the nail. It sticks, right? Take the battery out of the circuit. Now the nail, which is an electromagnet, is turned off. It can’t stick to the paper clips. When electricity is flowing through something, it creates a magnetic field. The nail turns into a magnet because of the magnetic field.

Jang Hyun Fact:Don’t use an object that magnets can’t stick to when you make an electromagnet. A steel or iron nail is a good choice.

An electromagnet

What are some practical uses of Electricity and Magnetism?

Every electronic uses electricity. You can almost find things that use electricity everywhere around you! Hybrid buses and cars use electricity, too. But you might wonder where there could be magnets in your life. Well, there are some on refrigerator doors, some normal bar or horseshoe magnets at home or school, and some alphabet magnets on whiteboards……but there are more magnets in your life than you think! There are magnets in almost every electronic, too! That’s why it’s dangerous if you put a magnet near an electronic because the magnet can attract to or repel against the magnet inside the electronic. Magnets are even on the tips of screwdrivers, credit cards, some expensive books, some cat flaps, necklaces, bath tiles, MRIs, and inside refrigerator doors. A fast train called a maglev train can travel about 500 kilometers per hour. Maglev trains go so fast because they have magnets on the bottom of the train and on the bottom of the track. The magnets on both sides pull, then push, then pull, and so on. That is why they go so fast. To stop the train, the driver turns off an electromagnet.

Maglev trainCredit cardElectricity

Super-fast Japanese Maglev train

Bill Nye- Hybrid Buses

MotorsA motor is a thing that turns electric power into mechanical power. Motors are mostly in things that spin, like blenders. A battery makes a copper wire loop receive electricity and produce a magnetic field. So because a permanent magnet has the copper wire loop between it, the magnetic fields will react and the loop and magnet will attract to and repel against each other. Then, the loop will spin. That is how a motor works.

A motor

GeneratorsA generator, as the opposite of a motor, turns mechanical energy into electrical energy. In the state of a motor, just place a windmill rotor on the copper wire loop and place a light bulb instead of a battery. As the wind rotates the windmill, the copper wire loop will spin, too. The magnetic field of the magnet changes when the loop spins. When the magnetic field changes, an electric current is produced. Then, the light bulb will light up.

(Picture on the next page)

This is a GENERATOR

ForceThe two powers of a magnet are forces: Attraction and repulsion. If we sprinkle iron filings on the tips of two magnets, the iron filings’ shape changes in two ways: when it is attracting or repelling.

Static ElectricityStatic electricity is a type of electricity when one thing builds up and gives out electrons. Like when you rub a balloon against your hair, your hair stands up. Rubber is a material that naturally collects electrons. So the electrons in your hair gets collected by the rubber balloon. Now your hair has a positive charge because it lost some electrons, and the balloon has a negative charge because it received some electrons. Like magnets, the two attract, and that is why your hair stands up when you rub a balloon against it.

Schematic DrawingA schematic drawing is a drawing of a planned circuit.

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THANK YOU!I hope you learned a lot

about ELECTRICITYand MAGNETISM!