electroweak physicsvjm/supaelectroweak/2006/... · a z-boson factory • lep=large electron...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Electroweak Physicsvjm/SUPAElectroweak/2006/... · A Z-boson factory • LEP=Large Electron Positron Collider @ CERN • 1989 to 1995: LEPI – CM energy: 88 to 94 GeV • 7 energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/5fc204580794d1456c663915/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
Electroweak Physics(from an experimentalist!)
Victoria MartinSUPA/University of Edinburgh
SUPA Graduate Lectures
Term 2 2005/06
![Page 2: Electroweak Physicsvjm/SUPAElectroweak/2006/... · A Z-boson factory • LEP=Large Electron Positron Collider @ CERN • 1989 to 1995: LEPI – CM energy: 88 to 94 GeV • 7 energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/5fc204580794d1456c663915/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
The Electroweak Lagrangian
Q: How do we relate this to observables that we can measure in experiments?
A: Take one piece at a time!
Often need to consider corrections from other terms
![Page 3: Electroweak Physicsvjm/SUPAElectroweak/2006/... · A Z-boson factory • LEP=Large Electron Positron Collider @ CERN • 1989 to 1995: LEPI – CM energy: 88 to 94 GeV • 7 energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/5fc204580794d1456c663915/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Experimental Measurements • Look how well EW
theory explains our measurements!
• But what are these measurements!?
• How do we relate what the theory tells us and what experimentalists measure?
Experiment Theory
Observables & Pseudo-
Observables
Pull= [X(expt)-X(theory)] / σX
![Page 4: Electroweak Physicsvjm/SUPAElectroweak/2006/... · A Z-boson factory • LEP=Large Electron Positron Collider @ CERN • 1989 to 1995: LEPI – CM energy: 88 to 94 GeV • 7 energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/5fc204580794d1456c663915/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
The Blue Band Plot!
• Electroweak theory is so good, it predicts the Higgs mass
![Page 5: Electroweak Physicsvjm/SUPAElectroweak/2006/... · A Z-boson factory • LEP=Large Electron Positron Collider @ CERN • 1989 to 1995: LEPI – CM energy: 88 to 94 GeV • 7 energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/5fc204580794d1456c663915/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Course Contents
• Measurements at the Z pole: LEP & SLD• LEP production of W+W-• Measurements at low energy: muon lifetime, g-2• Electroweak and top physics at the Tevatron• The search for the Higgs & BSM• What the future holds
• But first, back to the theory…
![Page 6: Electroweak Physicsvjm/SUPAElectroweak/2006/... · A Z-boson factory • LEP=Large Electron Positron Collider @ CERN • 1989 to 1995: LEPI – CM energy: 88 to 94 GeV • 7 energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/5fc204580794d1456c663915/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Parameters of the Electroweak Sector
• Three key parameters:– The two gauge coupling constants: gW and g’W
– The vacuum expectation value of the Higgs field: v
• These can be obtained through 3 measurements.• Choose the 3 most precise:
– The electric charge, e-• measured by the electric dipole moment
– The Fermi Constant, GF (precision: 0.9x10-5)• measured by the muon lifetime
– The mass of the Z boson, MZ (precision: 2.3x10-5)
2 '212Z w wM v g g= +2 2
''
W W
W W
g geg g
=+ 2
12FG v
=
![Page 7: Electroweak Physicsvjm/SUPAElectroweak/2006/... · A Z-boson factory • LEP=Large Electron Positron Collider @ CERN • 1989 to 1995: LEPI – CM energy: 88 to 94 GeV • 7 energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/5fc204580794d1456c663915/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Other Useful Combinations
• Mass of the W boson:
• Weak mixing angle
• Relationship between W and Z mass:
22
2 2
'sin 0.23'
WW
W W
gg g
θ = ≈+
2W
WvgM =
cosW
ZW
MMθ
=
2
2 2
18 22
WF
W
gGM v
= =
![Page 8: Electroweak Physicsvjm/SUPAElectroweak/2006/... · A Z-boson factory • LEP=Large Electron Positron Collider @ CERN • 1989 to 1995: LEPI – CM energy: 88 to 94 GeV • 7 energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/5fc204580794d1456c663915/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Other Parameters in the Model• The masses of the
fermions:– Most influential is
m(top) due to its huge size
• Mass of the Higgs, mH
• The EWK model tells us nothing about these values!
mH=(2λ)½v
λ is not specified
![Page 9: Electroweak Physicsvjm/SUPAElectroweak/2006/... · A Z-boson factory • LEP=Large Electron Positron Collider @ CERN • 1989 to 1995: LEPI – CM energy: 88 to 94 GeV • 7 energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/5fc204580794d1456c663915/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
First Topic: Physics at the Z Pole• What EWK theory
tells us about Z• How to make and
detect Zs
• Physics Topics:– Z mass– Partial and Total
Widths– Z couplings to
fermion pairs– Asymmetries
![Page 10: Electroweak Physicsvjm/SUPAElectroweak/2006/... · A Z-boson factory • LEP=Large Electron Positron Collider @ CERN • 1989 to 1995: LEPI – CM energy: 88 to 94 GeV • 7 energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/5fc204580794d1456c663915/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Z in the Lagrangian
![Page 11: Electroweak Physicsvjm/SUPAElectroweak/2006/... · A Z-boson factory • LEP=Large Electron Positron Collider @ CERN • 1989 to 1995: LEPI – CM energy: 88 to 94 GeV • 7 energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/5fc204580794d1456c663915/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Z boson-fermion interactions
Q: Charge
T: Weak Isospin
T3 :Third Component
• Piece of the Lagrangian that describes fermion – Z interactions:
• Vector coupling to Z: Vf = T3-2Q sin2θW
• Axial coupling to Z: Af = T3
5 5( )f f f fV A Zμψ γ γ ψ−
![Page 12: Electroweak Physicsvjm/SUPAElectroweak/2006/... · A Z-boson factory • LEP=Large Electron Positron Collider @ CERN • 1989 to 1995: LEPI – CM energy: 88 to 94 GeV • 7 energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/5fc204580794d1456c663915/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
A Z-boson factory• LEP=Large Electron Positron
Collider @ CERN
• 1989 to 1995: LEPI– CM energy: 88 to 94 GeV
• 7 energy points– 17,000,000 Zs produced– 1995: 1000 Z/h recorded by
each experiment
• 1996 to 2000: LEPII– CM energy 161 to 209 GeV
![Page 13: Electroweak Physicsvjm/SUPAElectroweak/2006/... · A Z-boson factory • LEP=Large Electron Positron Collider @ CERN • 1989 to 1995: LEPI – CM energy: 88 to 94 GeV • 7 energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/5fc204580794d1456c663915/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
LEP Experiments
• 4 experiments:– ALEPH– DELPHI– OPAL– L3
![Page 14: Electroweak Physicsvjm/SUPAElectroweak/2006/... · A Z-boson factory • LEP=Large Electron Positron Collider @ CERN • 1989 to 1995: LEPI – CM energy: 88 to 94 GeV • 7 energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/5fc204580794d1456c663915/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
The Aleph Experiment
y
z
x
θ φ
y
z
x
θ φ
y
z
x
θ φ
y
z
x
θ φ
![Page 15: Electroweak Physicsvjm/SUPAElectroweak/2006/... · A Z-boson factory • LEP=Large Electron Positron Collider @ CERN • 1989 to 1995: LEPI – CM energy: 88 to 94 GeV • 7 energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/5fc204580794d1456c663915/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Z bosons at LEP
![Page 16: Electroweak Physicsvjm/SUPAElectroweak/2006/... · A Z-boson factory • LEP=Large Electron Positron Collider @ CERN • 1989 to 1995: LEPI – CM energy: 88 to 94 GeV • 7 energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/5fc204580794d1456c663915/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
SLC & Mark II• SLAC Linear Collider
– Only linear collider to date
• First detector: Mark II– 1989: First to publish
observation of e+e−→Z
![Page 17: Electroweak Physicsvjm/SUPAElectroweak/2006/... · A Z-boson factory • LEP=Large Electron Positron Collider @ CERN • 1989 to 1995: LEPI – CM energy: 88 to 94 GeV • 7 energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/5fc204580794d1456c663915/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
SLC & SLD• 1992: SLC polarised e+e− beams established!• Mark II replaced with SLD detector
• 1992 to 1998: 600,000 Z decays
• Complementary to LEP for some measurements
![Page 18: Electroweak Physicsvjm/SUPAElectroweak/2006/... · A Z-boson factory • LEP=Large Electron Positron Collider @ CERN • 1989 to 1995: LEPI – CM energy: 88 to 94 GeV • 7 energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/5fc204580794d1456c663915/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Two Main Measurables
• What happens to the Z once produced?– It decays
• What into?– Any fermion: e, μ, τ, ν, quarks
• What can we measure?– Two main quantities to measure:
• Cross sections to fermion final states, σ(e+e−→ff)• Decay Asymmetries eg, Afb and ALR
![Page 19: Electroweak Physicsvjm/SUPAElectroweak/2006/... · A Z-boson factory • LEP=Large Electron Positron Collider @ CERN • 1989 to 1995: LEPI – CM energy: 88 to 94 GeV • 7 energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/5fc204580794d1456c663915/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Z Boson Decay→e+e−
![Page 20: Electroweak Physicsvjm/SUPAElectroweak/2006/... · A Z-boson factory • LEP=Large Electron Positron Collider @ CERN • 1989 to 1995: LEPI – CM energy: 88 to 94 GeV • 7 energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/5fc204580794d1456c663915/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Z Boson Decay→ μ+μ-
![Page 21: Electroweak Physicsvjm/SUPAElectroweak/2006/... · A Z-boson factory • LEP=Large Electron Positron Collider @ CERN • 1989 to 1995: LEPI – CM energy: 88 to 94 GeV • 7 energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/5fc204580794d1456c663915/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Z Boson Decay→ τ+τ− (e− + jet)
![Page 22: Electroweak Physicsvjm/SUPAElectroweak/2006/... · A Z-boson factory • LEP=Large Electron Positron Collider @ CERN • 1989 to 1995: LEPI – CM energy: 88 to 94 GeV • 7 energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/5fc204580794d1456c663915/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
Z Boson Decay→ Hadrons (qq jets)
![Page 23: Electroweak Physicsvjm/SUPAElectroweak/2006/... · A Z-boson factory • LEP=Large Electron Positron Collider @ CERN • 1989 to 1995: LEPI – CM energy: 88 to 94 GeV • 7 energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/5fc204580794d1456c663915/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Decay into Fermion anti-Fermion Pairs
• At tree level not too hard to calculate!• Vertex strength:
• Summing over the possible electron polarisations:
• Integrate over available phase space (p, p’) to get:
( ) ( ')Z f p f p→
5( ) ( ) ( ')2cos
Wf f
W
ig u p V A v pμγ γθ
− −
( )4
2 28 | | | |3 2
ZFf f
G MV A+
( )3 2 2( )
6 2F Z
C f fG MZ f f N V A
πΓ → = +
![Page 24: Electroweak Physicsvjm/SUPAElectroweak/2006/... · A Z-boson factory • LEP=Large Electron Positron Collider @ CERN • 1989 to 1995: LEPI – CM energy: 88 to 94 GeV • 7 energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/5fc204580794d1456c663915/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
In reality…• Need to include:
– Interference from the γ– QED corrections due to
gamma radiation– For quarks: QCD corrections
due to gluon radiation– Fermion masses
• Correction factors:~1
![Page 25: Electroweak Physicsvjm/SUPAElectroweak/2006/... · A Z-boson factory • LEP=Large Electron Positron Collider @ CERN • 1989 to 1995: LEPI – CM energy: 88 to 94 GeV • 7 energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/5fc204580794d1456c663915/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Total Cross Section
• The total cross section to a given fermion depends on:– The rate for e+e− to make Zs: Γ(e+e−)– The rate for the Z to decay to a given fermion type: Γff
– The rate for the Z to decay to anything, ΓZ
• We can parameterise this for different centre of mass energies, s:
Parameterises final state QED corrections in Γ(e+e−)
![Page 26: Electroweak Physicsvjm/SUPAElectroweak/2006/... · A Z-boson factory • LEP=Large Electron Positron Collider @ CERN • 1989 to 1995: LEPI – CM energy: 88 to 94 GeV • 7 energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/5fc204580794d1456c663915/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
Widths
• Total width of the Z is sum of widths of everything it can decay into:
• Hadronic modes due to quarks:– (top is too heavy for Z to decay into)
• Invisible modes due to neutrinos:
![Page 27: Electroweak Physicsvjm/SUPAElectroweak/2006/... · A Z-boson factory • LEP=Large Electron Positron Collider @ CERN • 1989 to 1995: LEPI – CM energy: 88 to 94 GeV • 7 energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/5fc204580794d1456c663915/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Observables extracted from σ• Many parameters can be extracted from the
measurement of σ(e+e−→hadrons)• Highly correlated! Choose to use just six:
– If we assume the three lepton types have the same interactions (lepton universality), last three measurements are the same. (Small correction to required for lepton mass difference).
![Page 28: Electroweak Physicsvjm/SUPAElectroweak/2006/... · A Z-boson factory • LEP=Large Electron Positron Collider @ CERN • 1989 to 1995: LEPI – CM energy: 88 to 94 GeV • 7 energy](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/5fc204580794d1456c663915/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
More Ratios: R0q and R0
inv
• When the type of quark can be identified, we can define:
• Define ratio of invisible width and charged leptonic width:
• Related to number of neutrinos, Nν: