electrophilic addition of hydrogen halides.pptx)
TRANSCRIPT
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Electrophilic Addition of Hydrogen Halides
The
electrons of a double bond are more loosely held than those of the
bond.As a result, the electrons which extend above and below the molecular plane of the
alkene, can act as a nucleophile in a manner similar to that of more typical Lewis bases.
2,3-dimethylbutene
The electrophilic addition reactions of alkenes can be both regioselective and
stereospecific.
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Electrophilic attack by protons gives carbocations.
A strong acid may add a proton to a double bond to give a carbocation.
This reaction is simply the reverse of the last step in an E1 elimination reaction, andhas the same transition state.
At low temperatures, and with a good nucleophile, an electrophilic addition
product is formed.
Typically, the gaseous HX (HCl, HBr, or HI) is bubbled through the pure or dissolved
alkene. The reaction can also be carried out in a solvent such as acetic acid.
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The Markovnikov rule predicts regioselectivity in electrophilic
additions.
The only product formed during the reaction of propene with HCl is 2-
chloropropane:
Other addition reactions show similar results:
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If the carbon atoms participating in the double bond are not equally substituted,
the proton from the hydrogen halide attaches itself to the less substituted carbon.
The halogen, as a result attaches to the more substituted carbon.
This result is known as Markovnikovs rule and is based on the stability of the
carbocation formed by the addition of the proton.
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Markovnikovs rule can also be stated:
HX adds to unsymmetric alkenes in a way that the initial protonation gives the
more stable carbocation.
Product mixures will be formed from alkenes that are similarly substituted at both
sp2 carbon atoms.
If addition to an achiral alkene generates a chiral product, a racemic mixure will be
obtained.
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Carbocation rearrangements may follow electrophilic addition.
In the absence of a good nucleophile, a rearrangement of the carbocation may
occur prior to the addition of the nucleophile.
An example of such a rearrangement is the addition of trifluoroacetic acid to 3-
methyl-1-butene, where a hydride shift converts a secondary carbocation into a
more stable tertiary carbocation:
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The extent of carbocation rearrangement depends upon:
Alkene structure
Solvent
Strength and concentration of nucleophile
Temperature
Rearrangements are generally favored under strongly acidic, nucleophile-deficient
conditions.
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Electrophilic Addition of Halogens to Alkenes
Halogen molecules also act as electrophiles with alkenes giving vicinal dihalides.
The reaction with bromine results in a color change from red to colorless, which is
sometimes used as a test for unsaturation.
Halogenations are best carried out at or below room temperature and in inert
halogenated solvents (i.e. - halomethanes)
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Electrophilic Addition of Halogens to Alkenes
Bromination takes place through antiaddition.
Consider the bromination of cyclohexene. No cis-1,2-dibromocyclohexane is
formed.
Only anti addition is observed. The product is racemic since the initial attack of
bromine can occur with equal probability at either face of the cyclohexene.
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With acyclic alkenes the reaction is cleanly stereospecific:
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The Generality of Electrophilic Addition
The bromonium ion can be trapped by other nucleophiles.
Bromonation of cyclopentene using water as the solvent gives the vicinal
bromoalcohol (bromohydrin).
The water molecule is added antito the bromine atom and the other product is
HBr.
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Vicinal haloalcohols are useful synthetic intermediates.
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Oxymercuration-Demercuration: A special Electrophilic
Addition
The electrophilic addition of a mercuric salt to an alkene is called mercuration.
The product formed is known as an alkylmercury derivative.
A reaction sequence known as oxymercuration-demercuration is a useful
alternative to acid-catalyzed hydration:
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Oxymercuration is antistereospecific and regioselective.
The alcohol obtained from oxymercuration-demercuration is the same as that
obtained from Markovnikov hydration, however since no carbocation is involved in
the reaction mechanism, rearrangements of the transition state do not occur.
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Oxymercuration-demercuration in an alcohol solvent yields an ether: