electronics and communication … · structure of modules 10.classroom activities ... technician in...

Government of KeralaDepartment of Education

State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT),KERALA

2016

Vocational Higher SecondaryEducation (VHSE)

ELECTRONICS ANDCOMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

Second Year

Reference Book - Teachers' Version

Foreword

Dear Teachers

This reference book (Teachers’ Version) is intended to serve as atransactional aid to facilitate classroom transaction and as a ready referencefor teachers of Vocational Higher Secondary Schools. It offers someguidelines for the transaction of the course content and for undertakingthe practical work listed in the course content. As the curriculum is activitybased, process oriented and rooted in constructivism focusing on therealisation of learning outcomes, it demands higher level proficiency anddedication on the part of teachers for effective transaction.

In the context of the Right- based approach, quality education has to beensured for all learners. The learner community of Vocational HigherSecondary Education in Kerala should be empowered by providing themwith the best education that strengthens their competences to becomeinnovative entrepreneurs who contribute to the knowledge society. Thechange of course names, modular approach adopted for the organisationof course content, work-based pedagogy and the outcome focusedassessment approach paved the way for achieving the vision of VocationalHigher Secondary Education in Kerala. The revised curriculum helps toequip the learners with multiple skills matching technological advancementsand to produce skilled workforce for meeting the demands of the emergingindustries and service sectors with national and global orientation. Therevised curriculum attempts to enhance knowledge, skills and attitudes bygiving higher priority and space for the learners to make discussions insmall groups, and activities requiring hands-on experience.The SCERT appreciates the hard work and sincere co-operation of thecontributors of this book that includes subject experts, industrialists andthe teachers of Vocational Higher Secondary Schools. The developmentof the teachers’ version of reference books has been a joint venture ofthe State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) and theDirectorate of Vocational Higher Secondary Education.The SCERT welcomes constructive criticism and creative suggestions forthe improvement of the book.

With regards,Dr. J. Prasad

DirectorSCERT, Kerala

1

CONTENT PAGE

1. About the course.2. Job Roles3. Major skills.4. Learning Outcomes5. Course Structure6. Syllabus.7. Learning Outcomes of the Units8. Scheme of Work9. Structure of modules10.Classroom Activities11.Practical Activities12. Module 3 - Microcontroller and Robotics. UNIT- I: Introduction to Microprocessors and Microcontrollers. UNIT- II- - PIC Controller Programming. UNIT – III -Basic Programming Concepts using Assembly Language &

Embedded C. UNIT – IV Features of PIC and peripheral interfacing. UNIT –V- Basic Engineering Graphics.13. Extended Activities- module 3.14. List of Practical’s – module 3.15. MODULE – IV: Wireless Communication and Mobile Technology.

UNIT: I- Radio Communication. UNIT : II - Satellite Communication. UNIT : III - DATA Communication. UNIT : IV - Mobile Communication. UNIT –V- Engineering Graphics .

16. REFERENCES.

2

ABOUT THE COURSE

The growth of knowledge-based society offers great opportunities for the social andeconomic health of a country. Development in the area of Science and Technologycontribute remarkably for this exponential growth. Among these, Electronics is a very fastdeveloping field, embracing almost all walks of human endeavors. Rapid advancements inElectronics and Communication Technology have already made a notable impact in all thefields of life in this 21st century itself.

The development in semiconductor technology made it possible for integration ofcircuits into chips and these powerful chips which have different tremendous capabilitiescan be used for almost all applications in the areas of business, science, engineering,medical, defense etc. The applications of electronics and communication are very effectivelyextended to the fields of instrumentation, general communication, medical electronics,computers, wireless communication, automobile engineering, entertainments, internet ane- commerce etc. Further technological advancements in these areas have been predicted,to make those kinds of gadgets essential in the high-tech future.

Twentieth century science fiction is turning into twenty first century fact. The futurelooks exciting, as the change is accelerating at rapid pace. Thus the relevance of the study inthe field of electronics and communication technology opens a large number ofopportunities in the related fields.

The electronics and communication technology course aims to develop the skills,attitudes and knowledge of the students to mould them with the capabilities to meet theemerging trends and needs in this field. It also provides opportunities to the aspirants forhigher studies in diploma and/or professional/vocational degree courses.

This course aims to make the student proficient theoretically and practically in fourdifferent well defined skill areas as Basic Electronics and Sound engineering, Computerhardware and Networking, Microcontroller and Robotics and Mobile servicing.

3

Job Roles

Govt./Semi Govt.Sector

Private sector Self Employment

Wireless Operator, BSNL,Defence, Forest Dept.Police, Paramilitary

Tradesman, tech.Education Dept.

Signal Operator-Telecommunication inDefence

Electronics technician indifferent Service sectors

Lab Technical Asst. InVHSE

Technician in Doordarsanand AIR

Electrical Meter Tester Studio Technician Broadcast Technician

Electronics technician indifferent Service sectors

Manual SolderingTechnician

PCB & AssemblyOperator

Cable TV Operator DTH installer and service

Technician CCTV operator and

Servicing technician Repair Asst. Smart Phone Technician Computer Hardware Sales Executive IT

Hardware IT and Networking

Technician Mechatronics Technician Sales Technician Technician In-car

Computer Micro-controller design

Technician Studio Technician Broadcast Technician Live Sound Technician

Service technician inWashing Machine, a/c,automatic controlsystems etc

Manual SolderingTechnician

PCB & AssemblyOperator

Cable TV Operator DTH installer and service

Tech CCTV operator and

Servicing technician Smart Phone Technician Computer Hardware

Technician IT and Networking

Technician Mechatronics Technician Digital Media

entrepreneur Studio Technician Live Sound Technician Entrepreneur-in

electronic equipments Micro-controller designer

4

MAJOR SKILLS (WITH SUB SKILLS)

Handling tools Identify and test of different electronic components. Build and test a range of simple electronic circuits Perform basic calculations and make accurate measurements using

measuring instruments Voltage. Current. Resistance. Frequency.

Soldering skills. Soldering and de soldering. SMD components mounting. Ball Grid Array soldering.

Trouble shoot simple circuits Design PCB. Fabricate PCB. Knowledge on the fundamentals of analog and digital electronics,

power supply and it’s working. PA system installation. Test and operate sound system without sound pollution Sound mixing and panning. Computer hardware maintenance and trouble shooting.

Identification of parts. Testing SMPS.

Setup LAN. Cable crimping. IP configuration.

PIC Microcontroller design Programming skills (ALP and C). Circuit design and interfacing. Basic knowledge about robotics.

Assembling and testing of different communication circuit. Mobile servicing. Communication skill, listening skill, skill in handling tools, reading skill,

observation, behavioural skill.

5

Learning outcomes of the course

Upon completion of this course student will be able to

To provide an overall view of the fundamentals of electricity, electronicsand measurements and electronics workshop.

Workshop practice provides safety measures of equipments andelectricity.

To provide reading of voltage, current along with various laws.

To provide the overview of the fundamentals of analog and digitalelectronics, electronic power supplies and soldering of electroniccircuits.

To provide the knowledge of active components and it’s working.

To provide the concept of soldering techniques.

To provide the knowledge of SMD components.

To provide the concept of power supply and its uses.

Test and operate sound system without sound pollution.

To provide the knowledge of Sound mixing and panning.

To provide an overview of computer hardware maintenance andtroubleshooting.

To provide the concept and working function of UPS and inverters.

To setup a LAN.

To provide the concept of PIC microcontroller, working function,instruction along with its applications.

Write programme on PIC and execute.

To provide the concept of robotics.

To provide the concept of wireless communication, satellitecommunication, digital communication and mobile technology.

To provide the concept of mobile phone servicing.

6

COURSE STRUCTURE

This course will consist of four modules such as:

MODULE 1: BASIC ELECTRONICS AND SOUND ENGINEERING

MODULE 2: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS, HARDWARE AND NETWORKING

MODULE 3: MICRO-CONTROLLER AND ROBOTICS

MODULE 4: WIRELESS COMMUNICATON AND MOBILE TECHNOLOGY

7

SYLLABUS

Module III: Microcontroller and Robotics

UNIT- I: Introduction to Microprocessors and Microcontrollers (25 periods)

Hexadecimal and ASCII, Embedded system – over view, Define an Embeddedsystem, Different applications, Types of embedded system Processors vs.Controller-RISC and CISC –Micro controller Family, Architecture of µCSpecification of controllers, Criteria for choosing controllers .

PIC µC Families, general block diagram. Introduction to PIC architecture, I/OPorts and special function registers, Architecture of PIC 16F87x, specialfeatures of PIC, Pin details.

UNIT- II- - PIC Controller Programming (85 periods)

Memory organization –program memory and data memory, addressingmodes – different types-direct and indirect , Instruction set- bit level, bytelevel, arithmetic, logic, increment/decrement, data transfer, rotate, branch,clear and other miscellaneous instructions, Oscillator types, RESET types,Simple Programming based on above instructions.

UNIT – III -Basic Programming Concepts using Assembly Language &

Embedded C (116 periods)

Introduction to MPLAB X IDE, Creating new projects in MPLAB, Text Editor,Writing and saving codes, Adding files to Projects , Building and check for builderrors and warnings. Introduction to Embedded C- Structure of C Program ,Data types, Operators- Arithmetic, Boolean and Logical, Time Delays, I/OProgramming. Familiarization of simulation tools- PROTEUS - Simulation ofcode using PROTEUS , porting of HEX code to hardware, Simple Programs.

UNIT – IV Features of PIC and peripheral interfacing (87 periods)

Timer – discuss various timer functions –Timer 0, Timer1, Timer 2,Timer 1modes – Compare and capture modes, Timer 2 modes – PWM, Synchronousserial port modes – serial peripheral interface and inter integrated circuit.

8

Interrupts, Watch dog timer, power down/sleep mode, USART –Transmit mode–receive mode, Registers used in USART. Basic hardware connections with PIC ,Interfacing circuit using PIC– LED, LCD, Stepper/servomotor DC motor, ADC,LDR and Relay circuits.

Introduction to Robotics – Definition, Types, Uses of Robot, Key Components,Mechanical elements, sensors and its types, Controller, Storage hardware,Computation hardware and interface hardware. Robots in Industry

Simple project.

UNIT –V- Basic Engineering Graphics (27 periods)

Engineering drawing- Uses- Free hands sketching of straight lines, rectangles,squares, circles, etc.- Geometrical construction of square, rectangle, triangle,circle, ellipse, etc.- Lettering practice

MODULE – IV: Wireless Communication and MobileTechnology

Syllabus

UNIT: I- Radio Communication (50 periods)

Introduction – Block diagram of a communication system, Electromagneticwaves, Electromagnetic frequency spectrum and frequency band Allocation,Propagation Characteristic – Ground wave, Space Wave(Line of Sight) and Skywaves, their Applications. Modulation, Need of modulation – Define AM, FMand PM. AM Transmitter- Receiver, FM Transmitter- Receiver (Block diagramexplanation only).Antenna- Basic concepts -Types.

UNIT : II - Satellite Communication (25 periods)

Principle of Satellite Communication, Satellite Frequency Bands,Geosynchronous Satellite- Advantages, Earth Station Transmitter- Blockdiagram, Transponder, Earth Station Receiver-Block diagram, DTH,GIS.Alternative communication systems during Disasters – Modes for emergencycommunication, Amateur radio, satellite based communication systems, IRS.

9

UNIT : III - DATA Communication (85 periods)

Basic Concepts of Digital Communication- Types- Simplex,Half duplex, Full duplex, PCM, ASK, FSK, PSK (explanation only), Block diagramof digital Communication System, - Advantages. Transmission Media – TwistedPair, Coaxial cable, Wave guides, Optical fiber, Structure of coaxial cable andoptical fiber. Introduction to Fiber Optic Communication , Concept of datatransmission through optical fiber.

UNIT : IV - Mobile Communication (153 periods)

Cellular Mobile Communication, Concepts of Cell and FrequencyReuse, Hand off, GSM, Mobile Station, Base Station Subsystem, SIM, Networkand Switching Subsystem. Advantages of GSM, CDMA, Advantages of CDMA,Introduction to GPRS, 3G Services, Features of 4G. Bluetooth , Wifi , Wimax(Basic concepts).

UNIT –V- Engineering Graphics (27 periods)

Orthographic views of simple objects-. Free hand sectional views of Electronicsengineering components and devices. Auxiliary views- Pictorial Drawing-isometric views of simple objects/tools.

10

LEARNING OUTCOMES

After completion of this the first two modules the learner will be able to

MODULE III Microcontrollers and robotics

UNIT I Introduction to microprocessor and microcontrollers.Able to

3.1.1 Understand hexadecimal and ASCII number system.3.1.2 Understand embedded system and its application.3.1.3 Explain and compare processor and controller.3.1.4 Understand RISC and CISC Architecture3.1.5 Identify different types of microcontrollers.3.1.6 Choose right controller for right application.3.1.7 Understand general architecture of a microcontroller3.1.8 Understand and explain salient features of PIC16F877A.3.1.9Understand the architecture and block diagram of PIC16F877A3.1.10 Explain the registers and ports of PIC3.1.11 Pin configuration of PIC 16F877A.3.1.12 Explain advantages and disadvantages of PIC.

UNIT II- Programming using PIC

3.2.1 Understand Program Memory (ROM) and Data Memory, Flash ROM3.2.2 To get familiarized with register file structure.3.2.3 Understand different CPU registers.3.2.4To get familiarized with direct and indirect addressing modes.3.2.5 To get familiarized with the PIC instruction set.3.3.1 Understand MPLAB X IDE and its installation.3.3.2 Understand PIC programming cycle.3.3.3 Create projects in MPLAB X IDE.3.3.4 Build projects in MPLAB.3.3.5 Structure of C Program, Data types, Operators- Arithmetic, Boolean and

Logical, Time Delays.3.3.6 Understand PROTEUS.

UNIT III- Basic Programming Concepts using Assembly and CAble to

3.3.1 Understand installation of MPLAB X IDE

11

3.3.2 Understand MPLAB X IDE.3.3.3 Create projects in MPLAB x IDE.3.3.4 Create projects in MPLAB using TEXT EDITOR3.3.5 Understand how to write and save codes using this Program3.3.6 To understand how files can be added to projects3.3.7 To understand how the program can be build in MP Lab3.3.8 To understand different build errors and warnings and the way of

rectifying them3.3.9 Structure of C Program, Data types, Operators- Arithmetic, Boolean and

Logical, Time Delays3.3.10I/O Programming3.3.11 Installation of PROTEUS3.3.12 Understand PROTEUS3.3.13 Simulation of Program using PROTEUS3.3.14 To get a clear idea about porting the hex code of a program to PIC

microcontroller

UNIT IV- Advanced features of PIC and Peripheral InterfacingAble to

3.4.1 Understand various timer functions –Timer 0, Timer1, Timer 23.4.2 Familiarize with Timer 1 modes – Compare and capture modes and

Timer 2 modes – PWM.3.4.3 Get familiarized with the interrupts of PIC16F877A3.4.4 Get a clear understanding about Watchdog Timer, WDT3.4.5 Get familiarized with serial communication – USART3.4.6 Understand about I2C and SPI3.4.7 Understand how a PIC microcontroller can be interfaced with peripheral

devices3.4.8 Get clear idea about Robotics and its laws.3.4.9Understand about different mechanical elements, sensors and its types,Controller, Storage , hardware, Computation hardware and interfacehardware used in ROBOT3.4.10. Understand the advantages and disadvantages of robots.

UNIT V – Basic Engineering graphics

After completion of this unit, the learners will be able to:

3.5.1 Recognize lettering, numbering, dimensioning.3.5.2 Apply principles of geometric construction.3.5.3 Construct square, rectangle, circle and ellipse.

12

MODULE IV Wireless communication and mobile technology

UNIT I- Radio Communication

Able to4.1.1. Explain communication system.4.1.2 Explain frequency spectrum and frequency band allocation.4.1.3 Explain electromagnetic wave propagation – ground wave, sky wave and space

wave.4.1.4 Explain modulation and its need.4.1.5 Explain AM, FM and PM.4.1.6 Explain AM receiver and transmitter.4.1.7 Explain FM receiver and transmitter.4.1.8 Explain AM detector.4.1.9 Understand basic concepts of Antenna.

UNIT II-Satellite Communication

Able to4.2.1 Explain satellite communication.4.2.2 Explain geosynchronous satellite.4.2.3 Explain transponder.4.2.4 Explain satellite frequency bands.4.2.5 Explain general structure of satellite communication system.4.2.6 Explain communication during natural disaster.4.2.7 Explain IRS satellite.

UNIT III-DATA CommunicationAble

4.3.1 To get a basic idea about the concepts of digital communication4.3.2 To differentiate between simplex, half duplex and full duplex

communication4.3.3 To understand the advantages of digital communication.4.3.4 To understand and explain ASK, PSK,FSK and PSK4.3.5 To know about different transmission mediums – Twisted pair, Coaxial

Cable, Wave guide, Optical fiber and its physical description.

UNIT IV-Mobile CommunicationAble to4.4.1. Understand the concept of cell , frequency reuse and Hand off4.4.2. Explain GSM and different terminologies used in it4.4.3. Understand about SIM4.4.4. Explain CDMA4.4.5. Explain GPRS4.4.6. Know about 3G and 4G and their features4.4.7. Understand Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and WIMAX

13

4.4.8 Identify the different parts of a mobile phone

UNIT V -Engineering graphics

After completion of this unit, the learners will be able to:

4.5.1 Explain the principles of orthographic projection with simplesketches.

4.5.2 Sketch the orthographic views of simple objects given its pictorialdrawing.

4.5.3 To sketch the isometric projection of simple objects.

14

Scheme of work( 30% Theory and 70% Practicals )

Month Name of Units Periods

June Introduction to Microprocessors

and Microcontrollers

25

June, PIC Controller Programming 39

July,

August

September

Basic Programming Concepts using

Assembly Language & Embedded C

Basic Programming Concepts using

Assembly Language & Embedded C

84

52

September

October

Peripheral interfacing with PIC

Peripheral interfacing with PIC

66

23

October

November

Radio Communication

Satellite Communication

50

25

November

December

DATA Communication

DATA Communication

42

43

December

January

February

Mobile Communication



26

69

60

February

March

Basic Engineering Graphics 50

15

Structure of module 3 (30% Theory and 70% Practical)

Microcontroller and Robotics

Unit No. Name of Units Periods

1. Introduction to Microprocessors

and Microcontrollers

25

2 PIC Controller Programming 85

3. Basic Programming Concepts using

Assembly Language & Embedded C 116

4. Features of PIC and PeripheralInterfacing

89

5. Basic Engineering Graphics 25

Total 340

16

Structure of module 4 ( 30% Theory and 70 %Practical)

Wireless Communication and Mobile Technology

Unit No. Name of Units Periods

1. Radio Communication 50

2. Satellite Communication 25

3. Data Communication 85

4. Mobile Communication 155

5. Engineering Graphics 25

Total 340

17

CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (GENERAL)

General discussion.

Assignment

Chart Preparation

Circuit Diagram drawing

Video show

Animated CD

Power point presentation

Demonstration

Exhibition

Panel discussion

simulative experiments

project

18

PRACTICAL ACTIVITES (GENERAL)

Collection

Case study

simulative experiments

Animated CD

Field visit

OJT

Interaction with experts in service field

Interaction with experts in production field

Interaction with successful entrepreneur

Video show

Demonstration

Lab work

Virtual labs

19

Module 3

Overview

Microcontrollers have been with us only for a few decades but their impact (direct orindirect) on our lives is profound. Creating applications for the microcontrollers is differentthan any other development job in electronics and computing. The purpose of this moduleis to introduce the concept of a microcontrollers, how it differ from microprocessors,different type of commercial microcontrollers available as well as their applications. We willgo through different types of microcontrollers and also programming and interfacingtechniques of microcontroller.

20

Unit 1 Introduction to Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

About the unit

Microcontroller is a single chip used to control other device .This unit introduces micro controllerand its different families.

Unit :I Introduction to Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

Ideas/Concepts/Skills Learning Outcomes Suggested Activities Assessment

Hexadecimal and

ASCII.

Understand hexadecimal andASCII number system.

General discussion, ChartPreparation,ICT enabled classroomtransaction

General discussionActivity logChart

Embeddedsystem,Processors andControllers, RISCand CISC,Specification ofPIC controllers

Understand embedded system.Explain processor and controller.

Understand RISC and CISCCompare microprocessor andmicro controller.Understand general architectureof a microcontrollerIdentify PIC microcontrollerfamily.(8 bit)Choose right controller for rightapplication.

ICT enabled classroomtransaction, GeneralDiscussionAssignment

General discussionActivity log

Architecture ofPIC

Explain the architecture and usesof PIC

a) Pin configurationb) Registers – General purposeand SFR

ICT enabled classroomtransaction, generaldiscussionGeneral Discussion

Activity log

Detailing of Practicals

1. Familiarization of PIC microcontroller2. Familiarization of PIC microcontroller kit

Assessment activities

1. Lab work on familiarization of PIC Microcontroller and PIC microcontroller Kit

2. Class test on ASCII and Hexadecimals.

3, Assignment on pin configuration of PIC.

21

4. Assignment on different microcontroller families and their applications.

5. Chart on pin configuration of PIC.

List of items in Portfolio.

a. Assignment paper on different microcontroller families.

b. Lab record on Familiarization of PIC microcontroller & PICmicrocontroller kit

c. Chart on pin configuration of PIC

d. Assignment paper on pin configuration of PIC.

Unit II; Programming using PIC

Over view

A Microcontroller is an inexpensive single-chip computer. The microcontroller’s most

important feature is its capabilities of STORING and RUNNING a program. To make use of

microcontroller, we have to program it. To program PIC, you should know its instruction set

which consists of 35 instructions. The PIC instruction set refers to the set of instructions that

PIC microcontroller supports. In this section, we examine the memory organization and the

instruction set in detail.

Unit : II Programming using PIC


Memoryorganization ofPIC,AddressingModes

Understand Program Memory(ROM) and Data Memory, FlashROMUnderstand the register filestructure of PIC and differentregisters including PORT registers

To get familiarized with directand indirect addressing modes.

DemonstrationExplanation


22

Instruction Set ofPICSimple Programs

To get familiarized with differentinstructions - bit level, byte level,arithmetic, logic,increment/decrement, datatransfer, rotate, branch, clear andother miscellaneous instructionsTo write program and executeusing trainer kit .

ICT enabled class roomtransaction, Generaldiscussion, LAB work

Programming SkillLAB Work

Oscillator andRESET types

To understand Oscillator andRESET types which is helpfulwhile designing with MP Lab XIDE

Demonstration, GeneralDiscussion

Activity Log

23

ASSESSMENT ACTIVITIES1.Work sheet on Instruction Set of PIC microcontrollerMatch items in column A with the items in column B and write the meaning of theconcerned instruction in column C

A B CArithmetic instruction GOTO KLogical Instruction BTFSC f,bData transfer instruction RRFRotate instruction MOVWF, fConditional Branch SUBWF f,DUnconditional Branch XORWF f,d

1. Class test on instruction set of PIC microcontroller.

List of portfolio

1. Worksheet on instructional set of PIC microcontroller.

UNIT – III -Basic Programming Concepts using Assembly Language &

Embedded C

About the unit.

The C language was development at Bell Labs in the early 1970’s by Dennis Ritchie and

Brian Kernighan.. This chapter presents some of the key aspects of the C programming

language together with MPLAB X IDE which is very much essential in programming PIC

microcontrollers. MPLAB includes a software simulator, a programming interface, a

debugger interface and a development environment capable of calling third party compilers.

Unit : 3 - Basic Programming Concepts using Assembly and C


Introduction toMPLAB X IDE

Installation of MPLAB X IDEUnderstand MPLAB X IDE.

LAB WorkGeneral Discussion

Genera discussion.Activity log.Practical log.Practical work.

24

Creating newprojects in MPLAB

Create projects in MPLAB usingTEXT EDITORUnderstand how to write andsave codes using this ProgramTo understand how files can beadded to projects

Lab work.ICT enabled Discussion

Practical log.programming skillsPractical work.

Building andcheck for builderrors andwarnings.

To understand how the programcan be build in MP LabTo understand different builderrors and warnings and the wayof rectifying them

ICT enabled groupdiscussionLAB work

Involvement inGeneral discussion.Lab work.Activity log book.

Programmingwith Embedded C

To understand structure of CProgram, Data types, Operators-Arithmetic, Boolean and Logical,Time Delays, I/O Programming

DemonstrationICT enabled groupdiscussionLab Work


Familiarization of

simulation tools-

PROTEUS

Installation of PROTEUSUnderstand PROTEUSSimulation of Program usingPROTEUS

General discussion,Demonstration using ICTtools,Lab Work.

Involvement inGeneral discussion.Lab work.

Porting of HEXcode to hardware

To get a clear idea about portingthe hex code of a program to PICmicrocontroller

Lab workDemonstration andGeneral discussion.Simulation Programs

Lab work

Assessment Activity

1.Lab work on MPLAB X IDE (both in ALP and Embedded C )2. Lab work on Simulation of programs using PROTEUS

PORTFOLIOa. work sheet on MPLAB X IDEb. Work sheet on Simulation of programs using PROTEUS

UNIT – IV Features of PIC and Peripheral Interfacing

About the unit

Interfacing is the process of connecting devices together so that they can exchange the

information and that proves to be easier to write the programs. There are different type of

25

input and output devices as for our requirement such as LEDs, LCDs, 7segment, keypad,

motors and other devices.

This unit deals with the methodology of connecting different peripherals to the PIC

Microcontroller

Unit : 4 - Advanced features of PIC and Peripheral InterfacingIdeas/

Concepts/Skills Learning Outcomes Suggested Activities Assessment

Timers used inPIC

To understand various timerfunctions –Timer 0, Timer1, Timer2To familiarize with Timer 1 modes– Compare and capture modesand Timer 2 modes – PWM.

ICT based generaldiscussion.Lab work on Proteus.General discussion.Class room transaction

Lab work.Activity log

Interrupts,Watchdog Timer

To get familiarized with theinterrupts of PIC16F877ATo get a clear understandingabout Watchdog Timer, WDT

General discussion.Simulation experiment.Hands on experiment.

Activity log.Practical log.

USART, Registersused in USART

To get familiarized with serialcommunicationTo understand the registers usedin USART

ICT enabled discussionCharts

Activity log

I/O InterfacingUsing PIC

To understand how a PICmicrocontroller can be interfacedwith peripheral devices

Simulation ProgramsLab work.

Lab work

Introduction toRobotics

To define RobotTo understand about its typesand its uses

Power point presentationGeneral DiscussionCollection of charts

Activity logSimple testCharts

Key Componentsin Robotics

Mechanical elements, sensorsand its types, Controller, Storagehardware, Computationhardware and interface hardware

Power point presentationGeneral DiscussionCollection of charts


Robots in industry To understand the role of robotsin industry

Power point presentationGeneral DiscussionField visit


26

Simple project based on Robotics

Assessment Activity

Lab work on

1. Interfacing of switches and relay.2. Configuring ADC3. Interfacing of sensors – LDR.4. Interfacing of temperature sensors LM35.5. LCD interfacing6. Interfacing of Stepper Motor7. Interfacing of DC Motor H bridge8. Interfacing of DC Motor with PWM speed control9. Sending data to PC throughRS232

Simple project on Robotics (Compulsary)

List of items in the Portfolio

Lab record on

1. Interfacing of switches and relay.2. Configuring ADC3. Interfacing of sensors – LDR.4. Interfacing of temperature sensors LM35.5. LCD interfacing6. Interfacing of Stepper Motor

7. Simple project on Robotics

Unit 5: Basic Engineering Graphics

Unit 5: Basic Engineering Graphics


EngineeringDrawing

To Recognize lettering,numbering and dimensioning.Able to sketch free handedlystraight lines, rectangles, squares,circles etc

Drawing Chart

27

GeometricalConstruction ofsquare, rectangle,triangle, circle,ellipse

Able to construct geometricallysquare, rectangle, triangle, circle,ellipse

Drawing Chart

DETAILING OF PRACTICALS

MODULE 3 MICROCONTROLLER AND ROBOTICS.

LAB EXPERIMENTS:

Part A1. Installation and Familiarization of MP Lab2. Familiarization of PIC microcontroller3. Familiarization of PIC microcontroller kit4. Simple Programs in ALP

a) Addition of two 8 bit numbersb) Subtraction of two 8 bit numbersc) Multiplication of two 8 bit numbersd) Division of two 8 bit numbers.

5. Addition of two 16 bit numbers using ALP6. Subtraction of two 16 bit numbers using ALP7. To find the largest of three numbers8. To find the smallest of three numbers9. To sort the given numbers in ascending order10.To sort the given numbers in descending order11.Program to generate time delay12.Square wave generation13.Sum of first ‘N’ natural numbers

Part B14.Installation and familiarization of simulation software (PROTEUS).15.LED Interfacing (LED blink and rotate)16.Interfacing of switches and relay.17.Interfacing of 8 bit ADC –LM35

28

18.Interfacing of sensors – LDR.19.Interfacing of temperature sensors LM35.20. LCD interfacing21.Interfacing of Stepper Motor22.Interfacing of DC Motor H bridge23. Interfacing of DC Motor with PWM speed control24.Sending data to PC through RS232 (UART)25. Simple projects on Robotics- The project is to be done by each student

individually by simulating the circuit in Proteus and PCB made using thesame circuit.(Note:- A minimum of Six experiments from Part A and NineExperiments from Part B are to done in Lab Session).

29

Experiment 1

Program to add two 8bit numbers

Result stored in 0x21 and carry in 0x20

#INCLUDE<P16F877A.INC>__CONFIG _CP_OFF & _WDT_OFF & _XT_OSC & _LVP_OFF

ORG 00Hgoto startnum1 equ 0e2hnum2 equ 0a5h

result equ 0x21carry equ 0x20startclrf carrymovlw num1addlw num2btfsc STATUS,Cincf carrymovwf resultgoto $end

30

Experiment 2

Program to subtract two 8bit numbers

Result stored in 0x21 and borrow in 0x20

#INCLUDE<P16F877A.INC>

__CONFIG _CP_OFF & _WDT_OFF & _XT_OSC & _LVP_OFF

ORG 00H

goto start

num1 equ 0B0

num2 equ 0A0h

result equ 0x21

borrow equ 0x20

start

movlw num1

sublw num2

btfss STATUS,C

incf borrow

movwf result

goto $

end

31

Experiment 3

Program to multiply two 8bit numbers

#INCLUDE "P16F877A.INC"


ORG 00H

GOTO START

COUNT EQU 0X20

result equ 0x22

carry equ 0x21

START

MOVLW 0f

MOVWF COUNT

MOVLW 00

clrf carry

LOOP;

ADDLW 0e9

btfsc STATUS,0

incf carry

DECFSZ COUNT

GOTO LOOP

movwf result

GOTO $

END

32

Experiment no.4

Division of two 8 bit numbers

Example: 0FH /07H

LIST P = PIC16F877A

#INCLUDE "P16F877A.INC"__CONFIG _CP_OFF & _WDT_OFF & _XT_OSC & _LVP_OFF

org 00hgoto startresult equ 0x20dividend equ 0x22divisor equ 0x23remainder equ 0x21

startmovlw 0f

movwf dividendmovlw 00movwf resultMOVLW 07MOVWF divisor

LOOP movf divisor,0bcf STATUS,Csubwf dividend,1

btfsc STATUS,Cgoto L1goto L3

L1incf result

movf dividend,0movwf remainder

goto LOOPL3: goto L3end

33

Experiment Number 516 bit addition

Example. 49f8+f6f4 num1_1=f8 num1_2 = 49 num2_1 = f4 num2_2 = f6 result1 = f8+f4 ; stored in 0x22 result2 = carry+f6+49; stored in 0x21 carry ; stored in 0x20


ORG 00Hgoto startnum1_1 equ 0f8num1_2 equ 49hnum2_1 equ 0f4

num2_2 equ 0f6

result1 equ 0x22result2 equ 0x21

carry equ 0x20

startmovlw num1_1addlw num2_1btfsc STATUS,0

INCF carryMOVWF result1movf carry,0clrf carry

addlw num1_2addlw num2_2btfsc STATUS,Cincf carrymovwf result2goto $end

34

Experiment Number 616 bit subtraction

Example. 49f8-f6f4 num1_1=f8 num1_2 = 49 num2_1 = f4 num2_2 = f6 result1 = f8+f4 ; stored in 0x22 result2 = carry+f6+49; stored in 0x21 carry ; stored in 0x20


ORG 00Hgoto startnum1_1 equ 0f8num1_2 equ 49hnum2_1 equ 0f4

num2_2 equ 0f6

result1 equ 0x22result2 equ 0x21

carry equ 0x20startclrf carrymovlw num2_1sublw num1_1btfss STATUS,Cincf carryMOVWF result1movlw num2_2addwf carry,0clrf carrysublw num1_2btfss STATUS,CINCF carryMOVWF result2GOTO $END

35

Experiment Number 7

To find the largest number in an array

LIST P = PIC16F877A



org 00h

goto start

count equ 0x20

largest equ 0x35

start

movlw 05

movwf count

movlw 0x21

movwf FSR

movf INDF,0

Loop movwf 40h

incf FSR,1

subwf INDF,0

btfsc STATUS,C

movf INDF,0

btfss STATUS,C

movf 40h,0

decfsz count

goto Loop

movwf largest

goto $

End

36

Experiment Number 8

To find the smallest number in an array

LIST P = PIC16F877A



org 00h

goto start

count equ 0x20

smallest equ 0x35

start

movlw 05

movwf count

movlw 0x21

movwf FSR

movf INDF,0

Loop movwf smallest

incf FSR,1

subwf INDF,0

btfsc STATUS,C

movf smallest,0

btfss STATUS,C

movf INDF,0

decfsz count

goto Loop

goto $

End

37

Experiment Number 9

LED Blinking with Delay introduced in between Delay subroutine introduces 256x256 ms Introduces the concept of nested loop For getting square wave on CRO ,decrease the delay


__CONFIG _CP_OFF & _WDT_OFF & _XT_OSC & _LVP_OFFORG 00HGOTO STARTCOUNT EQU 20H

COUNT1 EQU 21HSTART

BANKSEL TRISBBCF TRISB,1

BANKSEL PORTBLOOP BSF PORTB,1

CALL DELAYCALL DELAYCALL DELAYBCF PORTB,1CALL DELAY

CALL DELAYGOTO LOOP

DELAY:MOVLW 0FFHMOVWF COUNT1

LOOP2 MOVLW 0FFHMOVWF COUNT

LOOP1: DECFSZ COUNTGOTO LOOP1DECFSZ COUNT1GOTO LOOP2RETURNEND

38

Experiment Number 10

Program to display 2 numbers continuously in 7 segment display

Two common cathode 7 segment displays used in the program Each display enabled by separate NPN transistors whose bases are connected to RB0 and

RB1 PORT D drives the displays

#INCLUDE<P16F877A.INC>


ORG 00HMOVLW 00H

GOTO STARTCOUNT EQU 0X20COUNT1 EQU 0X21

STARTBANKSEL TRISDCLRF TRISDBCF TRISB,0

BCF TRISB,1BANKSEL PORTD

CLRF PORTDLOOP MOVLW B'01100110'MOVWF PORTD

BSF PORTB,1CALL DELAYBCF PORTB,1

MOVLW B'01101101'MOVWF PORTD

BSF PORTB,0CALL DELAYBCF PORTB,0GOTO LOOP

DELAYMOVLW 0FFHMOVWF COUNT

L2 MOVLW 0cHMOVWF COUNT1

L1 DECFSZ COUNT1GOTO L1DECFSZ COUNTGOTO L2RETURNEND

39


Largest number in an array Array starting from 0X21 and the largest number stored in 0X40

LIST P = PIC16F877A


org 00hgoto startcount equ 0x20startmovlw 04movwf countmovlw 0x21movwf FSRmovf INDF,0Loop movwf 30hincf FSR,1subwf INDF,0btfsc STATUS,Cmovf INDF,0btfss STATUS,Cmovf 40h,0

incf FSRdecfsz countgoto Loopmovwf 30hgoto $End

40


LED Blinking with Delay introduced in between Delay subroutine introduces 256x256 ms Introduces the concept of nested loop For getting square wave on CRO ,decrease delay Square wave forms of different duty cycles can be generated by altering the number of ‘CALL

DELAY’ instructions in the program


__CONFIG _CP_OFF & _WDT_OFF & _XT_OSC & _LVP_OFFORG 00HGOTO STARTCOUNT EQU 20H

COUNT1 EQU 21HSTART

BANKSEL TRISBBCF TRISB,1

BANKSEL PORTBLOOP BSF PORTB,1

CALL DELAYCALL DELAYCALL DELAYBCF PORTB,1CALL DELAY

CALL DELAYGOTO LOOP

DELAY:MOVLW 0FFHMOVWF COUNT1

LOOP2 MOVLW 0FFHMOVWF COUNT

LOOP1: DECFSZ COUNTGOTO LOOP1DECFSZ COUNT1GOTO LOOP2RETURNEND

41


Square Wave Generation using TIMER0 (frequency 5 KHz)#INCLUDE "P16F877A.INC"


org 00h

goto start

org 04h

goto TO_ISR

start

BANKSEL TRISB

CLRF TRISB

movlw b'11011111'

movwf OPTION_REG

BANKSEL INTCON

MOVLW 00100000

MOVWF INTCON

MOVLW D'158'

MOVWF TMR0

BSF INTCON,7

TO_ISR

COMF PORTB,F

MOVLW D'158'

MOVWF TMR0

BCF INTCON,2

RETFIE

END

42


UART – sending the letter ‘a’


__CONFIG _CP_OFF & _WDT_OFF & _XT_OSC & _LVP_OFForg 00h

goto startstart

BANKSEL TXSTAbsf TXSTA, BRGHBANKSEL SPBRGMOVLW .25MOVWF SPBRGBANKSEL TXSTABCF TXSTA, SYNCBCF TXSTA, TXENBANKSEL RCSTABCF RCSTA, SPEN

LOOPBANKSEL PIR1BTFSS PIR1, TXIFGOTO LOOPBANKSEL TXREGMOVLW 'A'MOVWF TXREGGOTO LOOPEND

43


LED – ROTATE (Left)#INCLUDE "P16F877A.INC"

__CONFIG _CP_OFF & _WDT_OFF & _XT_OSC & _LVP_OFFORG 00HGOTO STARTCOUNT EQU 0X20

COUNT1 EQU 0X21

STARTBANKSEL TRISBCLRF TRISBLOOP;

BANKSEL PORTBMOVLW 01HMOVWF PORTBRLF PORTBCALL DELAYgoto LOOP

DELAYMOVLW 0FFMOVWF COUNTLOOP4 MOVLW 0FF

MOVWF COUNT1

LOOP2 DECFSZ COUNT1GOTO LOOP2DECFSZ COUNTGOTO LOOP4RETURNEND

44


LED Rotate (Right)#INCLUDE "P16F877A.INC"

__CONFIG _CP_OFF & _WDT_OFF & _XT_OSC & _LVP_OFFORG 00HGOTO STARTCOUNT EQU 0X20

COUNT1 EQU 0X21

STARTBANKSEL TRISBCLRF TRISBLOOP;

BANKSEL PORTBMOVLW 01HMOVWF PORTBRRF PORTBCALL DELAYgoto LOOP

DELAYMOVLW 0FFMOVWF COUNTLOOP4 MOVLW 0FF

MOVWF COUNT1

LOOP2 DECFSZ COUNT1GOTO LOOP2DECFSZ COUNTGOTO LOOP4RETURNEND

45


Sum of n numbers in an arrayLIST P = PIC16F877A


org 00hgoto startCOUNT equ 0x20SUM equ 0x35

CARRY EQU 0X34startmovlw 05movwf COUNTCLRF CARRYmovlw 0x21movwf FSRMOVLW 00LOOP ADDWF INDF,0

BTFSC STATUS,CINCF CARRYINCF FSRDECFSZ COUNTGOTO LOOPMOVWF 35HGOTO $END

46


Interfacing Switch to PIC 16f877a

LED connected at RD3 glows when switch connected at RE1 is made ON LED turns OFF when switch turned OFF

#INCLUDE "P16F877A.INC"__CONFIG _CP_OFF & _WDT_OFF & _XT_OSC & _LVP_OFFORG 00H

GOTO START

STARTBANKSEL TRISDBCF TRISD,3BSF TRISE,1

BANKSEL PORTEBCF PORTD,3

LOOPBTFSS PORTE,1BCF PORTD, 3BTFSC PORTE,1BSF PORTD,3GOTO LOOP

END

47

PROGRAMMING IN C

EXERCISE NO.1 * Program to blink LEDs *

#include<htc.h> //header files containing hi-tech c compiler definitions#define _XTAL_FREQ 4000000 //Crystal oscillator frequencyvoid main() //main program code{ //starting of main code

TRISB=0; //initialize PORTB as outputwhile (1) //infinite loop{ //start of loop

PORTB=0; //assign value to PORTB__delay_ms(500); //insert delay of 500MsPORTB=0xFF; //assign value to PORTB__delay_ms(500); //insert delay

} //end of loop} //end of main code

48

EXERCISE NO.2 * Program to create a led blinking pattern using switch *

#include<htc.h> //header files containing hi-tech c compiler definitions#define _XTAL_FREQ 4000000 //Crystal oscillator frequency#define switch_1 RD0 //defining pin RD0 as Switch 1void main() //main program code{

TRISB=0; //configuring port B as outputTRISD0=1; //configuring Pin RD0 as inputPORTB=0; //Initializing port B to 0

while(1){

if(switch_1==1) // checking switch condition{

PORTB=0XAA; //assigning values to PORTB__delay_ms(500); //inserting delay of 500 millisecondsPORTB=0X55; //clearing PORTB__delay_ms(500);

}else

{PORTB=0XFF;__delay_ms(500);PORTB=0;__delay_ms(500);

}}

}

494949

50

EXERCISE NO.3 * Program to generate square wave *

#include<htc.h> //header files containing hi-tech c compiler definitions#define _XTAL_FREQ 4000000 //Crystal oscillator frequencyvoid main() //main program code{

TRISB=0; //initialize PORTB as outputwhile(1) //infinite loop{

PORTB=0xF0; //assign value to PORTB__delay_ms(1); //insert delay of 500MsPORTB=0x0F; //assign value to PORTB__delay_ms(1);

}}

52

EXERCISE NO.4 * ROTATE DC MOTOR IN CW/CCW USIN G L293D MOTOR DRIVER IC *

#include<htc.h>__CONFIG(0x3F79);#define _XTAL_FREQ 4000000#define EN RB7 //bit7of port b is used as enablesignal#define M1 RB5 //bit 5 and 6 as control signal for motor drive#define M2 RB6#define Key RB0 //bit 0 of port b is used for connecting switchvoid FW() //clockwise function{EN=1;M1=0;M2=1;}void BW() //ccw function{EN=1;M1=1;M2=0;}void main() //main code{

TRISB = 0x0F; //configure lsb of porbt b as input&msb as outputPORTB = 0x00; //initialise port b=0while(1){

if(Key==0) // check keyBW(); //if pressed rotate ccw

elseFW(); // not pressed rotate cw

}}

54

EXERCISE NO.5 * LCD INTERFACE *

#include<htc.h>#include"delay.h"#include"lcd.h"void main(){TRISD=0;TRISB=0;lcd_init();while(1)

{lcd_clear(); //CLEAR THE DISPLAYlcd_goto(0); //go to position x of line 0lcd_puts("WELCOME"); //prints welcomelcd_clear();lcd_goto(0);lcd_goto(0);lcd_puts("ECT");lcd_goto1(5);lcd_puts("VHSE");DelayMs(300);DelayMs(200); //DelayMs(200);DelayMs(200);lcd_clear(); //CLEAR THE DISPLAYlcd_goto(8); //go to position x of line 0lcd_puts("THANK YOU"); //prints THANK YOUDelayMs(200);DelayMs(200);

}}

56

EXERCISE NO.6

* CONFIGURING ADC MODULE TO READ THE ANALOGUE INPUT & OUTPUT EQUIVALENT DIGITALVALUE *

#include<htc.h>#define _XTAL_FREQ 4000000

/* ADC Intialization */void init_a2d(void){

ADCON0|=0x80; // select Fosc/2//ADCON1|=0x82; // select left justify result. A/D port configuration 0ADON=1; // turn on the A2D conversion module

}/* Return an 8 bit result */

unsigned char read_a2d(unsigned char channel){unsigned char temp;

channel&=0x07; // truncate channel to 3 bitsADCON0&=0xC5; // clear current channel selectADCON0|=(channel<<3); // apply the new channel select__delay_ms(2); // initiate conversion on the selected channelADCON0|=0x04;while((ADCON0&0x04)==1);temp=ADRESH;return(temp); // return 8 MSB of the result

}unsigned char adc_value;void main(){

TRISA=0xff;TRISB=0;PORTB=0;init_a2d();while(1){

adc_value=read_a2d(0);__delay_ms(100);PORTB=adc_value;

}}

58

EXERCISE NO.7 * Program to drive stepper motor in both direction *

#include<htc.h> //header files containing hi-tech c compiler definitions#define _XTAL_FREQ 4000000 //Crystal oscillator frequency#define sw_1 RD0__CONFIG(0x37FA);void main() //main program code{

TRISB=0;TRISD=1; //initialise PORTB as output

OPTION_REGbits.nRBPU =1;PORTB=0;

while(1) //infinite loop{

if (sw_1==0){

__delay_ms(50);PORTB=0x01; //assign value to PORTB__delay_ms(50);PORTB=0x02;__delay_ms(50); //insert delay of 500MsPORTB=0x04; //assign value to PORTB

__delay_ms(50);PORTB=0x08;

}Else{

__delay_ms(500);PORTB=0x08; //assign value to PORTB__delay_ms(500);PORTB=0x04;__delay_ms(500); //insert delay of 100MsPORTB=0x02; //assign value to PORTB__delay_ms(500);PORTB=0x01;

}

}

}

60

EXERCISE NO.8 - USART

#include<htc.h>#define _XTAL_FREQ 4000000voidserial_init(void)

{SYNC=0; //asynchronous mode

SPEN=1; //serial port enableCREN=1; //continuous reception enableBRGH=0; //setting high speed TXSPBRG=25; //setting BR 2400RCIF=0; // clearing the flagTXEN =1; //transmitter enable

}void main()

{TRISD=0; //configure port-Das outputPORTD=0XFF; //set port BTRISC=0x80; //initialize port C bit-7input and bit-6outputPORTC=0;serial_init(); //call serial init functionwhile(1){

if(RCIF==1){

PORTD=RCREG;TXREG =RCREG;RCIF=0;

}}

}

62

EXERCISE NO.9 * Program to drive relay *

#include<htc.h> //header files containing hi-tech c compiler definitions#define _XTAL_FREQ 4000000 //Crystal oscillator frequencyvoid main() //main program code{

TRISD=0; //initialise PORTB as outputwhile(1) //infinite loop{

PORTD=0; //assign value to PORTB__delay_ms(100); //insert delay of 500MsPORTD=0x01; //assign value to PORTB__delay_ms(100); //

}}

64

STEPPER MOTOR USING PIC MICROCONTROLLER - A steppermotor is a kind of a motor that converts electrical pulses into mechanicalmovement. Unlike all conventional motors, a stepper motor advances in steps.These steps of the motor are measured in degrees and can vary as per itsapplication. It takes one step at the time and the size of each step is equal to theother.

There are three excitation modes of a stepper motor; wave drive, full drive andhalf drive. In wave drive mode, only one winding is energized at a given time,whereas in full drive mode, two phases are energized at the same time. Thenumber of steps, however, are same in both wave and full drive modes. Halfdrive mode combines both wave drive and full drive i.e. it energizes one andtwo phase alternatively

.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR STEPPER MOTOR USING PICmicrocontroller :

Circuit diagram of stepper motor interfacing with pic16f877a microcontroller isgiven below:

Stepper Motor interfacing with PC16F877A microcontroller

65

The easiest way of interfacing a stepper motor with a microcontroller is viaULN2003 transistor array chip. This IC has seven Darlington transistor driversand is used for high current torque motors. In the circuit diagram, the four inputpins (1B, 2B, 3B, 4B) of ULN2003 are connected to the lower significant bits ofPORTD of the microcontroller and the output pins (1C, 2C, 3C, 4C) areconnected to the ‘live’ pins of the stepper motor as shown above.

The ‘common’ pins of the stepper motor, together with ‘COM’ pin of ULN2003are hooked up to a 12V battery supply.

Stepper motor speed

The speed of the stepper motor can be increased or decreased via Proteus aswell. For this purpose, right click on the stepper motor and select ‘EditProperties. The window on the right will appear on the screen.

For a 200 step motor, a complete rotation (360°) is divided into 200 steps. Thisgives the size of a single step which is equal to 1.8°. You can vary the numberofsteps as well as the step angle using Proteus, the effects of which will bevisible during simulation.

Parameters settings in proteus of stepper motor

C-CODE FOR STEPPER MOTOR INTERFACING WITH PICMICROCONTROLLER

Write the following code in the mikroC code editor window:

66

void main(){TRISD = 0b0000000; // PORT D as output portPORTD = 0b1111111;do{PORTD = 0b00000011; // energizing two phases at a timeDelay_ms(500); // delay of 0.5sPORTD = 0b00000110;Delay_ms(500);PORTD = 0b00001100;Delay_ms(500);PORTD = 0b00001001;Delay_ms(500);}while(1); // loop executed infinite times}

The above code represents the working of a stepper motor in full drive mode.For wave drive and half drive modes, slight changes will be required in theabove code. The circuit diagram, however, remains the same. The PORTD ofthe controller has been declared as an output port which is fed to the driver ICULN2003. The combination of bits from PORTD of the controller is transferredto the input pins of the IC, which enables it to switch the different coils of themotor on and off.

APPLICATIONS :

Stepper motors are used immensely in our daily life. They are used inautomobiles, digital photocopiers, computer printers, to move the print headcarriage, and other home appliances. Stepper motors are also used in industrialmachines, security and medical equipments.

67

MODULE 3 MICROCONTROLLER AND ROBOTICS.

LIST OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS (Module3)

1. PIC Microcontroller Integrated KIT - 6 Nos.2. Desk Top Computer - 6 nos.3. UPS4. PIC16F877A chip -10 nos.5. PIC Kit 3 - 1 No.

This syllabus and lab procedures with practical experiment accessories (Practice Kits) candeviate from the conventional lab setup to provide a modern approach to practical training.

The Microcontroller kit we propose should focus on utility rather than complexity oradvanced features which are beyond the scope of the students concerned or even thesyllabus which it will be used to provide exposure into.

We will explain the requirements one by one and will brief the reasons behind that choice.

1. The kit should be based on Microchip PIC16F877 Microcontroller.2. The kit should be directly programmable from the PC. That means the kit should

have serial interfacing facility so that programs from pc can directly be downloadedto the microcontroller kit.

3. Microcontroller kit can be programmed using free MPLAB X Integrateddevelopment environment for application development, MPLAB SIM – simulator,MPASM –assembler and MPLAB XC8 – C Compiler, all freely downloadable fromtheir web site.

4. Our kits should be supplied with example programs which are specifically tailoredfor the kit hardware and in tune with the practical sessions we propose in oursyllabus. Also manuals and other documentation should be available.

5. Along with the specified onboard peripherals, the I/O pins of the controller shouldbe routed out through suitable connectors. This should help us to add somehardware externally in case we need to demonstrate or practice some newhardware later as add on card.

6. As our syllabus proposes Assembly and C language programming, the kit should beable to perform its tasks in both languages.

68

7. The Kit hardware should contain at least 8 LEDs, 1 buzzer, Electromechanical relaywith its driving circuit and 4 switches for basic I/O operations demo.

8. It should have a minimum of 2 seven segment displays and one Alphanumeric LCDwith minimum 16 characters and 2 lines.

9. The hardware should contain Light Dependent Resister (LDR), Analoguetemperature sensor and voltage divide/sensor to demonstrate temperaturecontroller as well as voltmeter using Microcontrollers built in Analog to digitalconverter (ADC).

10. It should have steeper motor driving circuit for demonstrating stepping programfor motor.

11. The kit should have DC motor driving circuitry capable of demonstrating PWMbased speed control and rotation direction change of a DC Motor.

12.The kit hardware should have RS232 interface to connect to personal computerusing DB9 connector.

13. All the above mentioned interfacing circuits should be on board in themicrocontroller kit

Integrated PIC Kit Specifications

14.Kit should have 40 pin ZIF socket facility for programming. Installation Support for MPLAB XEnvironment.

Assembler and compiler details. Simulation techniques. Hardware Manual for Kit Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and

basic operations example programs inAssembly Language and C language.

ASCII and Hex conversions for programming Time delays, square wave generation etc. Demo programs for Seven segment displays,

LCD, LED and switches. Voltmeter and Temperature controller demo

programs using ADC in kit. DC motor control with PWM and H Bridge for

Robotics demo. Stepper motor control. RS232 communication to PC demonstration. Timer, Counter and stopwatch demo

programs. LDR based sensing demo program.

8 bit Mid Range Microcontroller fromMicrochip Inc – PIC16F877 Based.

Code Download capability without thesupport of another PIC Burner.

Assembly language and ‘C’ languageprogramming capability.

LEDs and Switches to demonstrate I/O pinfunctionality.

Seven Segment Digit Display for Low costvisual output.

Character Liquid Crystal Display (LCD),minimum 16 Characters into 2 Lines.

Small Beeping Buzzer for Audio indications Built in Analogue Temperature sensor and

Voltage Divider circuit for Analogue todigital converter demo

Light Dependent Resistor interface. Relay and its driving circuit. Rs232 interface for connecting to Personal

Computer. RS485 interface for Embedded Networking. Stepper Motor Interface circuit. DC Motor Interface with PWM and H Bridge

69

MODULE IV

Wireless Communication and Mobile Technology

Over view

Wireless communication is the transfer of information between two or more pointsthat are not connected by an electrical conductor.The most common wireless technologies use radio. With radio waves distances canbe short, such as a few meters for television or as far as thousands or even millionsof kilometers for deep-space radio communications. It encompasses various types offixed, mobile, and portable applications, including two-way radios, cellulartelephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and wireless networking. Otherexamples of applications of radio wireless technology include GPS units, garagedoor openers, wireless computer mice,keyboards and headsets, headphones, radioreceivers, satellite television, broadcast television and cordless telephones..

Unit Details

Module 4 - Unit 1

UNIT : I- Radio Communication

About the unit

This unit deals with the basic radio communication systems as AM, FM and PM .In radiocommunication, radio waves carry information such as sound, by modulating some property ofelectromagnetic energy waves transmitted through space, such as amplitude frequency or phase.When radio waves strike antenna, the oscillatory fields induce an alternating current in it and theinformation in the waves can be extracted and transformed back in to its initial form. Then the unitalso deals with AM transmitter, receiver, FM transmitter and receiver.

Module – 4 : Wireless Communication and Mobile Technology

Unit :I Radio Communication


Introduction –Block diagram ofa communicationsystem,

Understand basic communicationsystem.

Chart Preparation,ICT enabled classroomtransaction


70

Electromagneticwaves,Electromagneticfrequencyspectrum andfrequency bandAllocation.

Define EM wave, explain physicalorientation with the help ofdiagram.Explain frequency spectrum.

Understand frequency bandallocation.

ICT enabled classroomtransaction, generaldiscussionGeneral DiscussionAssignment

General discussionActivity logAssignmentChart

PropagationCharacteristic –Ground wave,Space Wave andSky waves andtheir Applications.

Explain the concept of variespropagation characteristics.

To Understand the variesapplication.

ICT enabled classroomtransactionGeneral Discussion

Activity logAssignment

Modulation,Need ofmodulation –Define AM, FMand PM.

To understand modulation andtheir needs.To understand the advantagesand applications of AM, FM andPM.

ICT enabled classroomtransaction,Lab Work

Lab Workchart

AM Transmitter-Receiver,

FM Transmitter-Receiver.

To explain the block diagram ofAM transmitter and receiver.To explain the block diagram ofFM transmitter and receiver.

Chart Preparation,ICT enabled classroomtransaction,

Lab Workchart

Antenna- Basicconcepts -Types. To understand the functions of

Antenna.To explain the types of Antenna.

ICT enabled classroomtransaction, ChartPreparation, Picture collection

71

ASSESSMENT ACTIVITIES

1. Worksheet on electromagnetic wave sprectrum.2. Chart on FM radio receiver

3. Prepare a report after a field visit to nearby FM / AM station

List of items in portfolio1. Work sheet on Electromagnetic wave

2. Chart on FM radio receiver

3. Report on FM / AM station

UNIT II Satellite CommunicationOver viewOne of the major applications of satellite is in the field of communication. Communications satelliteprovides communication between to remote areas of the earth. In this unit, we are going throughthe basic principle of satellite communication, frequency bands, Earth station transmitter andreceiver and also the technologies behind DTH & GIS. In addition we are giving special emphasis onthe role of communication systems in managing disasters .Here we tried to depict the steps to befollowed before during disasters based on communication gadgets like HAM Radio. In the end abriefing on Indian remote sensing satellites (IRS) is also given.

Unit : II Satellite Communication


Wave Frequency RangeAudio frequency

Medium Frequency

Micro wave

Infrared

72

Principle ofSatelliteCommunication,SatelliteFrequency Bands,GeosynchronousSatellite-Advantages,

To explain the principle ofsatellite communication withblock diagram.To understand the satellitefrequency bands.To describe geostationarysatellite and advantages.

DemonstrationExplanation.ICT enabled classroomtransaction,


Earth StationTransmitter-Block diagram,Transponder

Earth StationReceiver-Blockdiagram,

To explain various equipmentsused in satellite earth station.To explain the block diagram ofearth station (Transmitter andReceiver).

ICT enabled class roomtransaction, Generaldiscussion.

DTH,GIS. To explain direct to home (DTH)satellite television.To explain GIS .

ICT enabled class roomtransaction, Generaldiscussion.Field visit

Lab workActivity log

Alternativecommunicationsystems duringDisasters –Modes foremergencycommunication,Amateur radio,satellite basedcommunicationsystems, IRS.

To understand and familiarisewith the need for alternatecommunication systemTo familiarise with alternatecommunication system duringdisaster.A) Amateur radio,

B)satellite based communicationsystems,

C) IRS.

ICT enabled DiscussionGeneral discussion.Demonstration.Chart preparation


Assesment Activities

1. The Satellite based communication system are more reliablein case of large scale natural or manmade emergencies . Makea report on this and explain how the alternativecommunication systems help such situations.

73

2. Prepare a list of the geostationary satellites launched by Indiawith the year of launching.

List of items in the Portfolio

1.Report on how satellite based communication system are morereliable in case of large scale natural or manmade emergencies

2. List of the geostationary satellites launched by India with the year oflaunching.

Unit : 3 - DATA Communication

Over viewModern era envisages the application of digital technology in all fields including communication. Thisunit will guide you to through the basics of digital communication and its types. Differenttransmission media like twisted pair, co-axial cable, wave guides and optical fibers and datatransmission through these medium are clearly illustrated here.

Unit : 3 - DATA Communication


Basic Concepts ofDigitalCommunication-Types- Simplex,Half duplex, Fullduplex,

To explain the concept of digitalcommunication.To understand types ofcommunication - Simplex, Halfduplex, Full duplex.

General DiscussionICT enabled Discussion

General discussion.Activity log.

PCM, ASK, FSK,PSK (explanationonly),

To explain the concept ofPCM,ASK,FSK,PSK(explanation only),

ICT enabled DiscussionLab Work


74

Block diagram ofdigitalCommunicationSystem, -Advantages.

To explain the block diagram ofdigital communication.To explain the advantages ofdigital communication system.

ICT enabled groupdiscussion

Involvement inGeneral discussion.Activity log book.

TransmissionMedia – TwistedPair, Coaxialcable, Microwavesystems, Waveguides, Opticalfiber

To explain various transmissionmedium in digitalcommunication.To explain the concept ofmicrowave system.To explain the function of waveguides.To explain optical fiber.

DemonstrationICT enabled groupdiscussionField visit

Collection

Structure ofcoaxial cable andoptical fibre.

To understand the structure ofcoaxial cable and optical fiber.

General discussion,Demonstration using ICTtools, Field visit

Involvement inGeneral discussion.

DemonstrationIntroduction toFiber OpticCommunication,Concept of datatransmissionthrough opticalfiber

To explain the block diagram offiber optic communication.To list the advantages of fiberoptic communication.To explain the concept of datatransmission through optic fiber.

Demonstration andGeneral discussion.Demonstration using ICTtools,

Involvement inGeneral discussion.

DemonstrationAssignment

Assessment activityLab work on

1. PULSE CODE Modulation (PCM).2. AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING (ASK).3. FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING (FSK).4. PHASE SHIFT KEYING (PSK).

List of items in the PortfolioLab Record and Plotting of wave forms on

1. PULSE CODE Modulation (PCM).2. AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING (ASK).3. FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING (FSK).4. PHASE SHIFT KEYING (PSK).

75

Unit : 4 - Mobile Communication

Over view

The unit introduces the concept of mobile communication including various technologies like handoff and frequency reuse. Cellular and wireless based systems related to different generations ofmobile communications including 3G, 4G, GPS, CDMA and GPRS are described in this unit. Muchattention in this chapter is also given to express the wireless based networks such Wi-Fi and Wimax.

Unit : 4 - Mobile CommunicationIdeas/

Concepts/Skills Learning Outcomes Suggested Activities Assessment

Cellular MobileCommunication,Concepts of Celland FrequencyReuse, Hand off.

To understand the advantagesand application of mobilecommunication.To explain the concept of cell andfrequency reuse.To explain handoff strategies.

ICT based generaldiscussion.General discussion.Class room transaction

Activity log

GSM, MobileStation, BaseStationSubsystem, SIM,Network andSwitchingSubsystem,Advantages ofGSM

To explain GSM network.To explain mobile station andbase station subsystem.To describe SIM.To explain the concept ofnetwork and switchingsubsystem.To understand the advantages ofGSM.

General discussion.ICT based generaldiscussion.

Activity log.Practical log.News collectionAdvertisementcollection

3G Services,Features of 4G.

To understand 3G services.Explain the features of 4G.

ICT enabled discussionGroup discussion

Assignment

CDMA,Advantages ofCDMA,

To understand CDMA network.To understand the advantages ofCDMA.


AssignmentNews collection

Introduction toGPRS, Bluetooth,Wifi, Wimax(Basic concepts).

Realize the basic concepts ofGPRS,Bluetooth,WiFI and Wimax


Assignment

76

Assessment activities.

Lab work on

1. Tools & instruments used in mobile phone repairing.2. Various components used in mobile phones.3. Basic parts of mobile phones (mic, speaker, buzzer, LCD, antenna,

etc).4. Use of Battery Booster.5. Basic Circuit Board/ Motherboard Introduction.6. Assembling & disassembling of different mobile phones.7. Soldering & De soldering Components Using Different Soldering

Tools.8. Working on SMD/ BGA ICs and the PCB.9. Fault finding & Troubleshooting.10. Jumpering Techniques.

List of items in portfolio

Lab record on

1. Tools & instruments used in mobile phone repairing.2. Various components used in mobile phones.3. Basic parts of mobile phones (mic, speaker, buzzer, LCD, antenna,

etc).4. Use of Battery Booster.5. Basic Circuit Board/ Motherboard Introduction.6. Assembling & disassembling of different mobile phones.7. Soldering & De soldering Components Using Different Soldering

Tools.8. Working on SMD/ BGA ICs and the PCB.9. Fault finding & Troubleshooting.10. Jumpering Techniques.

77

MODULE 4 WIRELESS COMMUNICAION AND MOBILE TECHNOLOGY.

LAB EXPERIMENTS:

1. AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DETECTION.2. FM MODULATION USING 565 and detection3. SETUP AND FAMILIARIZE THE FM RECEIVER.4. FAMILIARIZE THE COMPONENTS OF FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION.5. PULSE CODE Modulation (PCM).6. AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING (ASK).7. FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING (FSK).8. PHASE SHIFT KEYING (PSK).9. Tools & instruments used in mobile phone repairing.

10. Various components used in mobile phones.11. Basic parts of mobile phones (mic, speaker, buzzer, LCD, antenna,etc).12. Use of Battery Booster.13. Basic Circuit Board/ Motherboard Introduction.14. Assembling & disassembling of different mobile phones.15. Soldering & Desoldering Components Using Different SolderingTools.16. Names of Different ICs.17. Work of Different ICs.18. Working on SMD/ BGA ICs and the PCB.

19 . Fault finding & Troubleshooting.

20. Jumpering Techniques.21. Troubleshooting through circuit diagrams.22. Repairing procedure for repairing different hardware faults.23. Familarisation of error codes in mobile repairing

78

Detailing of Practical

AMPLITUDE MODULATION

Circuit Diagram

A-Modulating signal

B-Carrier signal

79

C—Modulated signal

Objective:To construct an AM Modulator and determine the modulation index, mApparatus Required:Resistor (1K) – 3Diode, 1N 4007 – 1IFT – 1CRO, Function Generators etc.Design

Frequency of oscillations, f = √Theory:Amplitude Modulation is a process in which the amplitude of the high frequency carrier isvaried in accordance with low frequency modulating signal.An increase or decrease in the amplitude of the modulating signal causes a correspondingincrease or decrease in the amplitude of carrier signal.

If the amplitude of the modulating signal is higher than the carrier voltage, m will be greaterthan 1. This will cause serious distortion of the modulating waveform. This condition is calledover modulation

The circuit is that of low level AM modulation (square law modulator); i.e, this circuitgenerates AM with small signals.Circuit consists of resistive mixing network, diode rectifier. LC tuned circuitCarrier applied to one input resistor, modulating signal to other input resistorResistor network linearly mixes both signalsDiode passes half cycles when forward biasedTank circuit produces oscillations at resonant frequency to generate the missing half cycle

Tabular column

Modulating signal amplitude

No. of div in Y axis Volt/div switch position Voltage=no. of div in Y axis ×Volt/div Switch position

Modulation signal Frequency

No. of div in X axisfor one cycle

Time/div switchposition

Time period = No. ofdiv in X-axis ×Time/div switch

Frequency = 1/Timeperiod

80

position

Carrier Signal Amplitude

No. of div in Y axis Volt/div switch position Voltage=no. of div in Y axis ×Volt/div Switch position

Carrier Signal Frequency

No. of div in X axisfor one cycle

Time/div switchposition

Time period = No. ofdiv in X-axis ×Time/div switchposition

Frequency = 1/Timeperiod

Procedure1. Rig up the circuit as shown in the figure2. Apply a modulating signal of 1 KHz and amplitude 1Vpp to the input as shown in the

figure3. Now apply a carrier signal from the Function Generator of frequency 455KHz and

4Vpp4 Connect the output of the circuit to CRO and observe the waveforms5 Measure and plot both the input and output waveforms on graph sheet

Observation

Modulating signal amplitude :

Modulating signal Frequency :

Carrier signal amplitude :

Carrier signal Frequency :

Modulated signal Frequency

ResultObserved both the input and output waveforms on CRO screen and plotted those on graphsheet

81

AM DETECTOR

AIM:-

Construct an AM detector (demodulator) and observe the waveforms.

COMPONENTS AND QUIPMENTS REQUIRED:-AM modulatorDiode - OA 79Capacitors - 0.01 µF (2 Numbers), 0.1 µF (1 number)CRO - 1 NoResistor - 470 ohm (1 number)Circuit Diagram

Observations

Vmax of the input modulated signal =

Vmin of the input modulated signal =

Amplitude of the detected signal =

Frequency of the detected signal =

PRINCIPLE:-

The reverse process of modulation is called demodulation or detection.

Demodulation is the process of recovering modulating wave from the modulated wave.

Semiconductor diodes are the most common device used for demodulation for AM signals.

During the positive half cycles of the modulated wave, the diode conducts while during

negative half cycles, it does not. The result of this rectifying action is that output of the diode

consists of positive half cycles of modulated wave. The rectified modulated wave contains radio

frequency and the signal. The RF component is filtered by the capacitor C of 0.01 µF. The value

of this capacitor is sufficiently large to present low reactance to RF component while presenting

a relatively high reactance to the audio signal. The two capacitors of 0.01 µF and 470 ohms form

the π filter. The result is that the RF component is bypassed by the two grounded capacitors and

82

thus we obtain the audio signal only. If we sketch the waveform before 0.1 µF, it will be a

positively clamped one and after o.1 µF capacitor, waveform will be a pure ac.

PROCEDURE

1. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. For demodulator, the modulator output is fed to the circuit.

3. Observe the input and output on CRO.

4. Measure the voltage and frequency of the detected waveform.

5. Plot these waveforms on a graph sheet.

RESULT

Constructed the AM detector and observed the output on CRO.

83

FREQUENCY MODULATION

Aim: To set up a frequency modulator using IC LM 565

Components Required:1. IC – LM555 - 1 number2. Resistors – 4.7K, 10K, 33K - 1 each3. Capacitors – 0.1 MF, 0.001 MF - 1 each4. Dual power supply, +12 - 0 -12 - 1 numberPrinciple

Frequency modulation is defined as a system of modulation in which the frequency

of the carrier is made proportional to the instantaneous value of modulating signal.

Amplitude of the modulated wave remains constant at all times. The amount by which the

carrier frequency is varied from its UN modulated wave is called frequency deviation.

FM has many advantages over AM.

LM 565

LM 565 IC can be used for frequency modulation and demodulation purpose. It can

be used as voltage to frequency convertor. LM 565 contains a voltage controlled oscillator, a

phase detector and a voltage amplifier. The VCO section in this IC is used to create FM

waveform. VCO free running frequency can be adjusted with R1 and C1 connected to pins 8

and 9 respectively.

The input is applied through the capacitor C2, which acts as dc blocking capacitor

and is superimposed on the control voltage. This causes the dc control voltage at pin 7 of the

VCO to rise and fall with the input modulating signal. The modulating signal now has a dc

level. Voltage divider R2-R3 sets this dc level which controls the carrier frequency. As the dc

voltage rises, VCO frequency decreases in direct proportion to the amount of rise.

84

1 V-2 INPUT3 INPUT4 VCO OUTPUT5 Phase Comparator input6 REF output7 VCO control voltage8 EXT. Resistor9 EXT. Capacitor10 +V11 NC12 NC13 NC14 NC

The voltage rise is actually the same thing as the amplitude of modulation of the

information. Thus positive information causes negative carrier frequency change or

deviation. The opposite effect happens in the negative peak of the modulating signal. Thus

frequency modulation occurs.

The frequency produced by this IC, f=. ( )

Procedure

1. Rig up the circuit as shown in the figure

2. Provide a power supply of +12V and -12V

3. Do not apply any voltage at pin 7

4. Observe the output at pin 4 on CRO (square wave).

5. Now apply a modulating frequency of about 5 KHz as the input signal to pin 7 through a

0.1 MF capacitor

6. Note the modulated output.

7. Plot the waveforms on graph sheet.

85

Observations

1. Modulating signal amplitude =

2. Carrier signal amplitude =

3. Modulating signal frequency =

4. Carrier signal frequency =

Result

Studied the Frequency Modulator circuit.

Observed and plotted the waveforms on graph sheet.

86

FM DEMODULATOR

Aim: To study about the FM demodulator circuit

Materials Required:

LM565 - 1 number

Resistors - 10 K Pot

Capacitors - 10 Mf, 0.1 MF, 0.001MF

Theory

The loop is set to run at 100KHz by C1 and R1. Potentiometer, R1 alows adjustment

of the free running frequency. The free running frequency should be same as that of the

carrier frequency of the modulator. FM signal is coupled to pin 2 ( Phase detector input)

through C2. The VCO control voltage of the loop on pin 7 of 565 contains two components.

One is a dc level corresponding to the average frequency going into the PLL from the FM

modulator and the other is an ac level that is actually the detected information signal. This

ac signal arises because of the PLL’s self correcting action; as the transmitter deviates up or

down in frequency, the PLL attempts to force the VCO to follow this frequency exactly by

varying its control voltage. Thus the control voltage is a copy of the original information

signal. A capacitor C3 us connected between pins 7 and 8 to avoid oscillation in the control

current source. Capacitor C4 forms a low pass filter along with the internal resistor, 3.6 K

when connected between pin 7 and positivel supply line.

87

Centre frequency of VCO, fc =.

= 100KHzLet C1 = 0.001MFThen, R1 = 3 K (Use 10 K Pot)

Free running frequency of VCO = ………………Hz

Amplitude of modulating signal = ……………..V

Frequency of modulating signal = …………….V

88

Procedure

1. Set up the circuit

2. Use power supply of +10 V

3. Do not apply FM input first.

4. Observe the output at pin 4 on CRO. (VCO output is a square wave)

5. Adjust the potentiometer, R1 so that the free running frequency of VCO at pin 4 is 100 KHz.

6. Now apply FM input.

7. Observe the output at pin 7.

NoteWhile doing the experiment, increase the deviation of FM wave at the modulator circuit by

adjusting the amplitude of the function generator. As the deviation increases, you can

observe that the demodulated output begins to become distorted.

Result

Studied about frequency demodulation.

Free running frequency of VCO =

Modulating signal amplitude =

Modulating signal frequency =

89

BASK GENERATOR USING ANALOG SWITCH

AIM:To design and set up a BASK modulator using analog switch CD 4016

Components and equipments required

IC CD 4016, IC 7404, CRO, Function Generator

Theory

The CD4016 is a quad bilateral switch intended for the transmission or multiplexing of

analog or digital signals. The internal diagram is shown below:

Internal diagram of CD4016 IC

Binary Amplitude Shift Keying (BASK) is one of the digital modulation techniques in which

the amplitude of carrier is switched according to the binary data. This digital modulation

scheme is used to transmit digital data over optical fiber, point to point military

communication applications, etc. Binary 1 is represented by a short pulse of light and binary

0 by the absence of light. Amplitude Shift keying modulation process is relatively

inexpensive and easy to implement. The main disadvantage of ASK is that it is sensitive to

atmospheric noise, distortions and propagation conditions. Here is the practical circuit

diagram of amplitude shift keying modulator using CD4016 IC. CD4016 is a switching IC with

four embedded switches.

90

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PIN DIAGRAM OF IC 7404

WORKING:

• Sine wave is obtained from a function generator.• Two switches inside the quad analog switch CD4016 are used in the circuit.• When the binary data is 1, the 1st switch is enabled and the 2nd switch is disabled usingnot gate arrangement. Hence we get sine wave output.

91

• When the binary data is 0, the 1st switch is disabled and the 2nd switch is enabled usingnot gate arrangement. Hence the input of pin-4 is ground, we get 0 output.

Procedure1. Construct the circuit shown in Fig.2. Study the pin configuration of 4016 and 7404.3. Experiment with varying the modulating signal frequency and amplitude. Record themodulating signal frequency and amplitude. Observe the input and output waveforms.4. Save the screen shots showing the BASK waveforms.

WAVEFORM

RESULT

Set up the circuit and obtained the BASK waveform on CRO

92

BFSK GENERATOR USING ANALOG SWITCH

AIM:

To design and set up a BFSK modulator using analog switch

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

IC CD 4016, IC 7404, CRO, Function Generator

THEORY:

In binary frequency shift keying the carrier is shifted between two preset frequencies

according to binary input. When CLK is set a logic high the signal with frequency f1 is

obtained at the output and when the CLK is at logic 0 the signal with frequency f2 is

obtained at output .Thus Binary FSK is obtained at the output.

The CD4016 is a quad bilateral switch intended for the transmission or multiplexing

of analog or digital signals.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE

1.Set up the circuit part by part and verify their function

2. Connect the parts together and observe output waveform on CRO screen

WAVEFORM:

93

RESULT

Set up the circuit and obtained the BFSK waveform on CRO

94

BPSK GENERATOR USING CD4016

AIM:

To set up a Binary Phase Shift Keying Circuit using CD 4016 analog switch

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:Analog Switch CD 4016, 741, 7404, Signal Generator, etc.

THEORY:In BPSK modulating system phase of the carrier wave is inverted according to the logic level

of the input data. When the data is at logic1 level, the sinusoid has one fixed phase and

when the data is at the other level, the phase of the sinusoid changes. BPSK and BFSK signal

have a constant envelope and hence they are less susceptible to noise.

Two switches inside the quad analog switch CD 4016 are used in the circuit. Op-amp

is used to invert the phase of the input sine wave. The sine wave can be obtained from a

function generator.

PROCEDURE:

The circuit is set up as shown in figure after verifying that all the components are in

good condition. Sine wave and clock are fed to the function generator. Output wave form is

observed on the CRO.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Design

95

An inverting Amplifier with unity gain is used.

Gain = -Rf/Ri = 1.

ie. Rf = Ri

Take Rf = Ri = 4.7K

Waveform

PROCEDURE

1.Set up the circuit part by part and verify their function

2. Connect the parts together and observe output waveform on CRO screen

RESULT

Set up the circuit and obtained the BPSK wave on CRO

96

ASK DEMODULATOR

Aim: To set up an ASK Demodulator Circuit

Theory: A detector and a low pass filter with a cut off frequency of 3.4 KHz is used todemodulate the ASK signal. The output of low pass filter is given to an OPAMP comparator.The output of the comparator is the original data transmitted

Procedure:

1. Rig up the demodulator circuit as in the figure2. Apply ASK signal to the input of BY 1273. Observe the output from pin 6 of 741 on CRO and plot it

Result: Observed the output on CRO and plotted it

97

FSK Demodulator

Procedure

1. Connect the FSK output to the input of the circuit as shown2. Adjust both the potentiometers until we get the demodulated output equivalent to

the modulating signal.3. Observe the demodulated waveform on CRO and plot it.

ResultObserved the output waveform on CRO and plotted it on graph sheet

98

PSK Demodulator

99

Identify Parts and components on the PCB of a MobilePhone

101

Tools required for Disassembly

102102102

103

Identification of different faults or problems withNetwork in Mobile Phone

Check Battery Status Indication of the battery If the problem is not solved by Hardware then reload Permanent Memory

File in the Mobile Phone using the Software Box.

104

Identification of charging section and trouble shooting

Note:

105

Demonstration of trouble shooting procedure of a deadphone

106

ON THE JOB TRAINING

On the job training is a very effective method to create the awareness intentionally at actualwork site situation among the learners. This also will give them more exposure to the latesttechnologies and modern trends. The awareness of demands in the job atmosphere ascompared to a leaning environment. Besides which will help the leaner to identify theproblem faced while doing the work at job atmosphere as compared to the practical inlaboratory . Before OJT the student should be given awareness about the training centreand area of training.

This on the job training is intended to develop working skill, Technologicaltrends, situation handling and product/service oriented problem solving. Also this trainingwill enable the leaner to develop all aspects of soft skills, customer relations, environmentalrules and regulations, regularity, punctuality, timing and co-worker relation.

In the first and second modules sound engineering, computer hardwareand networking are incorporated .First module OJT will concentrate on sound processing ,modelling and related environment. We have to familiarise sound in put , sound out put,studio , audio console, latest sound processing equipments and tools along with live soundrecording. In the second module OJT will concentrate on hardware assembling and latestnetworking technologies. We will focus on PC trouble shooting and networking procedureequipments, both indoor and outdoor environments.

Time frame of OJT

2weeks / year

Steps to be followed

Identify the areas of the subject in which training is required

Identify the centres for OJT

Initiate necessary communication to get the sanction for OJT

Visit the centre and get details about the nature and method of training offered

Sign a memorandum - of- understanding with the centre

Prepare a time schedule for conducting OJT

Prepare an estimate for the program

Conduct the program

Maintain the work diary and other relevant records

Prepare a consolidated report

107

Tools and Equipments Required

Sl.No. Description of Items Qty. Remarks1 Digital Storage Oscilloscope

50MHz,Dual Channel2

2 Digital Multimeter,3.3/4’Display 53 Function Generator (0-10MHz) 24 DC Regulated Power Supply (0-30V/1Amp) 25 DC Regulated Power Supply (0-+30V/-30V/2Amp) 16 Signal Generator, 3MHz 1

7 Temperature controlled Soldering Station 28 DSO, 70MHz 5

9 SMD Soldering and desoldering station 5

10 Mobile Phone repairing kit 5

11 Cutting pliers 512 Nose pliers 513 Wire strippers 5

14 Tweezers 115 Wire crimping tool 216 Screw driver set (Philips) 117 Screw driver set (for Mobile work station) 118 Soldering iron-25W (Soldron model) 119 Max soldering iron-6W (for mobile work station) 120 Lens with LED light 121 Stensils (set for mobile work station) 122 Sliding plates (set for mobile work station)23 Spanner set (open ended)24 Ultrasonic PCB Cleaner25 DOT PCB 30 Each26 Antistatic wrist band 30each27 Capacitors different values 30 each28 Resistors1/4 w different values 30 each

29 OA 79 20EACH30 IC Chip LM 565 20each31 PCB 10cm.10Cm 30 nos32 Single strand connecting wire 30 roll33 Solder 60/40 ,18SWG 5kg34 Solder less Bread Board 1035 POT – 1k, 10K 5 each36 1N 4007, BY127 10 each37 741 10 Nos

108

38 CD 4016 539 7404 540 710 5

List of references

REFERENCES

1. Kaveh Pahlavan & Alen H. Levesque, “Wireles Information Networks”, by John Wiley & Sons, 205.

2. Wiliam Stalings, "Wireles Communication & Networking", Pearson Education Asia, 2010.

3. Gordan L. Stuber, “Principles of Mobile Communication”, Springer, 2011.

4. Mobile and personal communication systems and service ,Raj Pandya

5. Satellite communication, Timothy Pratt

6. Electronic communication systems,George Kennedy,Robert J Schoenbeck.

7. Electronic communication- 2nd Edition ,Thomson and Demar.

8. Satellite communication, Roddy and coolen.

9. Principles of electronics communication,pradeep kumar Ghosh

10. Introduction to electronics and communication,k Gopakumar.

http://home.nic.in

www.isro.org

www.itu.int

www.howstuffworks.com

electronics and communication … · structure of modules 10.classroom activities ... technician in...

Documents