electronics 2 project

7/27/2019 Electronics 2 Project

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COLUMBAN COLLEGECOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING- ELECTRONICS DEPARTMENT

OLONGAPO CITY

Water Level Sensor (Buzzer)

By

Leader: NOEL JOHN DEL ROSARIOMembers: JACQUELINE ROSE DE JULIO

ALEXIA DALE MENDOZAJEM MARC JUACALLA

AL JAN RODRIGUEZLAUREN LOUIE MACAHILAS

HAROLD MILAGROSA

To

ENGR. SALLY G. CORPUS

A ProjectSubmitted in Partial Fulfillment of theSubject Requirements in Electronics 2

March 2011




OLONGAPO CITY

INTRODUCTION

Water level, stage, or flow can be measured with many

types of sensors, pressure transducer, bubblers, shaft encoders,

or ultrasonic sensors. The location where you are measuring

water level, the accuracy required, and the ease of installation all

contribute to determining the best water level sensor for your

measurement site. Our robust ranges of liquid level sensors are

perfect for both long and short term water level monitoring.

Level Sensor is a measuring transducer that converts the

level measurement of liquids or bulk materials into mechanical,

electrical, or pneumatic signals that can be conveniently

transmitted, processed and recorded. They can be classified as

sensors for liquids or for bulk materials, depending on their

purpose, and as float, hydrostatic, electric, acoustic, thermal,

nuclear, or optical sensors, depending on their operating

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principle. Level sensors detect the level of substances that flow

including liquids, granular materials and powders. Fluids and

Fluidized solids flow to become essentially level in their

containers because of gravity whereas most bulk solid pile at an

angle response to a peak. There are many physical and

application variables that affect the selection of the optimal level

monitoring method for industrial and commercial purposes. The

selection criteria include the physical: phase (liquid, solid, slurry),

temperature, pressure or vacuum, chemistry, dielectric constant

of medium, density (specific gravity) of medium, agitation,

acoustical or electrical noise, vibration, mechanical shock, tank

or bin size and shape. Also important application contains price,

accuracy, appearances, response rate, ease of calibration or

programming, physical size and mounting of the instrument,

monitoring or control of the continuous or discrete levels. The

Water Level Sensor module is part of the Grove System. It

indicates whether the sensor is dry, damp or completely

immersed in water by measuring conductivity. The sensor traces

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have a weak pull-up resistor of 1M Ω. The resistor will pull the

sensor trace to a value high until a drop of water shorts the

sensor trace to the ground trace. Believe it or not this circuit will

work with the digital I/O pins of your Arduino or you can use it

with the analog pins to detect the amount of water included

contact between the ground and sensor traces. Integral process

control in many industries, level measurement sensors fall into

two many types. Point level measurement sensors are used to

mark a single discrete liquid height a preset level condition.

Generally, his type of sensor functions as a high intense of

alarm, signaling an overfill condition, or as a marker for alarm

condition. Continuous level sensors are more sophisticated and

can provide level monitoring of an entire system. They measure

fluid level within a range, rather than at a one point, producing an

analog output that directly correlates to the level in the vessel. To

create a level management system, the output signal is linked to

a process control loop and to a visual indicator. A variety of

sensors are available for point level detection of solids. These

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including vibrating, rotating paddle, mechanical system

(diaphragm), microwave (radar) capacitance, optical, pulsed-

ultrasonic and ultrasonic level sensors.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Our group would like to give our gratitude for the people

who helped us accomplished this project.

First of all, we would like to give our greatest gratitude to

God who we know is always there to help us in our problems and

always guiding us to his plans.

To our professor Engr. Sally Corpus for teaching us

something new in our college life, for guiding us in making a

better student. Building our confidence and imaginations in

building new thing and teaching us to act like a real engineer.

Also to Engr. Noel Yap for being one of our helping hand.

For answering our questions on how the circuit would work and

for the confusion of having many ground points which is new in

our perception. Although we know what should be done it is

good that we have asked him for his advice and opinions about

the project.

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To our loving parents who gave us a never ending support

and for the expenses that were used to buy the equipment’s

needed to build the circuit.

Also we would like to give thanks for every member of this

group that give their very best to accomplish this project may it

be a great experience for each and every one of us today and for

the upcoming years.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

I. TITLE PAGE ……………………………………1

II. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ……………………...6

III. TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………3

IV. OBJECTIVE……………………………………4

V. SUMMARY OF PROJECT DESIGN…………5

VI. DEFINITION OF TERMS……………

VII. THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL

FRAMEWORK………..

A. Wiring Diagram Description…………………

VIII. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

A. Parts List………………………………..16

B. Circuit Description………………..……18

C. Schematic Diagram…………………..19

IX. PROJECT APPLICATIONS TO

COMMUNITY........................................20

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X. RECOMMENDATION…………….….……21

XI. CONCLUSION………………………..……23

XII. APPENDICES

A. Summary of Group Performance Evaluation……

B. Pictures at work with descriptions…………………

XIII. LIST OF FIGURES

XIV. POFILES

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OBJECTIVES

Students will be able to:

• Make a Water Level Sensor

•Learn how to design a circuit

• Learn how to etch the PCB

• Learn how to connect the components needed

• Learn how to troubleshoot before finishing touch

• Think and act like a true Engineers.

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SUMMARY OF PROJECT DESIGN

SIDE VIEW FRONT VIEW

TOP VIEW

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DEFINITION OF TERMS

Level sensors - detect the level of substances that flow,

including liquids, slurries, granular materials, and powders.

Fluids and fluidized solids flow to become essentially level in

their containers (or other physical boundaries) because

of gravity whereas most bulk solids pile at an angle of repose to

a peak.

Buzzer - or beeper is an audio signaling device, which

may be mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical

uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers and

confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.

Battery - which is actually an electric cell, is a device that

produces electricity from a chemical reaction. Strictly speaking, a

battery consists of two or more cells connected in series or

parallel, but the term is generally used for a single cell.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensors

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquids

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slurry

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granular

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromechanics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alarm_devices

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensors

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquids

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slurry

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granular

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromechanics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alarm_devices

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timer




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Etching - the process of using strong acid or mordant to

cut into the unprotected parts of metal surface to create a design

in intaglio in the metal (the original process—in modern

manufacturing other chemicals may be used on other types of

material).

PCB (Printed Circuit Board) - used to mechanically

support and electrically connect electronic components using

conductive pathways, tracks or signal traces etched from copper

sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate

LED (light-emitting diode) - a semiconductor light source.

LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices and are

increasingly used for general lighting.

Capacitor - (originally known as a condenser) is a passive

two terminal electrical component used to store energy electro-

statically in an electric field.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordant

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intaglio_(sculpture)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminated

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_(electronics)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighting

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_field

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordant

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intaglio_(sculpture)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminated

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_(electronics)


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighting



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_field




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Resistor - a passive two-terminal electrical component that

implements electrical resistance as a circuit element.

Transistor - is a semiconductor device used to amplify

and switch electronic signals and electrical power . It is

composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals

for connection to an external circuit.

Diode - a two-terminal electronic component with

asymmetric conductance, it has low (ideally zero) resistance to

current flow in one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance

in the other.

Integrated circuit - or monolithic integrated circuit (also

referred to as an IC, a chip, or a microchip) is a set of electronic

circuits on one small plate ("chip") of semiconductor material,

normally silicon. This can be made much smaller than a discrete

circuit made from independent components.

Fiberglass - a lightweight, extremely strong, and robust

material. Although strength properties are somewhat lower than

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passivity_(engineering)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_(electronics)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistance

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_device

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_power



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_component

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductance

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistance_and_conductance

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_circuit


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_material

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_circuit


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passivity_(engineering)


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistance

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_device

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_power



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_component

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductance

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistance_and_conductance

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_material

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon






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fiber and it is less stiff, the material is typically far less brittle, and

the raw materials are much less expensive.

THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

A. Wiring Diagram

POWER SUPPLY

WATER

OUTPUT

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SENSOR

9 V DC

CIRCUIT




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PROJECT DESCRIPTION

A. Parts Lists

QUANTITY COMPONENT

1 Buzzer

1 2 PCB Pins

1 10uF/50 V

1 0.1uF

1 Red LED

2 BC547

1 100kΩ

1 5.6kΩ

1 4.7kΩ

1 1kΩ

1 Sensor PCB

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1 2 Wires

B. Circuit Description

This circuit is composed of 2 capacitors, 4 resistors, 2

transistors and 1 Light Emitting Diode. The input for this circuit is

a 9V DC battery, while the output for the circuit is the buzzer that

will be triggered by the time when the water or the liquid

substance has touch or makes contact with the sensor.

By having the LED, it also tell that the water has already

reached the level limit if whenever the buzzer can’t be heard by

an individual the light itself shall flicker and give the signal to the

people in the area of the process.

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Miscellaneous:

•

Input- 9 VDC @ 40 mA

• Output- Buzzer

• Terminal pins for supply voltage

• Power-On LED indicator

• Four mounting holes of 3.2 mm each

• PCB dimensions 32 mm x 35 mm

Optional:

• Digital Display

• Optional Switch

• Voltage Regulator

• Housing

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C. Schematic Diagram

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APPLICATION TO COMMUNITY

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Global warming has born an adverse effect to worldwide

climate. This climate change resulted to massive flood due to

tumultuous outburst of rain brought by typhoon and southwest

monsoon in some regions of the country.

The disaster has been prevailing over the years that cause

damage to properties and lives. Various measures had been

applied and implemented to lessen or resolve its risk. At these

modern times, with the advent of technology, great inventions

can conquer this problem at any rate. As our group contribution

to the community, we have made the water sensory device. This

device could be of great help to people in monitoring the water

level whenever heavy rain occurs especially in low lying areas or

residences nearby the river. The significance of this tool is that, it

can be easily assemble and the needed materials are bought in

its affordable price. Another remarkable advantage of this device

is that it can be utilized in far flung areas where electricity is not

available because it can be operated using a dry cell or battery.

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Moreover, it warns the people when water level rises because it

alarms quickly. It can be installed anywhere in your area or

household at the same time. This device is an environmental

friendly and economically wise.

RECOMMENDATION

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In doing this project, first we recommend that once you

have the PCB layout or PCB design, it must be both verified and

tested. We also recommend checking the effectiveness of every

component because any problem in the components will cause

delay in the project making and will spend lots of money for the

new component. Testing is the real-world counterpart to

verification, checking the circuit really does do what it was

designed to.

We also recommend to consider the type of source you are

going to use, either AC or DC. Based on the source or power,

there is an appropriate wire to be used. Check with your local

hardware store for more information on what wires to use. This is

to mainly void power loss during the transmission of electricity.

When you have the kit needed in this project, we

recommend to double check the polarity of every component

because sometimes the polarity indicated in the kit is wrong. If

unable to do so, this will cause the maker to check for the

problem manually and this will be a waste of time.

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Before soldering the components, we recommend to check

for the connections two or more times to avoid short

connections. Improper connections might cause the component

to be busted. Lastly, in the transmitter used, always check the

positions of the emitter, base and collector because this is the

common problem encounter in the circuit.

CONCLUSION

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After making this project, we have concluded that level

sensors are important in observing water level. The project’s

advantages are it is inexpensive, the material are easily

accessible and it is easy to build.

Creating the project takes time and effort, so it must be

planned carefully. Paying attention to the wiring and assembling

is significant in order for the project to work properly.

The project is important and applicable for water bodies

such as lakes and rivers. This project can be of high use

especially in stormy weathers.

APPENDICES

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A. Summary of Group Performance Evaluation

Everyone did their part in making this project a success.

Dividing the work to the group makes it easier for each one of us

to finish the project. And after a time of hard work we finish it in

time.

Noel John Del Rosario was the one responsible for the

idea in making this Water Level Sensor project and every aspect

of this project, from the paper works up to the finish project. But

without the help of each one from the group it might be

impossible to finish it in time.

Aljan Rodriguez and Lauren Loui Macahilas were the ones

who thought and built the model design for the project

applications. They made the miniature water dam that will be use

to show the use of the project in the community.

Alexia Dale Mendoza, Jacqueline Rose De Julio and Jm

Marc Juacalla were the ones who helped with the paper works

and for its documentations.

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Harold Milagrosa was the one who lent us his tool and

equipment in making this project. He also gave some ideas on

how the circuit could work in actual situations.

The very first thing that we did was to buy the necessary

components for the project. After that, we started to etch and drill

the PCB, then put the essential components to the designated

ports and soldered them. We tested the circuit and it worked fine.

Then, we thought of a model that was crucial for the application

of the circuit and considered a water dam as an example.

Nowadays, especially during rainy days, water levels are more

likely to be ignored without the help of any human interaction.

This sensor is capable of alarming or reminding each and every

individual that the water levels has already reached the limit of

the water dam.

At first, we thought that it could not be finished at the given

time. However, as we pushed ourselves to our limits, coupled

with the determination to overcome hardships and sacrifices in

completing this project, we were able to finish it.

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B. Gallery

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PROFILES

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Noel John Del Rosario”

19 yrs. Old

Blk. 4. Lot 18 Calapacuan St.James Subd. Subic Zambales

“Every problem is an opportunity

to learn something new”

Aljan Rodriguez

20 yrs. Old




OLONGAPO CITY

Noel John Del Rosario”

19 yrs. Old

Blk. 4. Lot 18 Calapacuan St.

James Subd. Subic Zambales

“Every problem is an opportunityto learn something new”

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Jacqueline Rose De Julio

19 yrs. Old

2706 Rizal Avenue East BajacBajac Olongapo City

“Success cannot be achieved

on your own

Lauren Loui C. Macahilas

22 yrs. Old

1474 Tabacuhan Sta. RitaOlongapo City

“Everyone has their ownreason”




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Jem Marc Juacalla

19 yrs. Old

2155 Ipil Lane Old CabalanOlongapo City

“No pain, No gain”




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22 yrs. Old


“Everyone has their own

reason”

Jem Marc Juacalla

19 yrs. Old



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Harold Milagrosa

19 yrs. Old

Castillejos Zambales

“You only live once”




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Harold Milagrosa

19 yrs. Old




22 yrs. Old


“Everyone has their own

reason”

Jem Marc Juacalla

19 yrs. Old



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Harold Milagrosa

19 yrs. Old



Alexia Dale Mendoza

19 yrs. Old

#0782 Mapanao Asinan Proper Subic Zambales

“It is good to have an end to journey towards; but it is the journey that matters, in the end”

electronics 2 project

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