electrons in the atom. heisenberg uncertainty principle this is the theory that states that it is...
TRANSCRIPT
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Electrons in the Atom
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Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
• This is the theory that states that it is impossible to determine simultaneously both the position and velocity of an electron or any other particle.
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Quantum Theory• Schrodinger derived an equation that
described energy & position of electrons in atom
• Schrodinger along with other scientists laid the foundation for the modern quantum theory, which describes mathematically the wave properties of electrons and other very small particles.
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Orbitals & Quantum Numbers• Electrons exist around the nucleus in
certain regions called atomic orbitals - 3D regions around the nucleus that indicates the probable location of an electron.
• Quantum numbers are used to describe atomic orbitals. The quantum numbers are like an address for the electrons.
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S orbitals
• 1 s orbital for every energy level
• Spherical shaped
• can hold 2 electrons• Called the 1s, 2s, 3s, etc.. orbitals.
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P orbitals• Start at second energy level • 3 different directions• 3 different shapes• Each can hold 2 electrons
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P Orbitals
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D orbitals• Start at third energy level • 5 different shapes• Each can hold 2 electrons
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F orbitals
• Start at fourth energy level• 7 different shapes• 2 electrons per shape
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F orbitals
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Summary of Orbitals
s
p
d
f
# of shapes Max electron Starts at energy level
1 2 1
3 6 2
5 10 3
7 14 4
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By Energy Level
• Orbitals do not fill up in a neat order.• Energy levels overlap• Lowest energy fill first.
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Electron Configuration
• Way electrons are arranged in atoms.• Aufbau principle- electrons occupy the
lowest-energy orbital that can receive it. This means electrons enter the lowest energy first.
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• This causes difficulties because of overlap of orbitals of different energies.• Pauli Exclusion Principle- states
that no 2 electrons in the same atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers. Basically, at most there are 2 electrons per orbital with different spins.
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• Hund’s Rule- Orbitals of equal energy are each occupied by one electron before any orbital is occupied by a second electron. • This means when electrons occupy
orbitals of equal energy they don’t pair up until they have to. • (BUS RULE)
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Valence Electrons, Lewis Dot Structures,Electron Configuration
& Orbital Notation
• Get out your periodic table and follow along on the handout