element b5 / 2 effects and diseases - ohs.me.uk · diseases legionellosis bacterium on water hot...
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Principle Effects
Fungi - Infections
Superficial
Skin, hair, nails, genitals, mouth
Thrush – Candida Albicans
Rinworm and Athletes foot – Tinea
Subcutaneous
Beneath skin – rare
Sporotrichosis – contaminated cuts
Deep
Internal organs
Aspergillosis – lungs
Rare but becoming more common
Element B5
Principle Effects
Bacteria – Infections
Body’s first line of defence – substances hostile to
bacteria
Eyes – enzyme in tears
Stomach – hydrochloric acid
Then white blood cells attack
Neutrophils – destroy
Lymphocytes - antibodies
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Principle Effects
Viruses – infections
Severely interrupt invaded cells
Weaken immune system
Defence = immune system
Will deal with them in time
Some spread too fast before immune system can deal with
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Diseases
Cryptosporidiosis
Zoonotic
Parasite (protozoa)
Intestinal tract of fishes, reptiles, birds, mammals
C. parvum
Contaminated drinking water – agricultural “run-off”
Resistant to chlorine
Treatment workers, farm workers, zoo workers,
Short term mild diarrhoea
Chronic effects – low immune systems
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Diseases
Aspergillosis
Farmers Lung
Aspergillus – fungus
Saprophyte – grows on material not alive
Bread – mould
Invasive disease
Body will resist unless in part not normally exposed
Eyeballs or heart
No antibiotics or vaccine
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Diseases
Aspergillosis
Allergy
Spores released when disturbed
Bails of hay / straw
Asthma – million spores a minute – moving mouldy hay
Spores penetrate lungs
Toxins
Peanuts – produce aflatoxin
Fatal poisoning stock animals, cancer
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Diseases
Psittacosis
Avian Chlamydiosis – similar to farmers lung
Work with birds, poultry. Pet shop, vets
Inhalation dried droppings, feathers
Respiratory problems and pneumonia
“pigeon fanciers lung”
Controls – good ventilation, damping area to prevent
airborne dust, RPE
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Diseases
Hepatitis
Inflammation of liver
Passed from human to human
Viral
Hepatitis A
Spread by ingesting virus from other person, raw or
undercooked shellfish from contaminated water
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Diseases
Hepatitis B
HBV virus
Resilient – survives in environment for weeks
Found in bodily fluids
Persist for years after illness – can still “carry”
Symptoms Flu like, tiredness, anorexia, nausea, fever, jaundice, enlarged liver
Easily spread Sexual contact, injection, contaminated sharps, dentistry, mother to
baby
10% become chronic
Class 3 Biological Agent
Healthcare workers, emergency, drug users. Cleaners – sharps
Controls Destroy with bleach, disinfect, PPE, disposable gloves
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Diseases
HIV
Human Immuno-deficiency virus
STD and BBV (bloodborne virus)
Attacks immune system
Not recognised as threat because its structure mimics blood
sugar
Delicate – does not live long outside body
More likely to contract from actual direct contact – bodily
fluids
Progressive destruction of CD4 immune cells
Leads to AIDS
Emergency serv, healthcare, prison, social workers
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Diseases
AIDS
Caused by HIV
Infected body fluids – person to person
Delicate – can be killed by heat and chemicals
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Diseases
Legionellosis
Bacterium on water Hot water systems, cooling systems
Type of pneumonia
Those who maintain water systems Inhale
Not contagious
Large buildings at risk
Widespread in waterways Needs sludge, scale, algae, rust and temp of 20-50c
Controls Careful comissioning, adequate maintenance, routine cleaning, use of
biocides
Chlorination of water 2-4ppm
Heating water to 55 / 60c and above
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Diseases
Leptospirosis
Zoonotic – bacterial
Caused by Leptospira
Weil’s Disease
Urine from infected rats
Hardjo
Cattle to humans
Incubation 4 to 19 days
Needs warm surroundings – prevalent in summer
Protected from sunlight – survives in watercourses
Following illness – immunity lasts for years
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Diseases
Leptospirosis
Mostly rodents
Also dogs, hedgehogs, foxes, pigs, cattle
Person to person is rare
Body fluids – transmit
At risk – Water / sewage work, canals, rivers, farming (rats, cows
being milked – urine), water sports
Controls Rodent control, PPE, hygiene precautions, training of GPs to
recognise those at occupational risk, Lepto Info card.
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Diseases
E. coli
Bacterial
Inflammation of small intestine
Type of gastroenteritis – escherichia coli bacteria
Intestines of healthy cattle
Slaughter, processing
Accidental contact with faeces – dairy, farming
Incubation 24 to 72 hours
Symptoms – result from toxins and bacterial invasion
Children – can be severe
Control
Effective hygiene, cleaning carcasses, meat is not mixed, effective handling and disposal of faeces
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Diseases
MRSA
Methicillen-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
Common skin bacterium
Resistant to range of antibiotics
Lives on skin – transferred to other surfaces Most carriers ok, but can be transferred to vulnerable people
Elderly, very young, ill, medication
Most cases – hospitals Skin contact – bedding, clothing
Pass through cut, wound
Produces toxin – causes boils, sores, itchy blisters, blood poisoning
Controls - Washing hands, not sharing towels etc, antiseptic dressings,
disinfection of surfaces, 60c wash
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Diseases
CDIFF
Clostridium difficile
Spore producing bacterium
Severe diarrhoea, cramps, colitis, can be fatal (rarely)
Hospitals, care homes, those who have taken
antibiotics
Control – hand washing
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Emerging Health Issues
Norovirus
Form of gastroenteritis
12-72 hrs incubation
2 days duration
Highly contagious
Schools, hospitals, prisons – institutional settings
Controls – good hygiene and deep cleaning
Transmitted by faecal – oral route
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Emerging Health Issues
SARS
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
SARS coronavirus
Incubation 1 week
Can lead to pneumonia – fatal
Controls
Non-essential travel to affected areas
PPE for healthcare workers
Isolation of affected patients
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Emerging Health Issues
Avian influenza
Bird flu
Normally infects only birds, pigs. Poultry especially
vulnerable
Transmission from birds to humans
Limited evidence of human to human
New strains may develop
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Emerging Health Issues
Pandemic Flu
Different viruses
Different from ordinary flu
New virus emerges and infects population
Human to human
HPA – likely avian flu will develop
New virus – whole population will be susceptible
No immunity
Dept of Health – estimates 50% at risk
Teachers, health care, child care
Incubation 1 to 4 days
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