Electricity and Magnetism in Biology and Medicine

Electricity and Magnetism in Biology and Medicine

Edited by

F erdinando Bersani University of Bologna

Bologna. Italy

Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Electricity and magnetism in biology and medicine I edited by Ferdinando Bersani. p. cm.

"Proceedings of the Second World Congress for Electricity and Magnetism in Biology and Medicine, held June 8-13, 1997, in Bologna, Italy"-T.p. verso.

Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4613-7208-0 ISBN 978-1-4615-4867-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-4867-6

1. Electromagnetism-Physiological effect-Congresses. 2. Electromagnetism-Toxicol­ogy-Congresses. 3. EJectromagnetism in medicine-Congresses. 1. Bersani, Ferdinando, 1942- . II. World Congress for Electricity and Magnetism in Biology and Medicine (2nd: 1997: Bologna, Italy) QP82.2E43E445 1999 571.4'7-dc21

The BloeIectromagnetlCs Soclety

The Bloeleclrochemlcal Soclety

98-47483 CIP

Soclety for Physlcal Regulatlon In Blology and Medlclne

European Bloeleclromagnetlcs Assoclatlon

Proceedings ofthe Second World Congress for Electricity and Magnetism in Biology and Medicine, held June 8-13, 1997, in Bologna, ltaly

ISBNO-306-46041-6 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 1999

Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers / Plenum Press, New York 1999 Softcover reprint of the hardcover lst edition

1098765432 I

A C.I.P. record for this book is available from the Library ofCongress.

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permission from the Publisher

The BlOeIec:tromagnatlCs Socl8ly

The Bloeleclrochemlcal Soclely

European BlOeleclrornagnetlCs AssociatIOn

CONFERENCE ORGANIZATION

Jorgen Bach Andersen - President Aalborg University, Denmark

Officers

Martin Blank - Vice President (BES) and Technical Program Chair Columbia University, USA

Ferdinando Bersani - Vice President (EBEA) University of Bologna

Mary Ellen O'Connor - Vice President (BEMS) University of Tulsa, USA

Kent HotTman - Vice President (SPRBM) and Secretaryffreasurer Murray Electronics, USA

Governing Board

John D' Andrea - BEMS Maurice Hinseokamp - EBEA

James Lin - BEMS Fred Nelson - SPRBM Subrata Saha - SPRBM

Peter Semm - EBEA Betty Sisken - BES

James Weaver - BES

Technical Program Committee Local Committee

Martin Blank - Chair

Ferdinando Bersani EwaCzerska

Guglielmo D'Inzeo Paul Galley

Reba Goodman Ben Greenebaum

Kjell Hansson Mild Maurice Hinsenkamp

Raphael Lee . Richard Luben

B. Andrea Melandri Eberhard Neumann

Mary Ellen O'Connor Charles Polk Betty Sisken

Maria Stuchly Shoogo Ueno

Bernard Veyret

Ex officio Jorgen Bach Andersen

William Wisecup

Ferdinando Bersani University of Bologna

Guglielmo D'Inzeo University of Rome

Andrea Cossarizza University of Modena

Maria Rosaria Scarfi IRECE, Naples

Ruggero Cadossi University of Modena

Paolo Vecchia NIOH,Rome

Santi Tofani Servizio di Fisica Sanitaria, Ivrea

v

Management Support

W /L Associates, Ltd. William Wisecup

Gloria Parsley Rosemary Tauszky

Victoria Barton

Sponsors

Alcatel Alza

Central Research Institute for Electric Power Industry Electric Power Research Institute

ENEL Ericsson

Forschungsgemeinschaft Fnuk e.V. IGEA

Motorola Nokia

Ornnitel Pronto Italia Telecom Italia

Telecom Italia Mobile U.S. Air Force, Armstrong Laboratory

U.S. Department of Energy/Oak Ridge National Laboratory U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health U.S. National Institute of Environmental Health Science

Local Institutions patronage

University of Bologna Regiona Emilia - Romagna

Provincia di Bologna Comune di Bologna (Assessorato alIa Sanita)

PREFACE

In the last few decades the research on bioelectromagnetics has expanded worldwide. About one thousand researchers are now working in the field in a variety of institutions throughout the world, including medical, biological, engineering, and technical laboratories and protection agencies. After many years of research, a clear picture is now emerging: Initially the research was mainly interested in the therapeutic applications of ELF electric and magnetic fields, and the RF range was mainly taken into consideration with respect to thermal effects only. Then, tne growing body of biological effects of ELF fields on cells and biological tissues (particularly for the repair processes in bone) have drawn the attention of researchers to non-thermal effects, ranging from static fields to microwaves. A specific field of interest that has been the object of a large debate in the last twenty years has been the potential health risk associated with electric power production and distribution and, more recently, with domestic and industrial appliances. In the last few years, the explosion of the market for cellularphones has highlighted the issue of possible health dangers related to their use and to the widespread presence of base stations. The first World Congress on Electricity and Magnetism in Biology and Medicine, was held in Orlando, Florida, in 1992, and collected the widest amount of contributi9ns from almost all the major researchers involved in the field. The second World Congress was held in Bologna on June 8-13, 1997, and attracted more than 700 participants, who delivered just over 600 specific contributions. The second World Congress, headed by Professor J.B. Andersen, was organized, like the first one, by the four major scientific societies interested in this area (The Bioelectromagnetic Society, the Society for Physical Regulation in Biology and Medicine, the Bioelectrochemical Society, the European Bioelectromagnetics Association). The technical Committee was directed by Professor M. Blank, while the technical aspects were arranged by WfL Associates, Ltd., under the direction of the Executive Director W. Wisecup and with the collaboration of a local organization. The choice of Italy, and in particular of Bologna, as venue for the congress, was not a mere chance. Italy is one of the leading countries in Europe for studies on bioelectromagnetics, and Bologna can claim the honor of being the hometown of Galvani, rightly considered founder of electrobiology, and the place where he made his discoveries. Bologna is also home to Righi and Marconi, two of the scientists responsible for initiating the telecommunication era. The proceedings present a selection of the papers discussed during the second World Congress and have been organized according to the congress sessions, namely Plenary Lectures, Minisymposia, and full sessions, including Platform and Poster sessions. The subjects range from basic to applied science, including measurements, dosimetry, medical applications, epidemiology, etc. They also include a few papers concerning farther-reaching topics such as molecular electronics and bioelectronics. Another feature of the second Congress with respect to the previous one was the increased and special attention devoted to the high frequencies in consideration of development and diffusion of cellular phones. There are also interesting contributions on the studies of melatonin and the mechanisms involved in the interaction between EMF and living matter, the interpretation of which still represents one of the major challenges in the field, mainly as far as the non-thermal effects are concerned.

vii

I wish to thank everyone who helped in the compilation of the proceedings. In particular, I want to express my gratitude to Dr. Francesca Accongiagioco, Dr. Simona Valbonesi, Dr. Alberta Palinuri, Dr. Elena Scarcella,and Dr. Pietro Mesirca. A special thank you to Pmfessor Giuseppina Maltoni Giacomelli for her advice and assistance. Heartfelt thanks also to the Scientific Committee and to the reviewers whose contributions were essential to accomplish this work

viii

Prof. Ferdinando Bersani; Editor Department of Physics University of Bologna

CONTENTS

PLENARY LECTURES

Bioelectromagnetism in the History of Bologna ................................................................................................. . F. Bersani

Epidemiological Studies on Health Effects of Electromagnetic Fields............................................. .................. 9 T. Tenforde

Biophysical Chemistry of Signal Transduction................................................................................................... 15 E.Neumann

Mechanisms of Biological Interaction with Electric and Magnetic Fields.......................................................... 21 M. Blank

Effects of Extremely Low Frequency EMF on Signal Transduction Pathways in Vitro..................................... 27 R. A. Luben

Biomedical Applications of Short, Intense Electric Pulses.................................................................................. 33 L. M. Mir

Health Aspects of Mobile Communication: Risks to the Central Nervous System...................................... ........ 37 K. A. Hossmann and D.M. Hermann

The Future Technology of Mobile Telephone Systems and Other Wireless Services......................................... 43 J. Bach Andersen

Policy and Electromagnetic Fields....................................................................................................................... 49 I. Nair

Horizons in Science: Physical Regulation of Living Matter as an Emergent Concept in Health and Disease.... 53 W. R.Adey

MINISYMPOSIA

Melatonin Organizers: R. Liburdy, W. LOscher

Melatonin, Breast Cancer, and Magnetic Fields: Replication Studies................................................................. 59 R. P. Liburdy, C. F. Blackman, and R. A. Luben

Magnetic Fields and Breast Cancer: Experimental in Vivo Studies on the Melatonin Hypothesis...................... 63 W. Lilscher, M. Mevissen, and M. HiiuBler

50-Hz Magnetic Field Exposure and Melatonin in the Rat.................................................................................. 67 M. Kalo, T. Shigemilsu, K. Yamazaki, T. Kikuchi, and W. Ooba

ix

x

Standards Organizers: J. Osepchuk, M. Grandolfo

EMF Standards for Occupational and Environmental Exposure in Eastern European Countries: Present Status andoTrends for International Harmonization................................................................................. 69

S. Szmigielski and R. Kubacki

The European Pre-Standard ENV 50166« Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields» in Contex!................ 73 C. Gabriel, B. Hutzler, N. Krause, B. Kunsch, BJ. Maddock, and G.F. Mariutti

Limits for Electric and Magnetic Fields: Grounds and Developments at the European Community LeveL..... 77 G. Gouvras and C. Schatzl

NATO Activities as an Aid toward International Harmonization of EMF Standards.......................................... 81 BJ. Klauenberg and M.R. Murphy

Regulations and Recommendations in Sweden.................................................................................................... 85 G. Anger and L.E. Paulsson

Molecular Electronics & Biocomputing Organizers: F. Hong, A. Chiabrera

Role of Electrochemistry in Molecular Electronics and Biocomputing............................................................... 89 F.T. Hong

Electric Control of Molecular Dipoles: A Paradigm for Information Processing................................................ 93 A. Chiabrera, S. Cincotti. M. Parodi, and M. Storace

Learning and Memory: Effects and Mechanisms Organizers: R Lovely, E. Lyskov

Magnetic Fields and Spatial Learning in Mice..................................................................................................... 97 Z.J. Sienkiewicz, R.G.E. Haylock, and R.D. Saunders

Non-Ionizing Electromagnetic Fields and Spatial Learning and Memory Functions.......................................... 101 H.Lai

Biological Effects of Cellular Telephones Organizers: M. Swicord, B.Veyret

III Vit,.o Laboratory Experiments Related to Cellular Telephone Communication.............................................. 105 B. Veyret and J.J. Morrissey

III Vivo Laboratory Experiments Related to Cellular Telephone Communication............................................... III M.L. Swicord and U. Morrissey

Effects of 1.6 GHz Microwaves (Continuous and Pulsed Waves) on c-Fos, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, and NSCL-I Gene Expression in the Mouse Brain.................................... 123

J.J. Morrissey, S. Raney, E. Heasley, P.Rathinavelu, M. Dauphinee, and J.H. Fallon

Epidemiologic Studies Related to Cellular Telephone Communication.............................................................. 129 J.B. Boice and J.J. Morrissey

Bone and Cartilage Organizers: R. Aaron, M. Hinsenkamp

Cartilage Differentiation and Bone Healing......................................................................................................... 133 M. Hinsenkamp

Electrical Stimulation of Tibial Osteotomies: A Double Blind Study................................................................. 137 G.C. Traina, V. Sollazzo, and L. Massari

EMF Stimulates Cartilage Differentiation in Endochondral Ossification Coincident with an Increase in TGFB Expression................................................................................................................... 139

D. McK. Ciombor and R.K. Aaron

Transdermal Drug Delivery and Non-Invasive Sensing Organizers: J. Weaver, R. Potts

Comparison of Iontophoresis and Electroporation: Mechanisms and Tolerance................................................. 145 V. Prt!at, R. Vanbever, A. Jadoul, and V.Regnier

Recent Advances in Skin Electroporation: Mechanism and Efficacy.................................................................. 149 J.C. Weaver, V.F. Pliquett, T.E. Zewert, R. Vanbever, T.O. Herndon, T.R. Gowrishankar, T. Chen, M.R. Prausnitz, T.E. Vaughan, Y. Chizmadzhev, V. Pn!at, and R. Langer

Injury Associated with High Voltage Pulsing for Transdermal Drug Delivery................................................... 153 J.C. Weaver and T.E. Vaughan

Nervous System Organizers: R. Ghione, M.E. O'Connor

Exposure to Weak Oscillating Magnetic Fields Modify Spontaneous and Evoked Brain Electrical Activities in Humans.................................................................................................................. 157

E. Sartucci, L. Bonfiglio, C. Del Seppia, P. Luschi, S. Ghione, L. Murri, and F. Papi

Effect of Prolonged Exposure to 50 Hz Electromagnetic Fields on Neurotransmitters and Receptors in Rat Brain................................................................................................ 161

L. Zecca, C. Mantegazza, F. Piva, and N. Hagino

Microwave and Millimeter Wave Organizers: S. Motzkin, J. Lin

Biological Effects of Microwave Radiation......................................................................................................... 165 J.C. Lin

Computer Modeling for Cellular Phones Dosimetry ............................................................................................ 171 P. Bernardi, M. Cavagnaro, S. Pisa, and E. Piuzzi

Macromolecular Synthesis Organizers: R. Goodman, J. Phillips

Changes in Gene Expression following EMF Exposure...................................................................................... 175 G.E. Woloschak, T. Paunesku, C. - M. Chang-Liu, L. Loberg, J. Gauger, and D. McConnick

The Mechanism of Magnetic Field Stimulation of the Stress Response is Similar to Other Environmental Stresses............................................................................................................................... 179

R. Goodman, H. Lin, and M. Blank

Use of Non-Mammalian Model Systems to Investigate Mechanism Mediating Biological Interactions with-Power Frequency Electromagnetic Fields............................................................... 183

D.M. Binninger and V. Vngvichian

Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields and Cell Proliferation........................................................................... 187 S. Kwee and-Po Raskmark

xi

Effects on the Immune System Organizers: S. Mehta

Immunological Effects of ELF Electric and Magnetic Fields: An Overview ...................................................... 191 A. Cossarizza and e. Franceschi

Thymus as a Possible Target of 50 Hz Electric and Magnetic Fields.................................................................. 195 M. Capri, D. Quaglino, L. Zecca, I. PasquaIi Ronchetti, and C. Franceschi

Lymphocytes: ASensor for Genotoxic Effects of ELF Electric and Magnetic Fields.................... ..................... 199 M.R. Scarfl

Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Field Exposure of Mitogen Stimulated Human T-Lymphocytes............. 203 S. Melha, C. Polk, R.e. Hanumara, K. Johnson, D. Cherlin, S. Wu, and H. Wanebo

DC Magnetic Fields Organizers: S. Ueno, A. Rosen

Effects and .Mechanisms of Intense DC Magnetic Fields on Biological, Physical and Chemical Processes........................................................................................................................................ 205

S. Ueno and M. Iwasaka

Magnetic Orientation of Fibrin and Other Biopolymers...................................................................................... 211 J. Torbet

Bacterial Growth under Strong Magnetic Field.................................................................................................... 215 M Shoda, K. Nakamura, K. Tsuchiya, K. Okuno, and T. Ano

Biophysical Mechanisms Organizers: C. Polk, I. Szabo

Nonlinear Dynamics............................................................................................................................................. 219 W. Lauterbom

Resonances and Magnetic Field Detection in Biological Systems....................................................................... 223 S. Engstrom

Correlation of Thermal Electrical Noise in Ion Channel Arrays.......................................................................... 227 P.e. Gailey

Biological Electron Transfer: A Possible Framework for Some of the Biological Effects of ELF Magnetic Fields? ........................................................................................................ 231

I. Nair, R.P. Liburdy, and B. Morel

Electromechanical Energy Transduction Mechanism Organizers: T. Hianik, V. Markin

Mechanical Properties of Lipid Bilayers and Protein-Lipid Interactions............................................................. 235 T. Hianik

Mechanoelectrical and Electromechanical Energy Transduction Mechanisms................................................... 239 V.1. Passechnik

Shapes of Vesicles and Cells under Force~Exerted on the Enclosing Membrane.............................................. 243 S. Svetina, B. Bozic, P. Peteriin, and B. Zeks

Mechanism of Neuronal Shape Transformation and Its Electrical Consequences.............................................. 247 V. S. Markin and D. L. Tanelian

xii

The Bacterial Flagellar Motor: A Brief Review of Models and a New Electrostatic ModeL............................ 251 R. Caplan and D. Waltz

SYMPOSIA

BASIC SCIENCE (Physics, Chemistry)

Electric Fields

Molecular Transport across Stratum Corneum due to Electric Pulses: Behavior of Localized Transport Regions (LTRS)............................................................................................................. 255

U.F. Pliquett. R. Vanbever, G.T. Martin, V. Preat, and J.e. Weaver

Passive Electrical Properties of Human Stratum Corneum during Application of Electric Fields..................... 259 U. Pliquett and J.C. Weaver

Cell Electromanipulation Procedures Change the pH of a Solution.......................................................... ......... 263 G. Saulis and D. Michevicius

Weak ELF Electric Field Effects on Ca2+ Dependent Regulatory Enzymes in the Respiratory Pathway; a Mechanism of Interaction between ELF EM Fields and Organic Systems?................ 267

R. Coghill

Magnetic Fields

Effects of 14 Tesla Magnetic Field on Hydration and Structure of Water Molecules........................................ 271 A. Iwasaka and S. Ueno

Bioluminescence of the Firefly Luciola Cruciata under Strong DC Magnetic Fields......................................... 275 A. Iwasaka lind S. Ueno

Magnetic Field Environment in ULF Range (0-5 Hz) in Urban Areas: Man-M!!de and Natural Fields in St. Petersburg (Russia).................................................................................... .................. 279

N.G. Ptitsyna, G. Villoresi, Y.A. Kopytenko, M.1. Tyasto, E.A. Knpytenko, N. lucci, P.M. Voronov, and D.B. Zaitsev

Effects of External Magnetic (50 Hz) Fields on Visual Display Units............................................................... 283 RJ. Paakkonen, L.H. Korpinen, J.T. Isokorpi, and J.P. RaUlee

DllSimetry, SignaI/Noise

Comparison of FD-TD and Experimentally Determined Local SAR Values in a Rhesus Monkey Model................................................................................................................................. 287

J.M. Ziriax, C.M. Furse, J.A. D' Andrea, J.-H. Gao, P.A. Mason, W.D. Hurt, and O.P. Gandhi

3-Dimensional Models for EMF Dosimetry........................................................................................................ 291 P.A Masnn, J.M. Ziriax, W.D. Hurt, and J.A D' Andrea

Numerical Approaches for Microwave Bioelectromagnetic Applications.......................................................... 295 S. Caorsi. R. Azaro, G.L. Gragnani, A. Massa, M. Pastorino, and M. Raffetto

Experimental Calibration Procedure at 1.8 GHz of Electric Field Probes in a Slotted Waveguide.................... 299 F. Apollonio, L. Ardoino, M. Breccia. S. Mancini, S. Nocentini. and G.A. Lovisolo

Whole-Body SAR in a Ful1-Size Human Model at 28.9 kHz........... .............................................................. 303 . R.G. Olsen. B.I. Van Matre, and P. Hansen

xiii

RF-Induced Ankle Heating in a Rhesus Monkey at 100 MHz............................................................................. 307 R.G. Olsen, B.I. Van Matre, and J.L. Lords

Magnetic Field Dosimetry - Biophysical and Clinical Aspects........................................................................... 311 M.S. Markov

Evaluation of Induced Currents in Human Models by Power Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Using a BEM Technique................................................................................................ 315

O. Bottauscio and R. Conti

Altered Cumulative Calcium Influx for Biological Cells: An Illustration of the Theory of Signal Averaging by Rectification of Weak Extremely Low Frequency Electric Fields................................ 319

J. Weaver, T.E. Vaughan, R.K. Adair, and R.D. Astumian

Exposure Assessment

Exposure Parameters during Studies with ELF Magnetic and Electric Fields..................................................... 323 M. Misakian

Background ELF Magnetic Fields in a Great Urban Area................................................................................... 327 G. D' Amore, L. Anglesio, A. Benedetto, and M. Tasso

Measurement of Exposure to Magnetic Fields from Electrical Appliances......................................................... 331 J. Isokorpi, L. Korpinen, T. Keikko, and 1. Partanen

Evaluation of the Magnetic Fields Generated by Underground Cable and Overhead Power Transmission Lines Using Calculation Models........................................................................................ 335

P. Bevitori and A. Ravaioli

Assessment of Magnetic Induction Levels near Middle and Low Voltage Distribution Transformers.............. 339 P. Bevitori and A. Ravaioli

Investigation of the Exposure Situation and the Immune Response of High Frequency Exposed Workers in Austria..................................................................................................... 343

G. Neubauer, H. Tuschl, H. Brusl, H. Gam, K. Duftschmid, N. Winker, R. Kovac, R. Vitzthum, and H. Kremser

Long-Term Measurements of Magnetic Fields in Exposure Assessment........................................................... 347 J. Rautee, 1. Isokorpi, T. Keikko, and L. Korpinen

Exposure Levels to Electromagnetic Fields in Normal Operative Situations..................................................... 351 C. Bemardi, F. Rossi, G. Testoni, E. Trevissoi, R. Zannoli, and R. Zuin

Combination of the Effects Function Approach and Decision Analysis in Evaluating Power Frequency Field Policy Options........................................................................................ 355

J.G. Adams, D. Von Winterfeldt, and I. Nair

Measurements of Personal Exposure to MF in Korean Population.................................................................... 359 Y.S. Kim and Y.S. Cho

Free Radical Mechanisms

Low Frequency Dependent Magnetic Field Effects in Biological Systems and the Radical Pair Mechanism......................................................................................................................... 363

J. WaIleczek

BioenergeticsIElectron Transfer

Alterations of Electron Transfer and Energy Conservation in Mitochondrial Complex I (NADH-Coenzyme Q Oxido- Reductase) in Aging............................................................................................ 367

M.L. Genova, M.M. Pich, F. PaIlotti, R. Fato, G. Formiggini, C. Bovina, G.P. Castelli, and G. Lenaz

xiv

Combined Action of Temperature and Millimeter Waves on Luminescence Characteristics of Thylakoid Membrane..................................................................................... 371

L. Traikov, V. Goltsev, and'M. Markov

Theory and Models

The State of the Science for the Langevin-Lorentz Model................................................................................. 375 S. Bruna, W. Rocchia, B. Bianco, U. Kaufman, and A. Chiabrera

Validation of the Quantum Z-S Model by means of the Interaction between MW Fields and Zn-Protoporphyrin System......................................................................................... 379

M. Zago, W. Rocchia, A. Palombo, E. Moggia, G. D'Inzeo, B. Bianco, and A. Chiabrera

Solvent-Hemoglobin Binding Site Interaction under Microwave Electromagnetic Exposure: A Molecular Dynamic Study ............................................................. ,................... 383

M. Zago, A. Palombo, and G. D'Inzeo

A Direct Comparison between Experimental and Theoretical Results of Ligand-site Binding in Heme Groups Exposed to Microwave Fields........................................................................................................................... 387

M. Zago, A. Palombo, and G. D'Inzeo

EMF Signals and IonlLigand Binding Kinetics: Prediction of Bioeffective Waveform Parameters................. 391 A.A.Pilla, DJ. Muehsam, M.S. Markov, and B.F. Sisken

A Larmor PrecessionlDynamical System Model Allows I.IT -Range Magnetic Field Effects on Ion Binding in the Presence of Thermal Noise....................................... 395

A.A. Pilla, D.l. Muehsam, and M.S. Markov

Experimental and Theoretical Evaluation of the Interaction of Biogenic Magnetite with Magnetic Fields.......................................................................................................... 401

1. Dobson, T.G. St. Pierre, H. Pardoe, and P.Schultheiss-Grassi

The Sensitivity of Cells and Tissues to Exogenous Fields: Dependence upon Target System Initial State.................................................................................................... 405

DJ. Muehsam and A.A. Pilla

Neuronal Cells under Electromagnetic Exposure: A Link between Microscopic and Macroscopic Modelling................................................................................................................................ 409

F. Apollonio, L. Tarricone, and G. D'Inzeo

Influence of Mobile Telecommunication Fields on Ligand Binding to Hydrophobic Metallo-Proteins............ 413 B. Bianco, A. Chiabrera, E. Moggia, and U. Kaufman

A Formula for Frequency and Amplitude Windows of Some ELF and Null MF Bioeffects Follows from the Schroedinger Equation..................................................................... 417

V.N. Binghy

Biophysical Constraints on the Biological Effects of Radio-Frequency and Microwave Radiation................... 421 R.K. Adair

Cell Membrane Pore Creation via Magnetic Particles: Biomagnetic Stimulation and Transient Magnetic Fields............................................................................................................................. 425

T.E. Vaughan and J.e. Weaver

Theoretical Issues in Understanding Local Transport Regions in Electroporated Stratum Corneum................. 429 T.E. Vaughan,V.A. Chizmadzhev, and J.C. Weaver

A Theoretical Model for Cell Electroporation: Quantitative Description of Electrical Behavior....................... 433 T.E. Vaughan and J.C. Weaver

xv

Modeling of the Processes of Pore Creation and Disappearance in a Cell under the Influence of Strong Electric Field as Random One-Step Processes.................................................... 437

G. Saulis

Interface Convection in Water as a Primary Mechanism of Extra High Frequency Irradiation Effects............. 441 K. D. Kazarinov, A. V. Putvinsky, and V. S. Malinin

BASIC SCIENCE (BIOLOGY)

Cells Tissue (Animal or Plant), Humans

Changes of Intercellular Communication Induced by Alternating Electric Fields Correlate with Changes of cAMP ........................................................................................................... "........... 445

J.F. Weibezahn, G. Knedlitschek, W. Sontag, J. C. Stein, E. Gottwald, and H. Dertinger

Uncharacterized Physical Parameters Can Contribute More Than Magnetic Field Exposure to ODC Activity in Vitro............................................................................................ 449

U. Valtersson K. Hansson Mild, and M. O. Mattsson

Responses of Human MG-63 Osteosarcoma Cell Line and Human Osteoblast-like Cells to Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields......................................................................................................................... 453

V. Sollazzo, G. C. Traina, M. De Mattei, L. Massari, A. Pellati, F. Pezzetti, and A. Caruso

Effects of ELF Magnetic Fields on Collagen Synthesis in Osteoblasts............................................................... 457 K. H. Park, A. Soda, H. Yamaguchi, Y. Kinouki, and K. Yoshizaki

Experimental Factors Affecting Dielectric Spectroscopy Measurements on Cell Suspensions of Chinese Hamster Fibroblasts......................................................................................... 461

G.F. Mariutti, A.Polichetti, and R. Pozzi

Differential Inhibition of Tamoxifen's Oncostatic Functions in a Human Breast Cancer Cell Line by a 12mGauss (1.2~T) Magnetic Field.............................................................................................................. 465

J.D. Harland, G.A. Levine, and R.P. Liburdy

A 12 mGauss (1.2 ~T) Magnetic Field Inhibits Tamoxifen's Oncostatic Action in a Second Human Breast Cancer Cell Line: T47D........................................................................................... 469

R. P. Liburdy, G. A. Levine, and 1. D. Harland

Magnetic Fields Reduce the Growth Inhibitory Effects of Tamoxifen in a Human Brain Tumor Cell Line..................................................................................................................... 473

S. M. J. Afzal and R. P. Liburdy

Effects of Ultrawide Band Microwave Pulses on Rat Hearts in Vitro................................................................. 477 A.L. Bottomley, S.J. Neely, S.J. Wood, and J.E.H.Tattersall

Effects of Weak ELF on E. coli Cells and Human Lymphocytes: Role of Genetic, Physiological, and Physical Parameters............................................................................................................... 481

I.Y. Belyaev, Y.D. Alipov, and M. Harms-Ringdahl

Electromagnetic Field Effects on the Morphometrical Characteristics of Rat Adrenal Glands.......................... 485 G. Uscebrka, D. Zikic, M. Matavulj, V. Rajkovic, and D. Gledic

Electromagnetic Field Effects on the Morphology of Rat Thyroid Gland.......................................................... 489 M. Matavulj, V. Rajkovic, G. Uscebrka, D. Zikic, D. Stevanovic, and B. Lazetic

A Weak Magnetic Field Caused the Increase of Proteins in the Brain............................................................... 493 V.N. Shpinkova, L. M. Gershtein, and K. A. Nikolskaya

Ornithine Decarboxylase Activity and Morphology of Chick Embryos Exposed to 60 Hz Magnetic Fields during Neurulation...................................................................................... 497

J. M. Farrel, M. Barber, D. Krause, and T. A. Litovitz

xvi

Effects of Randomly Varied Power Frequency Magnetic Fields on the Life-Expectancy of Two Strains of Mice.................................................... ............................................. 501

L. de Jager and L de Bruyn

The Influence of Long-Term Exposure to Randomly Varied Power Frequency Magnetic Fields on the Fertility of the Mouse....................................................................... 505

L. de Jager and L de Bruyn

The Influence of Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Electromagnetic (EM) Fields on Freshwater Bacterioplankton Communities................................................... 509

T. Galonja, S. Gajin, Z. Svircev, V. Trivunovic, N.Pekaric-Nadj, and I. Arsenic

Influence of the Pulsating Electromagnetic Field (PEMF) on Spring Barley..................................................... 513 D. Milosev and N.Pekaric-Nadj

Human Heart Rate Changes in Response to 50 Hz Sinusoidal and Square Waveform Magnetic Fields: 1\ Follow up Study ...................................................................................... 517

M.L Sait, A. W. Wood, and H. A. Sadafi

Cardiovascular Effects of Short Term Exposure to Fields of Electricity Power Transmission........................... 521 L. Korpinen and 1. Partanen

Modulation of Oscillation and Synchrony in the CNS by Exposure to Weak ELF Magnetic Fields.................. 525 K. A. Jenrow, X. Zhang W. E. Renehan, and A. R. Liboff

Magnetic Properties of the Heart, Spleen and Liver: Evidence for Biogenic Magnetite in Human Organs................................................................................................................. 529

P. P. Schltheiss-Grassi, J. P. Dobson, H. G. Wieser, and N. Kuster

Does Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields Affect Blood Pressure?..................................................................... 533 S. Ghione, C. Del Seppia, L. Mezzasalma, M. Suez, P. Luschi, and F. Papi

Endogenous Fields (Embryology, Growth)

Endogenous Electrical Fields and Embryonic Development............................................................................... 537 K.R. Robinson, M. Messerli, and A. Palmer

Physiological Gradients of Voltage as Controls of Neural Morphogenesis......................................................... 541 R. B. Borgens

Influence of a 50 Hz Sinusoidal Magnetic Field on Sea Urchin Embryogenesis................................................. 545 O. Zeni, M.R. Scarfi, M. Della Noce, F. La Cara. F. Bersani, and P.P. De Prisco

On a Role of Endogenous Electric Fields in a Functional Cell Activity.............................................................. 549 E.Z. Gak and N.K. Belisheva

Biosynthesis (Transcriptions, Translations)

Environmental Magnetic Field Exhibit No Quantitative Change in Rabbit Reticulocyte Lysate Translation System............................................................................................... 553

E. Hirakawa, M. Ohmori, H. Mild, and W. D. Winters

The Effect of Repetitive Magnetic Stimulation on the Expression of the Heat Shock Protein in Normal and Oncogenically Transformed Fibroblast Cells.................................... 557

G. Tsurita, S. Ueno, N. Tsuno, H. Nagawa, and T. Muto

Membrane Processes (Transport, Signal Transduction)

Combined Action of Static Magnetic Field and Temperature on the Surface Electric Charge of the Erythrocyte Membrane............................................................................ 561

L. L. Traikov, M. A. Kuzmanova, and M. S. Markov

xvii

Activating the Electrogenic Molecular Pumps, NalK ATPase, by Weak Oscillating Electrical Fields.............. 565 W. Chen, Y. Han, and Y. Chen

Calcium Dependent Activation of Human Blood Neutrophils by Electric Field Pulses..................................... 56~ V. S. Malinin K. D. Kazarinov, and A. V. Putvinsky

Intramembrane Proteins Clustering Induced by 50 Hz Pulsed Magnetic Fields Is Reverted to a Random Distribution in the Absence of the Field Exposure..................................................... 573

F. Marinelli, F. Bersani, S. Santi, M. Riccio, S. Petrini, A. Valmori, and N.M. Maraldi

A Study of the Effects of 10.75 GHz Microwave Radiation on Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Ion Channels............................................................................................ 577

J.E.H. Tattersall

Cell, Calcium and Magnetic Fields

Effect of Magnetic Field Exposure on Calcium Channel Currents Using Patch-Clamp Technique.................. 581 M. Yasui, T. Kikuchi, W. Ooba, M. Obo, S. Konishi, and Y. Otaka

Effects of Time-Varying Strong Magnetic Field on K+ Uptake through Ca 2+ -Dependant K+ ChanneL.......... 585 K. H. Park, T. Ikehara, Y. Kinouchi, H. Yamaguchi, and H. Miyamoto .

Intracellular Calcium Mobilization Did Not Occur in Immune Cells Exposed to 50-Hz, 0.1 mT Linearly and Circularly Polarized Magnetic Fields................................................. 589

I. Nishimura

Experimental Setup for Study of Calcium Wave Propagation in Astroglial Cells Exposed to ELF MF............ 593 M. Lindgren, T. Thorlin, M. Gustavsson, S. Galt, Y. Harnnerius, and L. Rilnback

Synergistic Effects of UV A-and EMF on Neuroblastoma Cells......................................................................... 597 R. Glaser, I. Ihrig, C. Heese, and F. Schubert

Ultrastructural Distribution of Calcium after ELF Modulated Microwave and GSM Modulated RF Irradiaton in the Temporal Cortex of Rat Brain.......................................................... 60 I

Z. Somosy, A. Kittel, and G. Thur6czy

Static I1T-Level Magnetic Fields Modulate Myosin Phosphorylation via Kinetic Effects on Calcium Binding to Calmodulin...................................................................................... 605

M.S. Markov and A.A. Pilla

Sensory Physiology and Behavior

A New Interpretation of the Effect of Magnetic Treatments on the Initial Orientation of Homing Pigeons...................................................................................................... 609

P. Luschi, C. Del Seppia, and F. Papi

Physiological and Perceptual Responses of Human Volunteers during Whole-Body RF Exposure at 450 MHz:.................................................................................................... 613

E.R. Adair, S.A. Kelleher, L.G. Berglund, and G.W. Mack

Weak Magnetic Field Speeds Up the Information Processing............................................................................. 617 O. Yeshchenko, K. Nikolskaya, V. Shpinkova, andY. Shtemler

High Peak Power, Low SAR Effects on Memory Task Performance in Rhesus Monkeys................................. 621 1. M. Ziriax, D. Hatcher, M. E. Belt, J. Roe, A. Thomas, P. Henry, M. Tovias , and 1. A. D' Andrea

Electromagnetic Fields and Learning: The Importance of Experimental Design and Analysis.......................... 625 M. Kavaliers, K.- P. Ossenkopp, A. W. Thomas, F. S. Prato, and E. Choleris

Operant Behavior Tests in Rats after Prenatal Exposure to High Frequency Electromagnetic Fields................ 629 M. Bornhausen, D. Kinkel, X.-Nan Wu, and H. Scheingraber

xviii

Immunology

Cytokine Production by Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) after ill Vitro Exposure to 50 Hz Magnetic Fields............................................................................................... 635

c. Petrini, M. L. Dupuis, A. Polichetti, C. Ramoni, and P. Vecchia

Exposure to 50 Hz Magnetic Field Is Affecting Morphological and Biophysical Properties of Human Lymphoid Cell Line (RAJI).......................................................................... 639

D. Pozzi. N. Santoro, A. Lisi, E. Pasquali, M. Girasole, A. Congiu-Castellano, A. Cricenti, S. Rieti, R. Generosi, L. Giuliani, M. Vignati , and S. Grimaldi

Effect of Millimeter Waves on the Concentration of Ceruloplasmin in the Blood Plasma of Gamma-Irradiated Rats.................................................................................................. 645

M. Kouzmanova and S. Ivanov

Effects of ELF Exposure on Murine Immune System......................................................................................... 649 D. Frasca, P. Barattini, D. De Grandis, P. Galloni, C. Goso , and C. Marino

The Effect of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on the Induction of Cytokines by Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells.............................................................................................................. 653

C. Aldinucci, M. Rigato, F. Pessina, G. Fanetti, and G.P. Pessina

Enhancement ofT-Ceil Mediated Immunity by MiIIimetric Waves................................................................... 657 M.K. Logani and M.C. Ziskin

Carcinogenesis Genotoxic Effects

Lack of Promoting Effects of the Electromagnetic Near-Field for CeIlular Phones (929 MHz) on Rat Liver Carcinogenesis in Medium-Term Liver Bioassay............................. 661

T. Shirai. K. Imaida, S. Watanabe, K. Wake, A. Aimoto, Y. Kamimura, and M. Taki

ELF Magnetic Field and Ionic Resonance: Preliminary Results on Genotoxicity and Cell Proliferation........... 665 M. Della Noce. M. B. Lioi, O. Zeni, F. Bersani , and M. R. Scarfi

A Study on Progression of Spontaneous Leukemia in AKR Mice Exposed to 50 Hz. Circularly Polarized Magnetic Field for 24 Weeks.............................................................................................. 669

I. Nishimura and T. Negishi

60 Hz Power Frequency Magnetic Field-Enhancement of X-Ray Induced Oncogenic Transformation in Embryonic Tissue................................................................................................ 675

R.C. Miller, S. Martin, and E. J. Hall

Effects of ELF Magnetic Fields on CeIlular Proliferation in ill Vivo System...................................................... 679 c. Marino, L. Galloni ,and P. Galloni

Effect of Strong Static Magnetic Fields on Mutagenicity of Chemical Mutagens in Bacterial Mutation Assay................................................................................................................................. 683

M. Ikehata, T. Koana, and M, 'Nakagawa

Evidence of Changes in Genomic Location of Transponsable Elements in Drosophilia melanogaster Flies Exposed to Static Magnetic Fields............................................................... 687

G. Giorgi, S. Cavicchi, and F. Bersani

Lymphoma/Leukemia in Mice Exposed to 60 Hz Magnetic Fields..................................................................... 691 J. T. Babbit, A. I. Kharazi, J. M. G. Taylor, C. N. Rafferty, C. B. Bonds, S. G. Mirell, E. Frumkin, and T. J. M. Hahn

Preliminary Results on Human Lymphocytes Exposed In Vitro to CeIlular Telephone Microwave Frequency...................................................................................................... 695

G. D' Ambrosio, R. Massa, M.R. Scarfi, and O. Zeni

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Can EMF Exposure Emulate a Tumor Promoter? Designing Endpoints............................................................. 699 Q. Tao, A. Mic'ic', and A. Henderson

Influence of Various HF Fields on Growth Behavior of HL-60 Cells to Investigate Cancer Promoting Effects.............................................................................................................. 703

E. Langer, R. Fitzner, and K Brinkmann

The Stimulation of Proliferation of Carcinogenic ally Initiated INIT/C3H110Ttn Cells by Imposing a 60 Hz Magnetic Field: a Magnetic Field or a Thermal Effect?................................................... 707

S.W. Hui, Y.L. Zhao, and P.G. Johnson

Exposure of Bacteriophage, DNA, and Growing Bacterial Cells to Modulated Electromagnetic Radiations: No DNA Damage or Mutagenicity Observed...................................... .................. 711

B. Freyer, H. Koch, V. Hansen, and W. Riiger

TECHNOLOGY

Communication (Cellular Phones)

Calculation of the Power Deposited in Tissues Close to a Handset Antenna Using a Non-Uniform FDTD....... 717 J. Wiart, S. Chaillou, Z. Altman, and S. Drago

Human Electrophysiological Studies on the Influence of RF Exposure Emitted by GSM Cellular Phones........ 721 G. Thuroczy, G. Kubinyi, H. Sinay, J. Bakos, K. Sipos, A. Lenart, and L.D. SzaM

Optimizatioll of Handset Antennas to Reduce Interaction with the User............................................................. 725 H.-O. Ruoss and F. Landstorfer

FDTD Handset Antenna Modelling at 900 MHz for Electrical Performance and SAR Results.......................... 729 J.T. Rowley, R.B. Waterhouse, and K.H. Joyner

Characterization of an Exposure System Operating at Frequencies of Hand Held Mobile Devices.................... 733 G.A. Lovisolo, L. Ardoino, M. Breccia, S. Mancini, S. Nocentini, and E. Scarcella

EEG Activity of the Human Brain during Exposure to Cellular Phones............................................................. 737 M. Hietanen, T. Kovala, A.M. Hiimlilliinen, R. Velin, and P. Von Nandelstadh

A Model to Evaluate the Temperature Distribution in a Human Eye Exposed to the Field Radiated by the Mobile Antenna in a Wireless LAN........................................................................ 741

P. Bernardi, M. Cavagnaro, S. Pisa, and E. Piuzzi

GSM Cellular Phones Interference with Implantable Ventricular Defribillators................................................. 745 V. Barbaro, P. Bartolini, F. Bellocci, F. Caruso, A. Donato, D. Gabrielli, C. Militello, and P. Zecchi

Nerve Conduction Velocity and Mobile Phones.................................................................................................. 749 V. Anderson, L. Davidson, K.H. Joyner, A.W. Wood, R. Macdonell, and J. Curatolo

ImagingMRI

Analysis of the MRI-Used Bird Cage Resonator................................................................................................. 753 D. Simunic and P. Wach

tH-MR Analysis of Restricted Diffusion Applied to Bone Tissue Characterization and Pathologies................. 757 S. Valbonesi, A. Bandoli, F. Bersani, M. Fini, S. Giacovelli, R. Giardino, and L. Lendinara

RF, Microwave

Radiofrequency Safety Standard-Setting in the United States............................................................................. 761 R.C.Petersen

xx

Prediction ofE.M.Susceptibility at Radio Frequencies of Ligand Binding to Hydrophobic Metalloproteins... 765 S. Bruna, W. Rocchia, E. Moggia, B. Bianco, J.J. Kaufman, and A. Chiabrera

FD-TD Analysis of SAR Distributions inside Human Head Excited by Cellular Phone Antennas.................... 769 G. Cerri, R. De Leo, and F. Moglie

Electrified Transport

Magnetic Field Monitoring on Board of DC Electrified Transport in Russia..................................................... 773 G. Villoresi, N.G. Ptitsyna, Y.A. Kopytenko, M.1. Tyasto, B.A. Kopytenko, N. lucci, P.M. Voronov, and D.B. Zaitsev

Health Effects among Engine Drivers: Possible Association with Occupational Exposure to Magnetic Fields from DC Electrified Transport....................................................... 777

G. Villoresi, N.G. Ptitsyna, V.A. Kudrin, and N. (ucci

Survey of ELF Magnetic Fields in Locomotives of the Italian Railways........................................................... 781 P. Vecchia, G.A. Antonacci, A. Apostolo, S. Battisti, E. MunafO, A. Polichetti, and G. Puliatti

Exposure to Magnetic Fields at Work and Public Areas at the Finnish Railways.............................................. 785 A.M. Hamllliiinen, M. Hietanen, P.Juuti, and J. Juutilainen

Exposure Metrics of Magnetic Fields from Electrified Transport...................................................................... 789 N.G. Ptitsyna, G. Villoresi, and V.A. Bochko

Non-Ionizing EMF Standards and Public Policy

Exposure Guidelines for Radioirequency Electromagnetic Fields..................................................................... 793 E. van Rongen

Education as a Basic Requirement of the Labour Protection.............................................................................. 797 H. Trzaska

Instrumentation

Assessment of the Modified EMDEX II Dosimeter in Measuring the Exposure of a I kHz Induction Furnace Operators....................................................................................... 80 I

P: Chadwick

An RF Exposure System for Bacteriophage, DNA, and Growing Bacterial Cells............................................. 805 V. Hansen and W. Riiger

MEDICINE

Epidemiology

Analysis of Cancer Morbidity in Polish Career Military Personnel Exposed Occupationally to Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation...................................... ..................................... 809

S. Szmigielski and R. Kubacki

Sickness Absence from 1978 to 1992 ofElectricite De France (EDP) Workers Exposed to ELF EMF............ 813 M. Souques, A. Chevalier, F. Coing, W. Dab, and J. Lambrozo

Electromagnetic Fields and Childhood Leukemia: Pooled Analyses of Two German Population-Based Case-Control Studies................................................................................... 817

J. Schiiz, J. Michaelis, R. Meinert, E. Zemann, J.-P. Grigat, P. Kaatsch, U. Kaletsch, K. Brinkmann, W. Kalkner, and H. Kamer

Mapping of Magnetic Fields in City Environment............................................................................................. 821 M. Lindgren, M. Gustavsson, Y. Hamnerius, and S. Galt

xxi

ECG Abnormalities in Workers Exposed to Electromagnetic Fields at Different Exposure Levels.................. 825 A. Bortkiewicz. E. Gadzicka, M. Zmyslony, C. Palczynski, and S. Szmigielski

Epidemiological Research on Magnetic Field Exposure from Cellular Phones and Risk of Cancer................. 829 C. Johansen

Electric Trauma

Extremely Low Frequency Waves Do Not Cause Damage to the Crystalline Lens in Rats.............................. 833 A. Zati, R. Giardino. P. Versura, and F. Broccoli

Supramembrane Potential-Induced Electroconformational Changes of the Voltage-Gated Na Channels Is a Possible Mechanism in Electrical Injury....................................................... 837

W. Chen. Y. Han. Y. Chen. and R.c. Lee

Melatonin and Cancer Inhibition

Magnetic Fields (60Hz, 5mT) Do Not Influence MCF-7 Growth in Melatonin Insensitive Cells.................... 841 S. Tachiiri. H. Takebe. M. Hiraoka, and J. Miyakoshi

Nocturnal Secretion of 6-Hydroxymelatonin Sulfate in Mice Exposed to 900 MHz Radio Frequency Radiation or 50 Hz Magnetic Fields...................................................................... 845

P. Heikkinen, T. Kumlin, J.T. Laitinen, H. Komulainen, and J. Juutilainen

Long-Term Exposure of Mice to Power Frequency Magnetic Fields: Night-Time Melatonin Production....... 849 L. de Bruyn and L. de Jager

Bone Repair and Remodeling

Effect of Stimulation by Low-Frequency Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields in Subjects with Fracture of the Femoral Neck.................................................................................................. 853

E. Betti, S. Marchetti, R. Cadossi, C. Faldini, and A. Faldini

Gene Expression during the Early Phases of Bone Repair in the Horse: Effects of Electromagnetic Field Exposure.................................................................................. 857

P. Zucchini, R. Cadossi, V. Cane, and S. Ferrari

Topographic Mapping Using Dexa Provides a Technique for Assessing the Effects of Electrical Stimulation on Bone Remodelling.............................................................................. 861

M.J.H. Bonneau, L.J. Mulder, and M.K. MacDonald

Soft Tissue (Skin, Cartilage and Joints) Healing

Effect of Electrical Stimulation on Wound Healing: A Review........................................................................ 865 C.E. Campbell and S. Saha

State of the Art in Electromagnetic Therapeutics: Soft Tissue Applications..................................................... 871 A.A. Pilla

Effect of Pulsed Radiofrequency: Stimulation on Wound Healing: A Double-Blind Pilot Clinical Study....... 875 L.C. Kloth, J.E. Berman, C.H. Sutton, D.C. Jeutter, A.A. Pilla, and M.E. Epner

Electric Field Modulates DNA Synthesis of Dermal Fibroblasts in Collagen Matrix....................................... 879 R. Goldman. S. Pollack, and K. Cheng

The Effect of Electricity on Joint Contracture Due to Immobilization: Direct Current Stimulation in Rat Experiment................................................................................................... 883

M. Akai, T. Maeshirna, Y. Shirasaki, and T. Tateishi

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Nerve Regeneration

Effect of Applied Electric Fields on Astrocytic Scar Formation after Spinal Cord Injury................................ 887 T. Khan, S. Sayers, and N. Chauhan

Pulsed Magnetic Fields: A Glimmer of Hope for Patient Suffering from Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis....... 891 A. Bellossi and R. Berget

Peripheral Nerve Regeneration Stimulated by Pulsating Electromagnetic Field (PEMF) and Laser................ 895 B. Vukovic-Jankovic, S. Jankovic, and N. Pekaric-Nadj

Electromedicine (Ionothoporesis, Electroporation)

Mechanism of Membrane Electroporation and Vesicle Deformation................................................................ 899 S. Kakorin and E. Neumann

Macromolecules as Novel Transdermal Transport Enhancers for Skin Electroporation................................... 903 R. Vanbever, M.R. Prausnitz, and V. ruat

Skin Electroporation for Transdermal Drug Delivery........................................................................................ 907 R. Vanbever, J.C. Weaver, and V. ruat

Electric Sympathetic Block for the Treatment of Pain................................................ ....................................... 911 R.G. Schwartz

The Effects of Pulsed Electrical Protocols on Skin Damage, Sensation, and Pain............................................ 915 M.R. Prausnilz

Electric-Pulse-Induced Permeabilization and Molecular Transport through Porcine Skin Using Surface Electrodes................................................................................................. 919

S.W. Hui, S.A. Gallo, P.G. Johnson, and A.R. Oseroff

Molecular Uptake in Yeast by Electroporation: Evidence for a Plateau............................................................ 923 E.A. Gift, L. Hui, and J.C. Weaver

Development of Electrochemical Treatment at the City of Hope...................................................................... 927 C.K. Chou, N. Vora, J.R. U, Y. Yen, R.L. Ren, J.A. Mc Dougall, and B.S. Zhou

Electrically Mediated Mammalian Cell Permeabilization to Macromolecules Application to Gene Transfer............................................................................................. 931

M.-P. Rols, C. Delteil, M. Golzio, and 1. Teissie

Iontophoresis Causes Molecular Transport through Hair FoIlicles and Sweat Ducts in the Skin..................... 935 T. Chen, R. Langer, and J.e. Weaver

Medical Devices

The Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis of the Hand with Pulsed Electrical Fields.......................................... 939 T.M. Zizic, K.C. Hoffman, Y.D. He, J.R. Caldwell, C. Deal, P.A. Holl, D.S. Hungerford, M.A. Jacobs, L.W. Kiaussen, K. Krackow, J.R. O'Dell, and C. Smith

Subcutaneous Tissue Diagnosis through Estimation of Structure by Bioimpedance and Its Equivalent Circuits.................................................................................................... 943

Y. Kinouchi, H. Okabe, E. Fujimoto, and N. Momose

mtrasound

Mechanical Stimulation of Cartilage by Ultrasound.......................................................................................... 947 J.T. Ryaby, F.F. Cai, P.L. Culley, J.J. Kaufman, and L. Uppiello

xxiii

Cancer Studies

Increase in ODC Activity in Organs of Animals Exposed to 60 Hz Linear, Sinusoidal Continuous-Wave Magnetic Fields of Different Intensities............................................................. 951

El-Khansa Kaicer and R Mandeville

Chronic Toxicity/Oncogenicity Studies of 60 Hz Magnetic Fields in F344 Rats and B6C3FI Mice: Final Survival, Body Weight, Clinical Observation, and Gross Pathology Data...................... 955

D.L. McCormick, J.e. Findlay, J.Brooks Harder, B.M. Ryan, T.R. Johnson, J.R. Gauger, RL. Morrissey, and G.A. Boorman

Cancer Promotion Test Using AKR Mice under Exposure to 50 Hz Linearly and Ellipsoidally Polarized Magnetic Fields...................................................................................................... 959

T. Kikuchi, W. Ooba, T. Chida, Y.Yamagshi, and Y. Otaka

Carcinogenicity Test Using B6C3FI Mice after Parental and Prenatal Exposure to 50 Hz Magnetic Fields. Results of Histopathological Examination...................... ................ ........ .......... ....... 963

T. Kikuchi, W. Ooba, Y. Otaka, T. Chida, and Y. Yamaguchi

OTHERS

Vibration in Microtubules.... .... ..... .... .......... ..... ....... ........... .... ........ ............. ......... ........ ........ ...... ...... ..... ..... ..... .... 967 J. Pokorny, F. Jelfnek, W. Trkal, and F. Srobar

Search for the Effect of Millimeter Waves on Synaptic Processes in the Central Nervous System................... 971 A.G. Pakhomov, K.H. Prol, S.P. Mathur, and Y. Akyel

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Human Parietal Lobe Relieves Induced Pain through Endorphin Release........................................................................................................... 975

V.E. Amassian, M.S. Vergara, M. Somasundaram, P.J. Maccabee, and RQ. Cracco

Independently Replicated Biological Effects of ELF Electromagnetic Fields: A Literature Study................... 979 M. Gustavsson, M. Lindgren, S. Galt, and Y. Hamnerius

Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity as a Progressive Disease.............................................................................. 983 M.M. Hughes

Index ............................................................................................................................... 987

xxiv