ElectricityElectricityPrinciples of Electricity as it is Principles of Electricity as it is related to hairrelated to hair

ElectricityElectricityForm of energy – produces light, heat, magnetic and chemical changes.

CurrentCurrentFlow of electrons along a path called

a conductor.

LoadLoadElectrically powered appliances ◦Ex. Blowdryer or curling iron

ConductorsConductorsMaterial that best transports

electricity to a load.◦Silver and copper are best (contain ions)◦Water and human body are conductors

InsulatorsInsulatorsMaterial that does not allow current to

pass through it.Protects user from current.

◦ Silk, wood, plastic, rubber, glass, paper, brick, cloth, alcohol, oil and pure distilled water.

◦ Old cords, rubber insulators with fabric coating. Became easily frayed, caused shorts

Cord SafetyCord SafetyCord – copper wire insulated with rubberKeep cords free of kinks to prevent breaks

which might cause electrical shock.

Measures of Measures of ElectricityElectricity

AmpAmpMeasures the strengthPower box to the house supplies amps.Amp rating show how much strength.

VoltVoltMeasures pressureMeasures how hard electrons are

pushed by source.110 to 220V220 has V prongs on plugLarge motors need 220

OhmOhmMeasures ResistanceMeasures how difficult it is to push

electrons through a conductor.OHM’s rating = resistance of motion

of electrons.

WattWattMeasures Amount

Used1 watt is small

amount of energyBlowdryer = 1000

watts per second1000 watts = 1

kilowatt

HertzHertzMeasures FrequencyHertz = HzNameplate gives listing of Hz

It is on the label It is on the label pg 93 in pg 93 in texttextTells how many volts and amps a

product uses.Volts X Amps = watts 1000 watts equals

1 kilowattHomework Find 2 appliance's that you would use in

a salon?Find the watts How much is would cost to run for one

hour?Will assign the appliance's

Electric CurrentElectric CurrentExists in two forms:

◦DC – Direct Current – electrons move at an even rate; flow is in one direction.

◦AC – Alternating Current – electrons flow first in one direction and then in the other.

Sources of Sources of ElectricityElectricity

Converter changes DC to ACRectifier changes AC to DC

ConverterRectifier

GeneratorGenerator

Produce alternating current

Uses mechanical energy to produce flow of electrons.

Diesel Generator

Boiler/Steam Generator

Wind Generator

Solar Powered Generator

BatteryBatteryHas a positive (+) and negative (-) terminalProduces direct current onlyElectrons flow toward positive terminal

Producing Electric Producing Electric CurrentCurrent

Must have a SOURCE and CIRCUIT.

Circuit

Source

CircuitCircuitPath through which electrons travel.

◦Closed – Electrons leave the source and operate an appliance.

◦Open – Broken path of electron flow.Open Closed

Parallel WiringParallel WiringSeveral loads can operate at once or

at different times; use parallel wiring in salon.

Parallel Wiring in the Parallel Wiring in the SalonSalon

Series WiringSeries WiringAll loads must run at the same time

OverloadOverloadMore current

flows than the line is designed to carry.

Frequent problem due to the number of stylist and electrical items used in salons.

Short CircuitShort Circuit

Be sure to check cords for any breaks in the wire. ◦Often happens when curling

irons or flat irons are left on and the cord comes in contact with the hot iron causing the cord to melt.

Safety MeasuresSafety Measures

FuseFuseConnects directly to the circuits in

the power boxContains fine metal wire that allows

current to flow through it.Overload = melted wireFuse can not be reused

Circuit BreakerCircuit BreakerConnects directly to

the circuits in the power box.

Reusable device that breaks flow of current when over load occurs.

2 pieces of metal make contact-separate if circuit is broken.

Grounding WireGrounding Wire(3 – wire system)(3 – wire system)

Protects user with certain appliances

Prevents excess flow of current from going to user

3 – prongs, round one connects to grounded wall socket◦ It is not safe to plug a

3-prong cord into a 2-prong socket.

First Aid for ShockFirst Aid for ShockStep 1 – Knock person

out of the circuit by using an insulator; broom or plastic pail.

Step 2 – Unplug the appliance use an insulator to avoid circuit.

Step 3 – Rush to the power box and turn off all circuit breakers.

Local Shock Local Shock ProcedureProcedureLocal Shock - Passes through small part of the body.◦Immerse in cold

water immediately◦If severe – take to

hospital◦Keep immersed until

cold and stopped swelling

◦Blot dry and apply antiseptic cream

General Shock General Shock ProcedureProcedure

General Shock - Passes through the nervous system.◦First – Break the

circuit before touching the person; dial 9-1-1.

◦Start CPR; continue with CPR until emergency team arrives.

Electrical Fires Electrical Fires Emergency ProceduresEmergency Procedures

Remember: NO WATER!◦Turn off the circuit◦Smother the fire with

rug, towel or powder.

Electricity By Use In the Electricity By Use In the SalonSalonThermal/Heat Examples:

◦Generates heat◦Curling Irons

Combination Examples:◦Generates heat and produces

flow of air◦Blow Dryers

Mechanical Examples:◦Has a motor◦Clippers

Electricity Electricity Talking Talking PointsPoints

Electricity in Electricity in CosmetologyCosmetology

Before Before ElectricityElectricity

Effects of Electric Effects of Electric CurrentCurrent

Heating◦More resistance = more heat◦Heating elements heat up when current

flows through.Mechanical or Magnetic

◦Push – pull effect causes motor to turnElectrochemical

◦Electric current travels through a water – based solution to produce relaxing or stimulating effects.

Demonstration of Demonstration of ElectrotherapyElectrotherapy

http://youtu.be/3dtN4aSz128Musichttp://youtu.be/KQHL_o-hB0k

Galvanic CurrentGalvanic CurrentOldest form of

electrotherapyAppliance (rectifier that is

built into the machine) necessary to convert AC to DC

Direct current – low volt and high amp

Chemical effects caused by passing current through acid or alkaline solutions and/or by passing current through body tissues and fluids.

Phoresis Phoresis (Bleaching)(Bleaching)Process of forcing an acid or alkali into the skin by applying current to the chemical.

Chemical penetrates the skin without breaking the skin.◦Most typical application

of Galvanic Current

How to Use Galvanic How to Use Galvanic CurrentCurrent

AnaphoresisAnaphoresisNegative Pole (catode)Negative Pole (catode)

Process of forcing liquids into tissues from the negative toward the positive pole. ◦Desincrustation – used

to soften and emulsify grease deposits (oil) and blackheads in the hair follicles.

◦Used to treat acne, milia, and comedones.

CataphoresisCataphoresisPositive Pole ( anode)Positive Pole ( anode)

Forces acidic substances into deeper tissues using galvanic current from the positive toward the negative pole.

Effects of Galvanic Effects of Galvanic CurrentCurrentCataphoresis

Positive + pole Produces acidic

reactions

Closes the pores

Soothes nerves

Decreases blood supply

Contracts blood vessels

Hardens and firms tissues

Anaphoresis

Negative – pole

Produces alkaline reactions

Opens the pores

Stimulates and irritates the nerves

Increases blood supply

Expands blood vessels

Softens tissues

Caution!!Caution!!Do not use negative

galvanic current on skin with broken capillaries or pustular acne conditions, or on a client with high blood pressure or metal

implants!!

How to Use PhoresisHow to Use Phoresis

FaradicFaradicAlternating current; produces mechanical

effect; stimulates nerve and muscle tissue.◦ Improved blood circulation, muscle tone,

stimulation of hair growth, increased glandular activity.

◦ Today it is primarily used to improve muscle tone.

SinusoidalSinusoidalAlternating currentMechanical effectPenetrates deeper than

faradicGreater Stimulation –

causes muscle contractionsShould never be used on

unhealthy or broken skin.

TeslaTeslaHigh-frequency current “violet ray”Alternating current – produces a

vibrating effect making this a stimulating current.

Different voltages produce heatCan offer stimulation or relaxation

◦Improved blood circulation◦Increased rate of metabolism◦Increased sebaceous gland activity◦Relieves Congestion

Faradic, Sinusoidal and Telsa are all alternating currents (AC).

ElectrotheraElectrotherapy Webpy Web

Light TherapyLight TherapyVisible light is

electromagnetic radiation that we can see.◦Also called “radiant energy”

– carries, or radiates, energy through space on waves.

◦Distance between two successive peaks is called the wavelength. Low frequency – Long

wavelengths (fewer waves). High frequency – Short

wavelengths (more waves).

Electromagnetic Spectrum – the entire range of electromagnetic radiation.◦Visible light – the part of the

electromagnetic spectrum that we can see. Makes up 35% of natural sunlight.

◦Ultraviolet rays and Infrared rays – also forms of electomagnetic radiation. Invisible – wavelengths are beyond the visible

spectrum of light. Makes up 65% of natural sunlight.

Infrared RaysInfrared RaysMake up 60% of

natural sunlight.Longer wavelengthsPenetrate deeperProduce more heat

Infrared LampsInfrared LampsUsed mainly

during hair treatments and to process hair color. ◦Operate at a

distance of at least 30 inches for exposure time of about 5 min.

◦Never leave client unattended.

Visible LightVisible LightRays that are the primary source of light

used in facial and scalp treatments.Bulbs used are white, red and blue.

◦White light – “combination light” – combination of all visible rays of the spectrum.

Red

Orange

Yellow

Green

Blue

Indigo

Violet

Blue LightBlue LightOnly used on

bare oily skinContains fewer

heat raysLeast

penetratingSome germicidal

and chemical benefits

Red LightRed LightUsed on dry

skin in combination with oils and creams.

Penetrates the deepest.

Produces most heat.

Ultraviolet (UV) Ultraviolet (UV) RaysRaysMake up 5% of natural sunlightShorter wavelengthsPenetrate lessProduce less heat than visible light.Produce chemical effects and kills

germs.Prompts the skin to produce Vitamin D

◦Fat-soluble vitamin that promotes mineralization of bones.

Overexposure to UV Overexposure to UV RaysRaysCan cause premature aging of the skin and skin cancer!!◦Over 1 million new cases

of skin cancer diagnosed each year.

◦Estimated 1 in 5 Americans will develop skin cancer. 90% are result of

overexposure to UV rays from sun, sun lamps, and tanning beds.

BeforeBefore

AfterAfter

Application of UV RaysApplication of UV RaysCan be beneficial if

done with utmost care.

Apply with lamp at a distance of 30 to 36 inches.

Begin with exposure times of 2 to 3 minutes.◦Gradually increase to

7 or 8 minutes.

Light Light Therapy Therapy WebWeb

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