electro-magnetic field characterization and sources
TRANSCRIPT
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ELECTROMAGNETIC 0 Hz 300 GHz
Laura FILOSA
Field characterization & occupational exposure sources
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3. Electromagnetic field characterization
2. European frame introduction
4. Occupational emf sources
1. Organization of the NIR Module
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Artificial opticalradiation
AOR
TOMORROW, 13 MayTODAY, 12 May
ElectromagneticalFieldsEMF
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The object of this Directive is to introduce generalprinciples concerning the prevention of occupationalrisks, the protection of safety and health, the eliminationof risk and accident factors, the informing, consultation,balanced participation in accordance with national laws
and/or practices and training of workers and theirrepresentatives, as well as general guidelines for theimplementation of the said principles.
Council Directive 89/391/EEC of 12 June 1989 on theintroduction of measures to encourage improvements
in the safety and health of workers at work
http://../TURCHIA%20maggio%202011/1%20PRESENTAZIONE%201/Framework%20directive.ppt -
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2002 2003 2004 2006
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2011 NEW EMF European Directive 2011 / XX / EC
COME INTO FORCE
2004 PASSING EMF DIRECTIVE
2008 AMENDMENT TO EMF DIRECTIVE
30/4/2010 Proposal of new directive to EU Council
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MAGNETIC RISONANCE
PROBLEMSRELATED TO SOMEINDUSTRIALAPPLICATIONS
Deadline postponed
DIFFICULT IMPLEMENTATION IN SME
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Protection of Workers Exposed to EMFin the European Union:
Directive 2004/40/EC
1. The philosophy behind?
2. Possible implementation problems?
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3. Electromagnetic field characterization
2. European frame introduction
4. Occupational emf sources
1. Organization of the NIR Module
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Electric and magnetic phenomena
Electric field Magneticfield
Is generated by(Every object on
which is present) anet electric charge
(Every conductor
on which is flowing)
an electric current
Is a region of space
where forces arepresent, which haveeffects on
(Other objects
possessing) netelectric charges
(Other conductors
on which areflowing) electriccurrents
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They link the field
quantities, their sourcesand the characteristics ofmaterials
The Maxwells system of
equations
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0
0
E
J
E
B
B
Electric and magneticfields are decoupled.
Electric and magnetic fieldsare due to materialsources:
Electric charge for theelectric field;
Electric current for themagnetic field.
The Maxwells system of equations
in quasi-static conditions
(static or extremely low frequency fields)
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Wavelenght
Frequency
Period T
Amplitude A
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Units of measurement and symbols
Quantity Unit of meas. Symbol
Frequency hertz f [Hz]
Wavelength meter [m]
*f = c (speed of light, approx. 3x108 m/s in vacuum and air)
Although biological effects of EM fields dramatically depend onfrequency, the frequency itself is not a direct measure of radiationintensity.
Safety standards and guidelines always specify limits which
depend on frequency in a complex way.
The wavelength is the reference to describe the structure of the EMfield as a function of distance from its source.
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Units of measurement and symbols
Quantity Unit of meas. Symbol
Electric field volt/meter E [V/m]
Magnetic field ampere/meter H [A/m]
Magnetic fluxdensity
tesla B [T]gauss (obsolete) B [G]
1 G = 100 T, 1 T = 10 mG, 1 T = 10000 G
1 A/m is approximately equivalent to 1,2 T
Power density watt/squaremeter S [W/m2]
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The structure of the EM field as afunction of distance from the source
CHARGE
VOLTAGE
CURRENT
ELECTRICFIELD
Decays as
1/d2
MAGNETICFIELD
Decays as
1/d2
SOURCE
ELECTRICFIELD
MAGNETICFIELD
1/d
ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC
REACTIVE FIELDS
ELECTROMAGNETIC
RADIATIVE FIELDS
EM WAVE
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Quantisticenergy
Wavelenght
Frequency Frequencies bandsdefinition
Gamma rays, Cosmic rays
X Rays
Ultraviolet rays12 eV100 nm
Visible radiation
Infrared radiation
VLF, LF
MF, HF
VHF, UHF
EHF
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ATOMSIONIZING ENERGY
[ eV ] nm ]
ONLY STARTING FROM UV RADIATIONS
THERE IS THE CHANCE TO IONIZING THE
BIOLOGICAL MATTER
Caesium 3.9 318
Carbon 11.3 110
Hydrogen 13.6 91Oxygen 13.8 93
Azote 14.3 56
Helium 24.8 50
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3. Electromagnetic field characterization
2. European frame introduction
4. Occupational emf sources
1. Organization of the NIR Module
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Natural static
electric field
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130 V/m
100 V/m 20 kV/m
45 50 T
L d i di f
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Low and intermediate frequency sources
High frequency sources
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High frequency sources
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Main occupational EM sources
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Industrial EM heating: useful in productionprocessing requiring a fast and efficientheating (hardening and other metallurgictreatments, plastic welding and sealing, wood
gluing, food and wood sterilization, cooking,drying of ceramics).
Sanitary electromagnetic heating:marconi-therapy (short-wave diathermy),radar therapy (microwave).
Industrial and sanitary applicationsof EM heating
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up to 500 kV20 Kv / m
600 V
H < 30 V/m
10-500 kV/m
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DC SUPPLY derivedFrom alternating currentby rectification, so alsoAC harmonic
components can exist
< 100 mT
Electrolytic process
Permanent magnet
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< 0.1-30 T< 10 V/m
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OVERHEADTRANSMISSION
LINE
ELECTRIC
FIELDSTRENGTH
[kV / m]
MAGNETIC
FLUXDENSITY
T]
110 kV
240 kV400 kV765 kV
0.5 - 2
3 - 56 - 10
10 - 12
2 - 5
5 - 1010 - 1530 - 40
Depending on the line design and current, electric
and magnetic fields generally fall to background
strengths at distances of about 50-100 m
http://www.google.it/imgres?imgurl=http://www.power-technology.com/projects/mcnary-day/images/1-transmission-line.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.power-technology.com/projects/mcnary-day/mcnary-day1.html&usg=__OanxgLzk97ZsxREGMHCHKsKJRxE=&h=600&w=400&sz=45&hl=it&start=19&zoom=1&itbs=1&tbnid=y00PITvit5RJGM:&tbnh=135&tbnw=90&prev=/search%3Fq%3DTRANSMISSION%2BLINE%26hl%3Dit%26biw%3D1259%26bih%3D867%26gbv%3D2%26tbm%3Disch&ei=CArETZ3oF8GaOo618IME -
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ELECTRICFIELD
STRENGTH[kV / m]
MAGNETICFLUX
DENSITYT]
Control room
Power station
Substation
1.5
6
24
150
75
400
Exposure limit10 kV / m 500 T
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Only detect
1. 10Hz-20kHz2. 20-235 kHz3. 1-20 MHz4. 0.8-2.5 GHz
Detect and convey
information
1. Hz-500 kHz2. 2-30 MHz
3. 850-950MHz2.45 GHz5.8 GHz
manual gate
Examples of EAS RFID and MD systems
http://www.google.it/imgres?imgurl=http://www.edsuk.com/productImages/859.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.edsuk.com/item.php%3Fid%3D116&usg=__Hlrg1rMAbVpN3_KZ9s1aBYP2s0U=&h=190&w=200&sz=41&hl=it&start=3&zoom=1&itbs=1&tbnid=YA9TfP4z57gr-M:&tbnh=99&tbnw=104&prev=/search%3Fq%3Delectronic%2Barticle%2Bsurveillance%26hl%3Dit%26biw%3D1259%26bih%3D867%26gbv%3D2%26tbm%3Disch&ei=Cf7DTd_vHNCZOtyg3PwDhttp://www.google.it/imgres?imgurl=http://www.edsuk.com/productImages/859.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.edsuk.com/item.php%3Fid%3D116&usg=__Hlrg1rMAbVpN3_KZ9s1aBYP2s0U=&h=190&w=200&sz=41&hl=it&start=3&zoom=1&itbs=1&tbnid=YA9TfP4z57gr-M:&tbnh=99&tbnw=104&prev=/search%3Fq%3Delectronic%2Barticle%2Bsurveillance%26hl%3Dit%26biw%3D1259%26bih%3D867%26gbv%3D2%26tbm%3Disch&ei=Cf7DTd_vHNCZOtyg3PwDhttp://www.google.it/imgres?imgurl=http://www.edsuk.com/productImages/859.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.edsuk.com/item.php%3Fid%3D116&usg=__Hlrg1rMAbVpN3_KZ9s1aBYP2s0U=&h=190&w=200&sz=41&hl=it&start=3&zoom=1&itbs=1&tbnid=YA9TfP4z57gr-M:&tbnh=99&tbnw=104&prev=/search%3Fq%3Delectronic%2Barticle%2Bsurveillance%26hl%3Dit%26biw%3D1259%26bih%3D867%26gbv%3D2%26tbm%3Disch&ei=Cf7DTd_vHNCZOtyg3PwDhttp://www.google.it/imgres?imgurl=http://www.edsuk.com/productImages/859.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.edsuk.com/item.php%3Fid%3D116&usg=__Hlrg1rMAbVpN3_KZ9s1aBYP2s0U=&h=190&w=200&sz=41&hl=it&start=3&zoom=1&itbs=1&tbnid=YA9TfP4z57gr-M:&tbnh=99&tbnw=104&prev=/search%3Fq%3Delectronic%2Barticle%2Bsurveillance%26hl%3Dit%26biw%3D1259%26bih%3D867%26gbv%3D2%26tbm%3Disch&ei=Cf7DTd_vHNCZOtyg3PwDhttp://www.google.it/imgres?imgurl=http://www.edsuk.com/productImages/859.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.edsuk.com/item.php%3Fid%3D116&usg=__Hlrg1rMAbVpN3_KZ9s1aBYP2s0U=&h=190&w=200&sz=41&hl=it&start=3&zoom=1&itbs=1&tbnid=YA9TfP4z57gr-M:&tbnh=99&tbnw=104&prev=/search%3Fq%3Delectronic%2Barticle%2Bsurveillance%26hl%3Dit%26biw%3D1259%26bih%3D867%26gbv%3D2%26tbm%3Disch&ei=Cf7DTd_vHNCZOtyg3PwDhttp://www.google.it/imgres?imgurl=http://www.edsuk.com/productImages/859.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.edsuk.com/item.php%3Fid%3D116&usg=__Hlrg1rMAbVpN3_KZ9s1aBYP2s0U=&h=190&w=200&sz=41&hl=it&start=3&zoom=1&itbs=1&tbnid=YA9TfP4z57gr-M:&tbnh=99&tbnw=104&prev=/search%3Fq%3Delectronic%2Barticle%2Bsurveillance%26hl%3Dit%26biw%3D1259%26bih%3D867%26gbv%3D2%26tbm%3Disch&ei=Cf7DTd_vHNCZOtyg3PwD -
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Examples of EAS, RFID and MD systems
System Frequency Comments
10 Hz 135 kHz1 - 20 MHz0.8 - 2.5 GHz
Anti-theft system in shopsAnti-theft system in shopsMicrowave EAS systems in shops
EAS
RFID
1 Hz 500 kHz
2 - 30 MHz850-950 MHz,2.45 GHz, 5.8 GHz
Access control, library systems,
item tracking Access control, smart cards Train monitoring, toll collection
systems
MD 0.24 8 kHz10 kHz- 2 MHz
Airport and prison control systemHandheld metal detectors
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Peak magnetic flux densities measured within EAS gates
FREQUENCY BPEAK[
REFERENCE
LEVEL
[ ]
Distance from
transmitter
[cm]
73 Hz
219 Hz230 Hz535.7 Hz5-7.5 kHz
58 kHz
146122937243
62-65
484161154664444
313642364836
Below 100 kHz, peak reference values for pulsed fields are obtained by multiplying
the rms-values by V2
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APPLIED TO HEAT WOOD(GLUE DRYERS) OR WELDPLASTIC (PLASTIC SEALERS)BY APPLYING A STRONG RFFIELD BETWEEN METAL
ELECTRODES.
Frequency range: 10-110 MHz
13.56 MHz27.12 MHz40.68 MHz
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PROCESS THAT
GENERATE HEATH USINGALTERNATING CURRENTFLOWING THROUGHLARGE COILS
FORGING, SURFACEHARDENING,BENDING PIPES
INDUCTION FURNACES ARE THE MOST POWERFULSOURCES OF MAGNETIC FIELDS IN INDUSTRY
50 Hz 8 MHz
http://www.google.it/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ews-konnerth.at/img/him/induction-heating-chart.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.ews-konnerth.at/en/himmelwerk/&usg=__5osBvEmdJNIYz71bOEbitHwpxBE=&h=198&w=325&sz=28&hl=it&start=7&zoom=1&itbs=1&tbnid=fKsXiWvz8k3znM:&tbnh=72&tbnw=118&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dinduction%2Bheating%26hl%3Dit%26biw%3D1259%26bih%3D867%26gbv%3D2%26tbm%3Disch&ei=rhTETaHfKceBOsTJ8PQD -
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INDUSTRIALLY USED
FOR DRYING OFWATER DAMAGES IN
FLOOR OR WALLS
915 MHz2450 MHz
Power density of MW radiation is HIGH
and furthermore presence of stray fields
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GASWELDING
LASERWELDING
ELECTRICWELDING
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ELECTRIC ARC WELDINGPROCESSES ARE USED TOFUSE METAL PIECESTOGETHER
ACCORDING THE TYPES OF WELDING PROCESS(ARC, RESISTANCE, HIGHER FREQUENCY, ELECTRON BEAM
WELDING) ACTION VALUES COULD BE EXCEEDED
http://www.google.it/imgres?imgurl=http://www.sambellwelding.com/welding.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.sambellwelding.com/links.htm&usg=__p-W9xNeiLEp6ih7WGrKTdCzRxDw=&h=1993&w=1960&sz=164&hl=it&start=16&zoom=1&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=HypHe4taZZK3mM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=148&prev=/search%3Fq%3Delectric%2Bwelding%26um%3D1%26hl%3Dit%26sa%3DN%26biw%3D1259%26bih%3D867%26tbm%3Disch&ei=pxjETYerAYOCOvGysYcE -
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EXAMPLES ARE THE ELECTROLYSIS OFBRINE TO PRODUCE CHLORINE GAS ANDCAUSTIC SODA&THE EXTRACTION OF METALS SUCH ASZINC, CADMIUM, AND ALLUMINIUM FROMORES DISSOLVED IN WATER AND ACID
SOLUTIONS&SURFACE TREATMENT (ZINC COATING,CHROMIUM PLATING)Three environments in
which workers may be
exposed to strongmagnetic field:
Transformer rectifier roomBus barElectrolysis hall
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Physioterapic use of diathermy
Surgical diathermy
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MAINLY THERE ARE THREEAPPLICATION IN MEDICINE OFINTEREST:
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Physiotherapist using a pulsedshortwave diathermy devicefor pain relief
IN MEDICAL CLINICS RFARE USED IN
PHYSIOTHERAPY INSHORTWAVE ORMICROWAVE DIATHERMYTREATMENT
APPLICATION ARE OPENAND POSSIBLEOVEREXPOSURE OFSTAFF CAN OCCURE
SHORTWAVE 27 MHzMICROWAVE 2.45 GHz
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RF ENERGY IS USED TOCUT AND TO COAGULATE,AND SINCE UNSHIELDEDELECTRODES ARE USEDTHE FIELD ARE RATHER
INTENSE AND SPECIALATTENTION IS NEEDED TOENSURE COMPLIANCEWITH DIRECTIVE ON
OCCUPATIONALEXPOSURE
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STATIC MAGNETICFIELD
RF FIELDS
GRADIENTMAGNETICFIELDS
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LET CONSIDER 3 GROUPS:
1. TWO-WAY COMMUNICATION TRANSMITTERS2. ONE-WAY BROADCASTING TRANSMITTERS3. RADARS
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Mobile telephony: GSM and UMTS base stationsTETRA transmitters
GSM telephonesUMTS telephonesTETRA hand portable & vehicle-
mounted transmitters
Wireless communication: WLLbeam transmitters
broadcastingRadar
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ANTENNAS OF BROADCASTRADIO & TV STATIONS ARE THE
MOST POWERFUL SOURCES OFENERGY INTENTIONALLYRADIATED INTO AIR
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DESIGNATION FREQUENCYRANGE
APPLICATION
LF (long)
MF (medium)
HF (short)
VHF
UHF
30-300 kHz
300-3000 kHz
3-30 MHz
30-300 MHz
0.3-3 GHz
AM radio transmitters
AM radio transmitters
AM radio transmitters
FM radio transmitters
Television transmitters
Frequency bands for broadcast radio and TV transmitters
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