electricity from ocean waves

Team members

Aryoko Wibowo S. A0082149A

Jerico Juico A0091472E

Lim Shoa Siong A0068312L

Padmanaban Vivek A0035842H

Prakash Sambasivam A0027237J

Yeo Lian Sheng A0081976N

OCEAN WAVE ENERGY

MT5009

ANALYZING HI-TECH OPPORTUNITIES

OUTLINE

• INTRODUCTION TO WAVE ENERGY

• WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS

OSCILLATING WATER COLUMN (OWC)

OVERTOPPING

• WAVE ENERGY STATUS & OPPORTUNITIES

• CONCLUSION

2

The Process Conversion of Wave’s Potential and Kinetic energy into

Electrical energy.

Notable

Characteristics

Constantly generated.

Do not deplete

More depict able and reliable as a source of energy

Can be harnessed close to the shoreline, offshore, or

anywhere in-between.

Good forecast ability.

With 12 m/s wave velocity, 10hrs or more forecast ability.

Significance Estimated that 0.2% of Ocean’s untapped energy could

provide power sufficient for the entire world ! [1]

[1] Ocean Wave energy Current Status and Future Prospective by João Cruz

Wave-Energy’s Characteristics

3

- Wave resource is strongest on the west coasts, and toward the poles

- At approx. 30 kW/mcl in the Northwest (yearly avg.), a single meter (3.3 feet) of wave has the raw power

for 23 coastal homes. 4

Approximate global distribution of wave

power levels (kW/m of wave front)

Wave-Energy’s Potential

Wave power available compared to electricity consumption for continents.

The error bars show the 95% confidence intervals.

Quantifying the global wave power resource

Kester Gunn*, Clym Stock-Williams E.ON New Build & Technology, Technology Centre, Ratcliffe-on-Soar, Nottingham, England, UK 5

6

Oscillating Water Column

Attenuator Point-Absorber

Overtopping

Methods of Wave Capturing

Wave Energy Conversion

Source: Frost & Sullivan, “European Wave Energy Market Assessment”, Published Jan 2012

Mohamed, K.H.; Sahoo, N.C.; Ibrahim, T.B., “A Survey of Technologies Used in Wave Energy Conversion Systems”

Primary

Energy

Capture

Power

Takeoff Generator

Device Name Wave Capturing Method Power Takeoff Generator Storage

Limpet (1) Oscillating Water Column Wells Turbine Induction Flywheel

Wave Dragon (2) Overtopping Kaplan Turbine PMSG Reservoir

DFIG: Doubly-Fed Inductor Generator PMSG: Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator

LPMG: Linear Permanent Magnet Generator

7

(1) Control System of WEC

(2) Wave Capturing Methods

OUTLINE



OSCILLATING WATER COLUMN (OWC) • Overview

• Efficiency

• Cost

• Scaling

• Components

OVERTOPPING • WAVE ENERGY STATUS & OPPORTUNITIES

• CONCLUSION

8

Oscillating Water Column (OWC)

As the wave rises

within the

Oscillating Water

Column (OWC),

Air is compressed

and pushed

through the

turbine

1

As the wave

recedes, the air is

sucked back into

the OWC and past

the turbine

2

The turbine rotates

in the same

direction

regardless of the

direction of air

flow

3

9

Oscillating Water Column (OWC)

Hydrokinetic & Wave Energy Technologies Technical & Environmental Issues Workshop October 26-28, 2005 Cynthia Rudge –Business

Development EnergetechAustralia 10

Video Link

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T20dCGPjxPQ

Typical OWC Efficiencies

11 Source: The Carbon Trust, 2005. Marine energy challenge: oscillating water column wave energy converter evaluation report.

Power losses

Generates useful

power

Factors Affecting Wave Capture

Efficiency

Water column

heave

Front wall

swash /down-

rush

Water

column slosh

Power

take-off

(PTO)

Outgoing

waves

Viscous

losses

Incoming

waves

12

Optimum Damping To Reduce

Power Loss


Available Energy Flux vs Ocean

Depth

14

Available

wave energy

flux

increases as

ocean depth

increases

Source: The Carbon Trust, 2005. Marine energy challenge: oscillating water column wave energy converter evaluation report.

Damaging Waves Occurrence vs

Ocean Depth

15

Occurrence

of

damaging

waves

decreases

as ocean

depth

increases


CAPEX vs Ocean Depth

16

CAPEX generally

increases as ocean

depth increases


Cost Power Production vs Ocean

Depth

17

Lowest cost of

power production

occurs at ocean

depth of 10 metres


Unit Power Cost vs Scale of

Power Plant

18

Unit cost of power

production decreases

as scale of power

plant increases


Deeper Water and Larger Scale

Reduces Power Production Cost


Shallow water with

single wave collector

Low energy

flux

Low

CAPEX

High unit

cost of

power

production

Deep water with multiple

wave collectors

High

energy flux

High

CAPEX

Low unit cost

of power

production

Improvement Sensitivity

20

Improvements in available

wave energy resource and

capture efficiency has greatest

impact on reducing unit cost of

power production


Qu

ality

im

pro

vem

en

t

Cost reduction

Geometrical Scaling

in Wave Power Capture

Parameter Symbol Scaling Ratio For Constant Fr

Length L LP / LM S

Area A AP / AM S2

Volume V VP / VM S3

Mass M MP / MM S3

Time T TP / TM S0.5

Velocity V VP / VM S0.5

Acceleration g N.A. 1.0 (g is constant)

Force F FP / FM S3

Power P PP / PM S3.5

• Geometric Scaling Factor, S = LP / LM

Time

Lengthon x Accelerati x Mass

Time

Distance x Force

Time

DoneWork Power

By Definition, Power = Rate of Work Done

PS

T

gLM

SSS

ST

gSLSM

T

LgMP M

M

MM

M

MM

P

PP

PXX

5.3

5.0

3

5.0

3

Thus for 1:10 geometrical scaling, PP increases by S3.5 which is equivalent to ~3000 times

(Assuming all the system components scale up proportionally) 21

Massive

scaling

potential!

Limitations to Geometric Scaling

• Collector that is linked to a crest in one location and a trough in another would have reduced capture efficiency

• Max of 40m wave collector width recommended

• Hence, most companies are scaling up power plant capacity by using multiple collectors instead of further scaling up the size of each collector

22

23

Air Turbines - (Wells) OWC

Air Turbine Scaling, Material & Price

24

Oscillating Water Column Potential for different types of Generator

Induction Generator has lower cost

since it is not using expensive

permanent magnet

Machado, I.R.; Bozzi, F.A.; Watanabe, E.H.; Garcia-Rosa, P.B.; Martinez, M.; Molina, M.G.; Mercado, P.E.; , "Wave energy conversion system using

asynchronous generators - a comparative study," Power Electronics Conference (COBEP), 2011 Brazilian , vol., no., pp.286-291, 11-15 Sept. 2011doi:

10.1109/COBEP.2011.6085300URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6085300&isnumber=6085159

Per Unit (P.U.) Power

25

Oscillating Water Column Output Power at Different Sea State

Variable speed generator

performs more efficient in

lower power sea states

otherwise with fixed speed

generator

Synchronous and

Permanent Magnet

generator output

power is more

efficient compare to

Induction Generator

26 O'Sullivan, D.L.; Lewis, A.W.; , "Generator selection for offshore oscillating water column wave energy converters," Power Electronics and Motion

Control Conference, 2008. EPE-PEMC 2008. 13th , vol., no., pp.1790-1797, 1-3 Sept. 2008doi:

10.1109/EPEPEMC.2008.4635525URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4635525&isnumber=4635237

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4635525&isnumber=4635237

OUTLINE


• WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS OSCILLATING WATER COLUMN (OWC)

OVERTOPPING

• Overview

• Capacity

• Cost

• Efficiency

• Components • WAVE ENERGY STATUS & OPPORTUNITIES

• CONCLUSION

27

Overtopping – “Wave Dragon”

Two wave reflectors act

to focus the incoming

waves

1

Waves overtop the

double curved ramp to

reach the reservoir

2

Electricity is generated

by running the water

through

turbines in the bottom

of the structure

3

28

Overtopping – “Wave Dragon”

29

Video Link

http://www.tecdragon.pt/filme.htm?videoWaveDragon.mpg

Installed Global Capacity of Wave

Power on Trial (MW)

http://clean-future.com/renewable-energy/wave-power/wave-farms

EU Energy directive January 2008

2000 2008 2009 2011 2012 2020

MW 0.5 2.25 0.34 6.4 73.6 1530

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Ongoing

as planned

Based on National

Targets set by 4

EU Countries

30










Cost Comparison Amongst

Various Technologies

OCEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES for RENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATION

AUGUST 2009 Peter Meisen President, Global Energy Network Institute (GENI)

Alexandre Loiseau Research Associate, Global Energy Network Institute [email protected]

*Centre for Renewable Energy Sources. (2002). Wave energy utilization in Europe – Current status and

perspectives. European thematic network on wave energy.

• By YEAR 2025: electricity costs of €0.08/kWh

• By YEAR 2050: electricity costs of €0.03-0.04/kWh*

Wave Dragon Solar PV Wind Biomass Natural Gas and

Coal

Energy Density High Moderate Moderate High High

Approx. 1000 x denser

than wind Low – Moderate Low Moderate Very High NA

Predictability High. Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate

Accurate forecasts

days in advance Moderate

Low except in

some sites Dispatchable,

subject to fuel supply Dispatchable Dispatchable

Capacity Factor 30% - 45% 12% - 25% 20% - 40% 85% 50% - 90%

Visual Impact Moderate Unobtrusive Moderate High Very High

Potential Sites Extensive Limited for large

capacity sites Moderate

Extensive but

permitting process

can be lengthy

Extensive but

permitting process

can be lengthy

Cost Per Kilowatt

Hour – Utility Power 12¢* 9 - 19¢ 5 - 24¢ 9 - 14¢ 7 - 15¢

31

mailto:[email protected]

Costs Reduction Opportunity

How is electricity cost expected to reach about

0.03-0.04 €/kWh by 2050?

Main part of the cost reduction and efficiency improvement

should be realized by:

• R&D – Multi-Level Reservoirs

– Improvised Wave ramp

– Wave Prediction Control Algorithm

• Technical Learning Effects

• Cumulative effects on Costs 32

Multi-level

Reservoir

VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF WAVE OVERTOPPING FOR DESIGN OF MULTI LEVEL OVERTOPPING BASED WAVE ENERGY

CONVERTERS Jens Peter KOFOED M. Sc., Ph. D., Assist. prof. Department of Civil Engineering, Aalborg University E-mail:

[email protected] 33

Maximize Potential Energy

Improve Constant water

flow to turbine

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF A MULTILEVEL OVERTOPPING WAVE POWER DEVICE, Jens Peter

Kofoed, Tud Hald and Peter Frigaard, Hydrulics and Costal Engineering Laboratory, Department of

Civil Engineering Aalborg University, Sohngaardsholmsveu 57, DK-9000, Aalborg, Denmark

3-Levels

1-Level

http://waveenergy.no/res/animasjoner/workingprincipl

e4raskere.gif

http://waveenergy.no/res/animasjoner/workingprinciple4raskere.gif

http://waveenergy.no/res/animasjoner/workingprinciple4raskere.gif

Improvised Wave Ramp

• This wave energy converter

makes use of overtopping

wave energy conversion

technology to rotate a dual

rotor system and convert

wave energy directly into

continuous rotary motion.

• This is done via mini

buckets which are lined up

along the ramp in a angled

direction to support the

rotation.

• Current Overall wave-to-

wire efficiency at 18% could

be increased up to 30% http://www.kineticwavepower.com/

34

http://www.kineticwavepower.com/

Wave Prediction Control Algorithm

• 20% higher power production with the improved water flow with opportunity for further improvement

• This is achieved by improving controls algorithm to better predict Wave Height, Hs so that Ramp Height, Rc could be adjusted accordingly

Rc:

Ramp

Height

Hs:

Wave

Height

35 SIXTH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME Project no: 502687 NEEDS; New Energy Externalities Developments for Sustainability INTEGRATED PROJECT

Priority 6.1: Sustainable Energy Systems and, more specifically, Sub-priority 6.1.3.2.5: Socio-economic tools and concepts for energy strategy.

Technical Learning Effects

• Learning Rate of 14% (progress ratio of 0.86) for the whole period, which is

at the same level as known from the wind industry.

• The investment cost will decrease with increasing accumulated sales

Installation cost depending of production accumulated sales volume in GW



€/kw

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

2007 2025 2050

Very Optimistic Optimistic-realistic Pessimistic

Cumulative effects on Costs

• Gradual cost reduction is anticipated with the technical learning, volume

growth and R&D for improvement in overall efficiency and output.

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

2007 2025 2050

Very Optimistic Optimistic-realistic Pessimistic

Electricity Production Cost for Years 2007,

2025, 2050

€/kwh

Electricity Investment Cost for Years 2007,

2025, 2050



€/kw

Hydro Electric Turbine - Overtopping

38

Kaplan turbine is the most

effective for Overtopping

devices.

high flow rate is required

for low headed turbine.

Opportunity for Efficiency will be

the adjustable blades and

adjustable gates.

Structure Material

• Improved understanding of real-

sea performance should result in

is expected to lead to design

optimization and especially

reduction in safety factor of main

structures.

• Innovations in manufacturing

processes such as ‘batch

production’ of multiple units are

likely to reduce manufacturing

costs and improve design through

learning.

• Use of alternative structural

materials such GRP (glass-

reinforced plastics), concrete and

rubbers.

39

1. maintenance and servicing

2. surface treatment

3. assembly (adjustment on site, crane, earthing)

4. production (e.g. welding, manufacture, adjustment)

5. material

6. project planning

http://fibrolux.com/main/grp-profiles/advantages-cost/

OUTLINE



• WAVE ENERGY STATUS & OPPORTUNITIES

Current Status

Motivations & Challenges

Technology Roadmap

Opportunities

• CONCLUSION

40

Current Status

Source: Frost & Sullivan, “Marine Energy in Europe”, Published Jul 2008 41

Current Status

Source: Frost & Sullivan, “European Wave Energy Market Assessment”, Published Jan 2012 42

Current Status


Breakdown Costs

Source: Hayward, "The potential of wave energy”, Published in 2011 44 44

Motivations & Challenges


Technology Roadmap


Opportunities


Opportunities In Singapore


Opportunities

in Singapore

MADE IN

SINGAPORE


49

Keppel and Sembcorp Marine has shown that it is possible to produce 70% of the

world’s oil rig even though Singapore does not have any oil resources

Similarly, Singapore could potentially venture into the wave energy market and

become a leader in designing and building WEC platforms (or even power

plants!)

Cross leveraging from the Emerging regional hub for high-tech alternative energy

research

Solar photovoltaic cell manufacturing plant, REC, YR 2006

Wind Energy Giant, VESTAS $500 millions regional research facility setup, YR

2007

Biodiesel plant (200,000 tonne) commissioned by Peter Cremer of Germany

Home to the world's most advanced and largest commercial-scale biodiesel

facility producing diesel fuel from renewable feedstocks

Singapore as Asia's Carbon Hub; Home to the only carbon emissions trading

exchange in Asia

REFRAMING GLOBAL WARMING: TOWARD A STRATEGIC NATIONAL PLANNING FRAMEWORK Scott Victor Valentine

National University of Singapore, 469C Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 259772E-Mail: [email protected]

MADE IN

SINGAPORE

50


• Hann-Ocean Technology Pte Ltd

– 7030 Ang Mo Kio Avenue 5, #09-

61, Northstar @ AMK, Singapore

569880

• WEC product - Drakoo

– Patented Technology

– Sponsored by Sembcorp and

SPRING Singapore

– Status as of Dec 2011: Sea trial

& testing

– Maximum output 4kW

– Efficiency 65~80%

MADE IN

SINGAPORE

Conclusion

Wave energy is a continuous, predictable and immerse source of

energy compared to other forms of renewable energy

Wave energy has immerse potential to provide as much renewable

energy as wind energy

Wave energy technology is currently at the same stage as that of wind

energy industry 10 years ago

Increasing fossil fuel prices will drive the growth of wave energy

Wave energy is expected to become competitive by 2025 with projected

technology improvement and cost reduction

Singapore could potentially venture into the wave energy market and

become a leader in designing and building WEC systems 51

Are you ready to ride the wave !?

References

• Journal / Conference Articles

– Ted Brekken, “Fundamentals of Ocean Wave Energy Conversion, Modelling and Control”, IEEE International

Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE), 2010, Page(s): 3921 - 3966

– Lagoun, M.S.; Benalia, A.; Benbouzid, M.E.H., “Ocean Wave Converters: State of the Art and Current Status”,

IEEE International Energy Conference and Exhibition (EnergyCon), 2010, Page(s): 636 – 641

– Mohamed, K.H.; Sahoo, N.C.; Ibrahim, T.B., “A Survey of Technologies Used in Wave Energy Conversion

Systems”, International Conference on Energy, Automation, and Signal (ICEAS), 2011, Page(s): 1 – 6

– Kazmierkowski, M.P.; Jasinski, M., “Power electronic grid-interface for renewable ocean wave energy”, 7th

International Conference-Workshop Compatibility and Power Electronics (CPE), 2011, Page(s): 457 – 463

– Sabzehgar, R.; Moallem, M., “A review of ocean wave energy conversion systems”, IEEE Electrical Power &

Energy Conference (EPEC), 2009, Page(s): 1 - 6

– António F. de O. Falcão, “Wave energy utilization: A review of the technologies”, Review Article, Renewable

and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 14, Issue 3, April 2010, Pages 899-918

– AbuBakr S. Bahaj, “Generating electricity from the oceans”, Review Article, Renewable and Sustainable

Energy Reviews, Volume 15, Issue 7, September 2011, Pages 3399-3416

– Drew, B, Plummer, A R, Sahinkaya, M N, “A review of wave energy converter technology”, Proceedings of the

Institution of Mechanical Engineers – A, Volume 23, Issue 8, June 2009, Pages 887 - 902

53

References

• Market Research Report

– Frost & Sullivan, “European Wave Energy Market Assessment”, Published on 12 Jan 2012

– Frost & Sullivan, “Hydro, Wave, and Tidal Power--Market Penetration and Roadmapping (Technical Insights)”,

Published on 30 Mar 2010

– Frost & Sullivan, “An Assessment of Current Technologies in Ocean Energy (Technical Insights)”, Published

on 31 Dec 2008

– Frost & Sullivan, “Marine Energy in Europe”, Published on 23 Jul 2008

• Books

– Joao Cruz, “Ocean Wave Energy: Current Status and Future Perspectives”, SpringerLink 2008

– “Wave energy conversion”, Engineering Committee on Oceanic Resources, Working Group on Wave Energy

Conversion, Elsevier 2003

54

electricity from ocean waves

Business

available wave energy

wave resource

marine energy challenge

feet of wave

global wave power resource

waveenergys characteristics

oscillating water column

ms wave velocity