Training Module 3

Elementary Fire Safety

Training Module 3

Elementary Fire Safety

Training Module 3

Elementary Fire Safety

ISBN: 978-3-944152-02-8

©NCDC & GIZ, 2012

Published by

Environmental Planning and Disaster Risk Management project of

National Civil Defence College

Civil Lines, Nagpur, 440 001, IndiaT: +91 712 2565614, 2562611F: +91 712 2565614I: ncdcngp@dataone.in

and

Deutsche Gesellschaft für

Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH

Indo-German Environment Partnership

B-5/2 Safdarjung Enclave New Delhi 110 029, IndiaT: +91 11 49495353 F: +91 11 49495391 I: www.giz.de

Responsible

National Civil Defence College, Nagpur

Editorial

Mr. G.S. Saini (V.S.M), Director, NCDC, NagpurMr. Florian Bemmerlein-Lux (ifanos concept & planning, Germany)Dr. Sandhya Chatterji (ifanos concept & planning, India)

Technical support

Mr. Sunil SawarkarMr. Shrikant Kinhikar

Photos and graphs by

Sources of material used, if no other reference provided: http://www.ficci.com/SEDocument/20186/IndiaRiskSurvey2012.pdf, http://www.bis.org.in/sf/nbc.htm, http://edudel.nic.in/welcome_folder/national_building_code_dt_210509.pdf

Design and Printing

Rouge Communications, New Delhi, November, 2012

Disclaimer

Though all care has been taken while researching and compiling the contents provided in this booklet, the National Civil Defence College and the Deutsche Gesellschaft für internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH accept no liability for its correctness.

The reader is advised to confirm specifications and health hazards described in the booklet before taking any steps, suitability of action requires verifications through other sources also.

Information provided here does not constitute an endorsement or recommendation.

Imprint

(i)

Since 2011, GIZ has been collaborating with the National Civil

Defence College, Nagpur for implementing the “Civil Defence

and Disaster Risk Management” (CD-DRM) project, aimed at

strengthening capacity building initiatives in Civil Defence. The

focus of the programme is on risk reduction for disasters

caused by natural hazards such as floods, cyclones, drought,

or manmade disasters caused by industry. The design and

development of training tools such as an internet based

training and knowledge management system and blended

learning training methodology and the development of training

materials are important activities under this project.

It gives me great pleasure to introduce this training module to

accompany the hands-on training course for trainers and

volunteers. The module will help the development of

knowledge and skills in specific thematic areas to reduce the

risk of disasters.

I take this opportunity to express appreciation for the

commitment of Director of the National Civil Defence College,

the Director General of Civil Defence, Ministry of Home Affairs,

Government of India, New Delhi, and ifanos Germany and

ifanos India who extended their support and cooperation to

this effort. I wish that such modules are used extensively by all

stakeholders across the country.

Guiding word

Dr. Dieter Mutz

Director

GIZ-IGEP

Delhi, September 2012

(ii)

ISBN: 978-3-944152-02-8

©NCDC & GIZ, 2012

Published by

Environmental Planning and Disaster Risk Management project of

National Civil Defence College

Civil Lines, Nagpur, 440 001, IndiaT: +91 712 2565614, 2562611F: +91 712 2565614I: ncdcngp@dataone.in

and

Deutsche Gesellschaft für

Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH

Indo-German Environment Partnership

B-5/2 Safdarjung Enclave New Delhi 110 029, IndiaT: +91 11 49495353 F: +91 11 49495391 I: www.giz.de

Responsible

National Civil Defence College, Nagpur

Editorial

Mr. G.S. Saini (V.S.M), Director, NCDC, NagpurMr. Florian Bemmerlein-Lux (ifanos concept & planning, Germany)Dr. Sandhya Chatterji (ifanos concept & planning, India)

Technical support

Mr. Sunil SawarkarMr. Shrikant Kinhikar

Photos and graphs by

Sources of material used, if no other reference provided: http://www.ficci.com/SEDocument/20186/IndiaRiskSurvey2012.pdf, http://www.bis.org.in/sf/nbc.htm, http://edudel.nic.in/welcome_folder/national_building_code_dt_210509.pdf

Design and Printing

Rouge Communications, New Delhi, November, 2012

Disclaimer

Though all care has been taken while researching and compiling the contents provided in this booklet, the National Civil Defence College and the Deutsche Gesellschaft für internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH accept no liability for its correctness.

The reader is advised to confirm specifications and health hazards described in the booklet before taking any steps, suitability of action requires verifications through other sources also.

Information provided here does not constitute an endorsement or recommendation.

Imprint

(i)

Since 2011, GIZ has been collaborating with the National Civil

Defence College, Nagpur for implementing the “Civil Defence

and Disaster Risk Management” (CD-DRM) project, aimed at

strengthening capacity building initiatives in Civil Defence. The

focus of the programme is on risk reduction for disasters

caused by natural hazards such as floods, cyclones, drought,

or manmade disasters caused by industry. The design and

development of training tools such as an internet based

training and knowledge management system and blended

learning training methodology and the development of training

materials are important activities under this project.

It gives me great pleasure to introduce this training module to

accompany the hands-on training course for trainers and

volunteers. The module will help the development of

knowledge and skills in specific thematic areas to reduce the

risk of disasters.

I take this opportunity to express appreciation for the

commitment of Director of the National Civil Defence College,

the Director General of Civil Defence, Ministry of Home Affairs,

Government of India, New Delhi, and ifanos Germany and

ifanos India who extended their support and cooperation to

this effort. I wish that such modules are used extensively by all

stakeholders across the country.

Guiding word

Dr. Dieter Mutz

Director

GIZ-IGEP

Delhi, September 2012

(ii)

The Civil Defence Organisation in India has been a

governmental programme building resilience of individuals and

communities, in order to increase survivability during extreme

event. Recently, the Government of India had amended the Civil

Defence Act, 1968 to include measures relating to disaster

management in the overall operational capabilities of the Civil

Defence Organisation. In view of this, a review of the local and

state level training modules was conducted by NCDC and

upgraded modules prepared.

NCDC believes that “Strong and Resilient Society” within the

nation can only be possible through volunteer activity, that

comes together to serve the Country and its people to overcome

catastrophic impact's from disasters. The NCDC has developed

training modules to include the survival skill oriented programs

so as to sustain higher recovery rate after disaster. The training

modules deal with essential task to be performed during and

after disaster and provide the necessary force level to the district

administration in the form of back up volunteers from the

community.

The module on Elementary Fire Safety covers a range of

precautionary steps that are necessary for each individual and

the community. It also guides common people to undertake

volunteer action that can increase their survival during fire.

Preface

Objective of the module:

¢ To know and understand principles of

combustion

¢ To know and understand concept of

Fire Prevention

¢ How to use of fire extinguishers

¢ To know techniques of fighting

different fires

¢ To know care & maintenance of fire

fighting equipment

¢ How to take or give relief and recovery

measures

¢ To know various types of knots and

lashings

Main target group:

¢ For Civil Defence and Home Guards

Trainers

¢ Paramilitary Forces /NDRF

¢ NGOs and CBOs

¢ Response Staff

¢ Trainers

(iii)

Mr. G.S.Saini (V.S.M.)

Director

NCDC

Nagpur, September 2012

(iv)

The Civil Defence Organisation in India has been a

governmental programme building resilience of individuals and

communities, in order to increase survivability during extreme

event. Recently, the Government of India had amended the Civil

Defence Act, 1968 to include measures relating to disaster

management in the overall operational capabilities of the Civil

Defence Organisation. In view of this, a review of the local and

state level training modules was conducted by NCDC and

upgraded modules prepared.

NCDC believes that “Strong and Resilient Society” within the

nation can only be possible through volunteer activity, that

comes together to serve the Country and its people to overcome

catastrophic impact's from disasters. The NCDC has developed

training modules to include the survival skill oriented programs

so as to sustain higher recovery rate after disaster. The training

modules deal with essential task to be performed during and

after disaster and provide the necessary force level to the district

administration in the form of back up volunteers from the

community.

The module on Elementary Fire Safety covers a range of

precautionary steps that are necessary for each individual and

the community. It also guides common people to undertake

volunteer action that can increase their survival during fire.

Preface

Objective of the module:

¢ To know and understand principles of

combustion

¢ To know and understand concept of

Fire Prevention

¢ How to use of fire extinguishers

¢ To know techniques of fighting

different fires

¢ To know care & maintenance of fire

fighting equipment

¢ How to take or give relief and recovery

measures

¢ To know various types of knots and

lashings

Main target group:

¢ For Civil Defence and Home Guards

Trainers

¢ Paramilitary Forces /NDRF

¢ NGOs and CBOs

¢ Response Staff

¢ Trainers

(iii)

Mr. G.S.Saini (V.S.M.)

Director

NCDC

Nagpur, September 2012

(iv)

1 Introduction 01

2 Composition of Fire 03

2.1 Classification of fire 05

2.2 Safety labels for fire risk materials 05

2.3 Modes of fire spread 07

2.4 Fire extinction principles 08

3 What are the Hazards to Human Life in a Fire? 09

3.1 5 Step fire risk assessment 10

4 Fire Prevention and Control 11

4.1 Fire prevention at home 14

4.2 For public premises 15

4.3 Facilitate evacuation 15

5 What to do if a Fire Breaks Out? 17

5.1 Escaping through smoke 17

5.2 What to do if you get trapped in a fire 17

5.3 What to do if your clothing catches fire 18

6 Operation of Fire Extinguisher and Other Devices 19

6.1 Handling the fire extinguisher 19

6.2 Types of extinguishers 19

Contents

(v)

6.3 Fire sprinkler 22

6.4 Fire blanket 22

7 Search a Smoke-filled Room for Trapped Persons 23

8 Emergency Methods of Rescue 25

9 Summary 29

10 Glossary and Acronyms 31

11 Background Reading Material 33

12 Bibliography 35

13 About NCDC 36

14 About GIZ 37

15 About the Indo-German Environment Partnership (IGEP) 38programme of GIZ

16 About the Ministry of Home Affairs 39

17 About the Directorate General of Civil Defence 40

18 List of the Modules 41

(vi)

1 Introduction 01

2 Composition of Fire 03

2.1 Classification of fire 05

2.2 Safety labels for fire risk materials 05

2.3 Modes of fire spread 07

2.4 Fire extinction principles 08

3 What are the Hazards to Human Life in a Fire? 09

3.1 5 Step fire risk assessment 10

4 Fire Prevention and Control 11

4.1 Fire prevention at home 14

4.2 For public premises 15

4.3 Facilitate evacuation 15

5 What to do if a Fire Breaks Out? 17

5.1 Escaping through smoke 17

5.2 What to do if you get trapped in a fire 17

5.3 What to do if your clothing catches fire 18

6 Operation of Fire Extinguisher and Other Devices 19

6.1 Handling the fire extinguisher 19

6.2 Types of extinguishers 19

Contents

(v)

6.3 Fire sprinkler 22

6.4 Fire blanket 22

7 Search a Smoke-filled Room for Trapped Persons 23

8 Emergency Methods of Rescue 25

9 Summary 29

10 Glossary and Acronyms 31

11 Background Reading Material 33

12 Bibliography 35

13 About NCDC 36

14 About GIZ 37

15 About the Indo-German Environment Partnership (IGEP) 38programme of GIZ

16 About the Ministry of Home Affairs 39

17 About the Directorate General of Civil Defence 40

18 List of the Modules 41

(vi)

Introduction

Fire has been and is one of the oldest risks faced by us. Fire is

the 3rd highest risk all-over India in terms of causing damage

and is perceived as being the cause of maximum risk all over

the world as seen from the list of major risks, much has been

done to control fire but it still continues to be the most

destructive threat to life and property. Often awareness on fire

safety is lacking or safety norms are not given enough

importance. Fire hazards are a common threat to

establishments across sectors and regions and investigations

have revealed that in most cases fire occurred due to sheer

negligence. Since Independence, India has lost several lives and

property worth billions in fire related incidents.

Fires might be a primary or secondary disaster. Such disasters

can be avoided if proper fire safety practices are observed. Fires

can cause major disasters and loss of lives in buildings such as

offices, hotels, shopping centres, hospitals, school and homes.

There are many recent incidents when public establishments

such as hospitals, commercial houses and high rise buildings

have been found flouting fire safety norms even though the

authorities have highlighted risk of fire in buildings. Following a

major fire accident in Kolkata's AMRI hospital in 2011, fire

authorities conducted audits in many hospitals across the

country. Fire safety audit of several major hospitals in Delhi and

Mumbai revealed that more than half of the hospitals lack fire

prevention measures. Incase of high-rise buildings, the scenario

isequally bad. In February 2012, the fire department in

01 Elementary Fire Safety 02Introduction

Mumbai had issued notices toas many as 383 high-rise buildings for not complying with fire safety

regulations. Several high-rise buildings, approximately 60 % in Gurgaon, have not renewed their no-objection

certificate from the fire department. In Jaipur, a tourist hub, more than 90 % of the high-rise buildings have

less than adequate firefighting measures. It has often been found that most of the buildings do not adhere to

fire prevention measures as described under the National Building Code of India nor do they care about getting

no-objection certificates from concerned authorities, as it does not entail any major penalty.

(From: http://www.ficci.com/SEDocument/20186/IndiaRiskSurvey2012.pdf)

The best prevention is to eliminate fire hazards. Therefore, as a responsible citizen, you need to know what fire

hazards are and what you should do to remove them from your home or work place.1

Introduction

Fire has been and is one of the oldest risks faced by us. Fire is

the 3rd highest risk all-over India in terms of causing damage

and is perceived as being the cause of maximum risk all over

the world as seen from the list of major risks, much has been

done to control fire but it still continues to be the most

destructive threat to life and property. Often awareness on fire

safety is lacking or safety norms are not given enough

importance. Fire hazards are a common threat to

establishments across sectors and regions and investigations

have revealed that in most cases fire occurred due to sheer

negligence. Since Independence, India has lost several lives and

property worth billions in fire related incidents.

Fires might be a primary or secondary disaster. Such disasters

can be avoided if proper fire safety practices are observed. Fires

can cause major disasters and loss of lives in buildings such as

offices, hotels, shopping centres, hospitals, school and homes.

There are many recent incidents when public establishments

such as hospitals, commercial houses and high rise buildings

have been found flouting fire safety norms even though the

authorities have highlighted risk of fire in buildings. Following a

major fire accident in Kolkata's AMRI hospital in 2011, fire

authorities conducted audits in many hospitals across the

country. Fire safety audit of several major hospitals in Delhi and

Mumbai revealed that more than half of the hospitals lack fire

prevention measures. Incase of high-rise buildings, the scenario

isequally bad. In February 2012, the fire department in

01 Elementary Fire Safety 02Introduction

Mumbai had issued notices toas many as 383 high-rise buildings for not complying with fire safety

regulations. Several high-rise buildings, approximately 60 % in Gurgaon, have not renewed their no-objection

certificate from the fire department. In Jaipur, a tourist hub, more than 90 % of the high-rise buildings have

less than adequate firefighting measures. It has often been found that most of the buildings do not adhere to

fire prevention measures as described under the National Building Code of India nor do they care about getting

no-objection certificates from concerned authorities, as it does not entail any major penalty.

(From: http://www.ficci.com/SEDocument/20186/IndiaRiskSurvey2012.pdf)

The best prevention is to eliminate fire hazards. Therefore, as a responsible citizen, you need to know what fire

hazards are and what you should do to remove them from your home or work place.1

Compositionof Fire

When light and/or a flame is produced

during combustion, it is called 'fire'.

A combustible substance (fuel) must be heated to certain

temperature before it can burn.

The following three elements are essential for combustion and

the continuation of a fire and must be present at the same time

and place.

03 Elementary Fire Safety

Common causes of fire

¢ Arson

¢ Discarded cigarettes and matches

¢ Faulty plant & equipment

¢ Flammable liquids & materials storage & use

¢ Hot processes

¢ Heating appliances

¢ Combustible wastes

04Composition of Fire

Heat: Sufficient heat to raise the temperature of the fuel to its burning point (ignition temperature). Without

sufficient heat, a fire cannot begin, and it cannot continue. Heat can be removed by the application of a

substance which reduces the amount of heat available to the fire reaction. This is often water, which requires

heat for phase change from water to steam. Introducing sufficient quantities and types of powder or gas in the

flame reduces the amount of heat available for the fire reaction in the same manner. Scraping embers from a

burning structure also removes the heat source. Turning off the electricity in an electrical fire removes the

ignition source.

Fuel: Combustible or burnable material (solid, liquid or gas). Without fuel, a fire will stop. Fuel can be removed

naturally as where the fire has consumed all the burnable fuel, or manually, by mechanically or chemically

removing the fuel from the fire. Fuel separation is an important factor in wild-land fire suppression, and is the

basis for most major tactics, such as controlled burns. The fire stops because a lower concentration of fuel

vapour in the flame leads to a decrease in energy release and a lower temperature. Removing the fuel thereby

decreases the heat.

Oxygen: Without sufficient oxygen, a fire cannot begin, and it cannot continue. With a decreased oxygen

concentration, the combustion process slows. In most cases, there is plenty of air left when the fire goes out so

this is commonly not a major factor.

Chain reaction: The fire tetrahedron represents the addition of the chemical chain reaction as a new

component to the three already present in the fire triangle.

Once a fire has started, the resulting exothermic chain reaction

sustains the fire and allows it to continue until or unless at least

one of the elements of the fire is blocked:

¢ Foam can be used to deny the fire the oxygen it needs.

¢ Water can be used to lower the temperature of the fuel below

the ignition point or to remove or disperse the fuel.

¢ Halon can be used to remove free radicals and create a

barrier of inert gas in a direct attack on the chemical reaction

responsible for the fire.

Combustion is the chemical reaction that feeds a fire more heat

and allows it to continue. When the fire involves burning metals, it becomes even more important to consider

2

Oxyg

en

Heat

Fuel

Fig. 1: Fire triangle

Compositionof Fire

When light and/or a flame is produced

during combustion, it is called 'fire'.

A combustible substance (fuel) must be heated to certain

temperature before it can burn.

The following three elements are essential for combustion and

the continuation of a fire and must be present at the same time

and place.

03 Elementary Fire Safety

Common causes of fire

¢ Arson

¢ Discarded cigarettes and matches

¢ Faulty plant & equipment

¢ Flammable liquids & materials storage & use

¢ Hot processes

¢ Heating appliances

¢ Combustible wastes

04Composition of Fire

Heat: Sufficient heat to raise the temperature of the fuel to its burning point (ignition temperature). Without

sufficient heat, a fire cannot begin, and it cannot continue. Heat can be removed by the application of a

substance which reduces the amount of heat available to the fire reaction. This is often water, which requires

heat for phase change from water to steam. Introducing sufficient quantities and types of powder or gas in the

flame reduces the amount of heat available for the fire reaction in the same manner. Scraping embers from a

burning structure also removes the heat source. Turning off the electricity in an electrical fire removes the

ignition source.

Fuel: Combustible or burnable material (solid, liquid or gas). Without fuel, a fire will stop. Fuel can be removed

naturally as where the fire has consumed all the burnable fuel, or manually, by mechanically or chemically

removing the fuel from the fire. Fuel separation is an important factor in wild-land fire suppression, and is the

basis for most major tactics, such as controlled burns. The fire stops because a lower concentration of fuel

vapour in the flame leads to a decrease in energy release and a lower temperature. Removing the fuel thereby

decreases the heat.

Oxygen: Without sufficient oxygen, a fire cannot begin, and it cannot continue. With a decreased oxygen

concentration, the combustion process slows. In most cases, there is plenty of air left when the fire goes out so

this is commonly not a major factor.

Chain reaction: The fire tetrahedron represents the addition of the chemical chain reaction as a new

component to the three already present in the fire triangle.

Once a fire has started, the resulting exothermic chain reaction

sustains the fire and allows it to continue until or unless at least

one of the elements of the fire is blocked:

¢ Foam can be used to deny the fire the oxygen it needs.

¢ Water can be used to lower the temperature of the fuel below

the ignition point or to remove or disperse the fuel.

¢ Halon can be used to remove free radicals and create a

barrier of inert gas in a direct attack on the chemical reaction

responsible for the fire.

Combustion is the chemical reaction that feeds a fire more heat

and allows it to continue. When the fire involves burning metals, it becomes even more important to consider

2

Oxyg

en

Heat

Fuel

Fig. 1: Fire triangle

the energy released. Metals react faster with water than with oxygen and thereby more energy is released.

Putting water on such a fire will make it get hotter or even can lead to an explosion.

Carbon dioxide extinguishers are ineffective against certain metals. Therefore, inert agents (e.g. dry sand) must

be used to break the chain reaction of metallic combustion.

The principle is the same, as soon as we remove one out of the 3 elements of the triangle, combustion stops.

2.1 Classification of fire

¢ Class ‘A’: Fire involving ordinary carbonaceous materials, such as paper, wood, textile etc.

¢ Class ‘B’: Fire involving flammable liquid such as petrol, alcohol, kerosene, diesel etc.

¢ Class ‘C’: Fire involving inflammable gas, such as coal gas, hydrogen, methane, acetylene, L.P.G. etc.

¢ Class ‘D’: Fire involving metal such as aluminium, magnesium, copper, zinc, uranium etc.

2.2 Safety labels for fire risk materials

05 Elementary Fire Safety

Fig. 3: Safety labels

The National Building Code of India (NBC) is a single document in which, like a network, the information

contained in various Indian Standards in woven into a pattern of continuity and cogency, with the independent

requirements of its different chapters carefully analysed and fitted to make the whole document a cogent

continuous volume. A continuous thread of ‘preplanning’ is woven which, in itself, contributes considerably to

safety in the construction of buildings and thereafter in safety of building and its occupants during it use.

NBC 2005 gives a comprehensive treatment to the requirement for health, hygiene and safety aspects.

However, a well-defined system of implementation of such provisions can only ensure that safety is given its

due place right from conceptualization till completion of building project and thereafter during the occupancy

life cycle of the constructed/occupied building. NBC 2005, therefore, in its part 2 Administration gives

administrative aspects of the Code, such as applicability of the Code, organization of building department for

enforcement of the Code, procedure for obtaining development and building permits, role and responsibilities

of the professional and the owner, etc. Apart from other provisions, it provides for submission of the following

information required for sanction of the building plans of all high rise buildings like educational, assembly, 2institutional, industrial, storage, hazardous and mixed occupancies having covered area of more than 500 m :

¢ Access to fire appliances/vehicles with details of vehicular turning circle and clear motor able access way

around the building.

¢ Size (width) of main and alternative staircase along with balcony approach corridor, ventilated lobby

approach.

¢ Location and details of lift enclosures.

¢ Location and size of fire lift.

¢ Smoke stop lobby/door, where provided.

¢ Refuse chutes, refuse chamber, service duct, etc.

¢ Vehicular parking space.

¢ Refuse area, if any.

¢ Details of building services-Air conditioning system with position of fire dumpers, mechanical ventilation

system, electrical services, boilers, gas pipes, etc.

¢ Details of exits including provision of ramps, etc. for hospitals and special risks.

¢ Location of generator, transformer and switchgear room.

¢ Smoke exhauster system, if any.

06

Flammable solid Flammable liquid

Flammable gas Oxidizing agentOXIDIZING AGENT

5.1

Composition of Fire

the energy released. Metals react faster with water than with oxygen and thereby more energy is released.

Putting water on such a fire will make it get hotter or even can lead to an explosion.

Carbon dioxide extinguishers are ineffective against certain metals. Therefore, inert agents (e.g. dry sand) must

be used to break the chain reaction of metallic combustion.

The principle is the same, as soon as we remove one out of the 3 elements of the triangle, combustion stops.

2.1 Classification of fire

¢ Class ‘A’: Fire involving ordinary carbonaceous materials, such as paper, wood, textile etc.

¢ Class ‘B’: Fire involving flammable liquid such as petrol, alcohol, kerosene, diesel etc.

¢ Class ‘C’: Fire involving inflammable gas, such as coal gas, hydrogen, methane, acetylene, L.P.G. etc.

¢ Class ‘D’: Fire involving metal such as aluminium, magnesium, copper, zinc, uranium etc.

2.2 Safety labels for fire risk materials

05 Elementary Fire Safety

Fig. 3: Safety labels

The National Building Code of India (NBC) is a single document in which, like a network, the information

contained in various Indian Standards in woven into a pattern of continuity and cogency, with the independent

requirements of its different chapters carefully analysed and fitted to make the whole document a cogent

continuous volume. A continuous thread of ‘preplanning’ is woven which, in itself, contributes considerably to

safety in the construction of buildings and thereafter in safety of building and its occupants during it use.

NBC 2005 gives a comprehensive treatment to the requirement for health, hygiene and safety aspects.

However, a well-defined system of implementation of such provisions can only ensure that safety is given its

due place right from conceptualization till completion of building project and thereafter during the occupancy

life cycle of the constructed/occupied building. NBC 2005, therefore, in its part 2 Administration gives

administrative aspects of the Code, such as applicability of the Code, organization of building department for

enforcement of the Code, procedure for obtaining development and building permits, role and responsibilities

of the professional and the owner, etc. Apart from other provisions, it provides for submission of the following

information required for sanction of the building plans of all high rise buildings like educational, assembly, 2institutional, industrial, storage, hazardous and mixed occupancies having covered area of more than 500 m :

¢ Access to fire appliances/vehicles with details of vehicular turning circle and clear motor able access way

around the building.

¢ Size (width) of main and alternative staircase along with balcony approach corridor, ventilated lobby

approach.

¢ Location and details of lift enclosures.

¢ Location and size of fire lift.

¢ Smoke stop lobby/door, where provided.

¢ Refuse chutes, refuse chamber, service duct, etc.

¢ Vehicular parking space.

¢ Refuse area, if any.

¢ Details of building services-Air conditioning system with position of fire dumpers, mechanical ventilation

system, electrical services, boilers, gas pipes, etc.

¢ Details of exits including provision of ramps, etc. for hospitals and special risks.

¢ Location of generator, transformer and switchgear room.

¢ Smoke exhauster system, if any.

06

Flammable solid Flammable liquid

Flammable gas Oxidizing agentOXIDIZING AGENT

5.1

Composition of Fire

¢ Details of fire alarm system network.

¢ Location of centralized control, connecting all fire alarm systems, built-in-fire protection arrangements and

public address system, etc.

¢ Location and dimensions of static water storage tank and pump room along with fire service inlets for

mobile pump and water storage tank.

¢ Location details of fixed fire protection installations such as sprinklers, wet risers, hose-reels, drenchers,

etc.

¢ Location details of first-aid fire fighting equipment/installations.

(From: NBC 2005 – Annexure - A)

2.3 Modes of fire spread

It has been recognized that fire spreads by transmission of heat in one or any combination of the following four

ways:

Many materials which will not burn easily themselves such as metals can absorb heat

readily and transmit it to other rooms by conduction, where it can set fire to combustible items that are in

contact with the heated material. In order to prevent this either the fire is to be extinguished or conducting

material is to be removed or cooled.

When fire starts in an enclosed space such as a building, the smoke rising from the fire

becomes trapped by the ceiling and then spreads in all directions to form an ever-deepening layer over the

entire room space. The smoke will pass through any holes or gaps in the walls, ceiling and floor into other

parts of the building. The heat from the fire gets trapped in the building and the temperature rises. E.g.

fire spreading in top floor of a closely built up urban locality, while there is no fire on the ground or the

middle floors of the same building. The best method for prevention and management this is to remove or

cool the combustible material. These fires call for professional help of the fire services.

The transmission of heat from the source of fire, without heating the midway media, e.g. air, is

called radiation. This can be experimented by placing a piece of paper in front of a fire in a grate where

the hot gases are going up the chimney, the paper will char. The effects of radiant heat can be countered

by forming a “Water Curtain” between the burning building and the object to be protected or alternatively

the combustible material or the object may be removed or cooled.

1. Conduction:

2. Convection:

3. Radiation:

07 Elementary Fire Safety

4. Direct burning:

1. Starvation:

2. Cooling:

3. Smothering:

This is self-explanatory. Direct burning is often due to a combination of the above two or

three factors viz. conduction, convention and radiation. Most fires spread because of direct burning. It

may be necessary to seek professional advice about the structures in regard to their susceptibility to direct

fire.

2.4 Fire extinction principles

Fire fighting revolves around the principle to remove one or more element of the fire triangle.

This implies removal of the fuel and can achieved by

a. Segregation of fire and unburned fuel by removing either of them e.g. removing unburned

combustible materials from a room on fire, switching off fuel supply and shutting down the

engine/machine.

b. Sub-division of a large fire into several smaller ones to prevent the radiated heat from the

setting alight combustible material at some distance

Cooling implies removal of heat to lower the temperature of burning material to point below its

ignition point. This is usually done with water. When water is applied to a burning material, it absorbs

heat, becomes hot and flows away from the fire or is converted into steam. The burning substance loses

the heat which is absorbed by water and, if the application of water is continued its temperature be

brought down below its ignition temperature and fire is extinguished.

‘Smothering’ means restricting the supply of oxygen (air). This is also called ‘blanketing’ and

is done by sealing off the burning material through covering it with sand/dry earth/foam or by creating an

atmosphere over the fire that is heavier than air usually by using an inert gas such as CO .2

08Composition of Fire

¢ Details of fire alarm system network.

¢ Location of centralized control, connecting all fire alarm systems, built-in-fire protection arrangements and

public address system, etc.

¢ Location and dimensions of static water storage tank and pump room along with fire service inlets for

mobile pump and water storage tank.

¢ Location details of fixed fire protection installations such as sprinklers, wet risers, hose-reels, drenchers,

etc.

¢ Location details of first-aid fire fighting equipment/installations.

(From: NBC 2005 – Annexure - A)

2.3 Modes of fire spread

It has been recognized that fire spreads by transmission of heat in one or any combination of the following four

ways:

Many materials which will not burn easily themselves such as metals can absorb heat

readily and transmit it to other rooms by conduction, where it can set fire to combustible items that are in

contact with the heated material. In order to prevent this either the fire is to be extinguished or conducting

material is to be removed or cooled.

When fire starts in an enclosed space such as a building, the smoke rising from the fire

becomes trapped by the ceiling and then spreads in all directions to form an ever-deepening layer over the

entire room space. The smoke will pass through any holes or gaps in the walls, ceiling and floor into other

parts of the building. The heat from the fire gets trapped in the building and the temperature rises. E.g.

fire spreading in top floor of a closely built up urban locality, while there is no fire on the ground or the

middle floors of the same building. The best method for prevention and management this is to remove or

cool the combustible material. These fires call for professional help of the fire services.

The transmission of heat from the source of fire, without heating the midway media, e.g. air, is

called radiation. This can be experimented by placing a piece of paper in front of a fire in a grate where

the hot gases are going up the chimney, the paper will char. The effects of radiant heat can be countered

by forming a “Water Curtain” between the burning building and the object to be protected or alternatively

the combustible material or the object may be removed or cooled.

1. Conduction:

2. Convection:

3. Radiation:

07 Elementary Fire Safety

4. Direct burning:

1. Starvation:

2. Cooling:

3. Smothering:

This is self-explanatory. Direct burning is often due to a combination of the above two or

three factors viz. conduction, convention and radiation. Most fires spread because of direct burning. It

may be necessary to seek professional advice about the structures in regard to their susceptibility to direct

fire.

2.4 Fire extinction principles

Fire fighting revolves around the principle to remove one or more element of the fire triangle.

This implies removal of the fuel and can achieved by

a. Segregation of fire and unburned fuel by removing either of them e.g. removing unburned

combustible materials from a room on fire, switching off fuel supply and shutting down the

engine/machine.

b. Sub-division of a large fire into several smaller ones to prevent the radiated heat from the

setting alight combustible material at some distance

Cooling implies removal of heat to lower the temperature of burning material to point below its

ignition point. This is usually done with water. When water is applied to a burning material, it absorbs

heat, becomes hot and flows away from the fire or is converted into steam. The burning substance loses

the heat which is absorbed by water and, if the application of water is continued its temperature be

brought down below its ignition temperature and fire is extinguished.

‘Smothering’ means restricting the supply of oxygen (air). This is also called ‘blanketing’ and

is done by sealing off the burning material through covering it with sand/dry earth/foam or by creating an

atmosphere over the fire that is heavier than air usually by using an inert gas such as CO .2

08Composition of Fire

What are theHazards toHuman Lifein a Fire?

What are the hazards to human life in a fire?

¢ Physical hazards

} Trauma

} Injuries due to serious physical injury burns

} Walls, ceiling and floors collapse abruptly

} Flash overs or explosive eruptions of flame in a confined

space

} Ignition of flammable gas products

¢ Thermal hazards

} Heat stress from hot air, radiant heat contact with hot

surfaces or endogenous heat

} Injury in the form of burns

} Risk of dehydration

} Heat stroke

} Cardiovascular collapse

} Skin changes characteristic of prolonged exposure to heat

¢ Chemical hazards

} Exposure to smoke

} Hypoxia (insufficient of oxygen)

} Loss of physical performance

} Confusion and inability to escape

} Abrupt inhalation due to exposed of carbon monoxide

(CO), hydrogen cyanide, nitrogen dioxide, sulphurdioxide,

hydrogen chloride, organic compound like benzene

09 Elementary Fire Safety

¢ Psychological hazards

} Degree of immediate anxiety

} Psychological stress

¢ Health risk

} Acute hazards like thermal injury and smoke inhalation

} Chronic health effects

3.1 5 Step Fire risk assessment

Step 1 – Identify fire hazards-

Sources of ignition, Inflammable storage material, Electrical supply

Step 2 – Decide who could be harmed

Step 3 – Evaluate the risks and decide whether existing precautions are adequatePreventing spread of fire, reducing ignition sources & fuels, limiting fire's access to oxygen

fire detection & alarm systems, means of escape, fire lighting measures, maintenance & testing, fire procedures & training, disabled people, security

Step 4 – Record findings & actions

Step 5 – Review and Revise

Source from: http://www.healthandsafetytips.co.uk/Downloads_Pages/Fire_Safety.htm (PPP by Terry Robson]

10What are the Hazards to Human Life in a Fire?

3

What are theHazards toHuman Lifein a Fire?

What are the hazards to human life in a fire?

¢ Physical hazards

} Trauma

} Injuries due to serious physical injury burns

} Walls, ceiling and floors collapse abruptly

} Flash overs or explosive eruptions of flame in a confined

space

} Ignition of flammable gas products

¢ Thermal hazards

} Heat stress from hot air, radiant heat contact with hot

surfaces or endogenous heat

} Injury in the form of burns

} Risk of dehydration

} Heat stroke

} Cardiovascular collapse

} Skin changes characteristic of prolonged exposure to heat

¢ Chemical hazards

} Exposure to smoke

} Hypoxia (insufficient of oxygen)

} Loss of physical performance

} Confusion and inability to escape

} Abrupt inhalation due to exposed of carbon monoxide

(CO), hydrogen cyanide, nitrogen dioxide, sulphurdioxide,

hydrogen chloride, organic compound like benzene

09 Elementary Fire Safety

¢ Psychological hazards

} Degree of immediate anxiety

} Psychological stress

¢ Health risk

} Acute hazards like thermal injury and smoke inhalation

} Chronic health effects

3.1 5 Step Fire risk assessment

Step 1 – Identify fire hazards-

Sources of ignition, Inflammable storage material, Electrical supply

Step 2 – Decide who could be harmed

Step 3 – Evaluate the risks and decide whether existing precautions are adequatePreventing spread of fire, reducing ignition sources & fuels, limiting fire's access to oxygen

fire detection & alarm systems, means of escape, fire lighting measures, maintenance & testing, fire procedures & training, disabled people, security

Step 4 – Record findings & actions

Step 5 – Review and Revise

Source from: http://www.healthandsafetytips.co.uk/Downloads_Pages/Fire_Safety.htm (PPP by Terry Robson]

10What are the Hazards to Human Life in a Fire?

3

Fire Preventionand Control

4In fire prevention and control, NBC has been divided into the

following broad clauses:

¢ Fire prevention

¢ Life safety

¢ Fire protection

Fire prevention:

For the purpose of fire safety provisions/requirements, the

building have been classified as follows, which have been

further classified

¢ Residential (Group A)

¢ Educational (Group B)

¢ Institutional (Group C)

¢ Assembly (Group D)

¢ Business (Group E)

¢ Mercantile (Group F)

¢ Industrial (Group G)

¢ Storage (Group H)

¢ Hazardous (Group I)

11 Elementary Fire Safety

Some of general features of fire prevention requirements in NBC 2005 are as follows.

Type of Construction: The design of any building code and the type of materials used in its construction are

important factors in making the building resistant to a complete burn out and in preventing the rapid spread of

fire, smoke or fumes, which may otherwise contribute to the loss of lives and property.

¢ As per NBC 2005, a building of height 15 m or more has been classified as high rise building.

¢ For high rise buildings non-combustible materials should be used for contribution and the internal walls of

staircase enclosure should be a minimum of 2 h rating (hrs of fire resistance rating).

¢ A building or portion of the building may be occupied during construction, repairs, alterations or additions

only if all means of exit and fire protection measures are in place and continuously maintained for the

occupied part of the building.

¢ A high rise building during construction shall be provided with the following fire protection measures,

which shall be maintained in good working condition at all the times:

} Dry riser of minimum 100 mm diameter pipe with hydrant outlets on the floors constructed with a fire

service inlet.

} Drums filled with water of 2000 litres capacity with two fire buckets on each floor.

} A water storage tank of minimum 20,000 litres capacity, which may be used for other construction

purposes also.

¢ The finishing materials used for various surfaces and decor shall be such that it shall not generate toxic

smoke/fumes.

¢ Smoke venting facilities for safe use of exits in windowless buildings, underground structures, large area

factories, hotels and assembly buildings (including cinema halls) shall be automatic in action with manual

controls in addition.

Life safety:

Every building shall be so constructed equipped, maintained and operated as to avoid undue danger to the life

and safety of the occupants from the fire, smoke, fumes or panic during the time period necessary for escape.

12Fire Prevention and Control

Fire Preventionand Control

4In fire prevention and control, NBC has been divided into the

following broad clauses:

¢ Fire prevention

¢ Life safety

¢ Fire protection

Fire prevention:

For the purpose of fire safety provisions/requirements, the

building have been classified as follows, which have been

further classified

¢ Residential (Group A)

¢ Educational (Group B)

¢ Institutional (Group C)

¢ Assembly (Group D)

¢ Business (Group E)

¢ Mercantile (Group F)

¢ Industrial (Group G)

¢ Storage (Group H)

¢ Hazardous (Group I)

11 Elementary Fire Safety

Some of general features of fire prevention requirements in NBC 2005 are as follows.

Type of Construction: The design of any building code and the type of materials used in its construction are

important factors in making the building resistant to a complete burn out and in preventing the rapid spread of

fire, smoke or fumes, which may otherwise contribute to the loss of lives and property.

¢ As per NBC 2005, a building of height 15 m or more has been classified as high rise building.

¢ For high rise buildings non-combustible materials should be used for contribution and the internal walls of

staircase enclosure should be a minimum of 2 h rating (hrs of fire resistance rating).

¢ A building or portion of the building may be occupied during construction, repairs, alterations or additions

only if all means of exit and fire protection measures are in place and continuously maintained for the

occupied part of the building.

¢ A high rise building during construction shall be provided with the following fire protection measures,

which shall be maintained in good working condition at all the times:

} Dry riser of minimum 100 mm diameter pipe with hydrant outlets on the floors constructed with a fire

service inlet.

} Drums filled with water of 2000 litres capacity with two fire buckets on each floor.

} A water storage tank of minimum 20,000 litres capacity, which may be used for other construction

purposes also.

¢ The finishing materials used for various surfaces and decor shall be such that it shall not generate toxic

smoke/fumes.

¢ Smoke venting facilities for safe use of exits in windowless buildings, underground structures, large area

factories, hotels and assembly buildings (including cinema halls) shall be automatic in action with manual

controls in addition.

Life safety:

Every building shall be so constructed equipped, maintained and operated as to avoid undue danger to the life

and safety of the occupants from the fire, smoke, fumes or panic during the time period necessary for escape.

12Fire Prevention and Control

Some general features and Life Safety requirements are as follows:

¢ An exit may be a doorway; corridor; passageway(s) to an internal staircase or external staircase.

¢ Every exit, exit access or exit discharge shall be continuously maintained free of all obstruction or

impediments to full use in the case of fire or other emergency.

¢ Every building meant for human occupancy shall be provided with exists sufficient to permit safe escape of

occupants.

¢ Exits shall be clearly visible and the route to reach exists shall be clearly marked and signs posted to guide

the occupants of the floor concerned.

¢ To prevent spread of the fire smoke, fire door with 2 h (hrs of fire resistance rating) shall be provided at

appropriate places along the escape route.

¢ All exits shall provide continuous means of egress to the exterior of a building.

¢ Exits shall be so arranged that they may be reached without passing through another occupied unit.

¢ Minimum width shall be provided for staircases.

} Residential buildings (dwellings) 1.0 m.

} Residential hotel buildings 1.5 m.

} Assembly buildings like auditorium, theatres and cinemas 2.0 m.

} Educations buildings up to 30 m in height 1.5 m.

} Institutional buildings like hospitals 2.0 m.

} All other buildings 1.5 m.

Fire protection:

All buildings depending upon the occupancy use and height shall be protected by fire extinguishers, wet riser,

down-comer, automatic sprinkler installation, high/medium velocity water spray, foam, gaseous or dry powder

system.

A satisfactory supply of water for the purpose of fire fighting shall always be available in the form of

underground/terrace level static storage tank with capacity specified for each building with arrangements or

replenishment by mains of alternative source of supply at the rate of 1000 litres per minute for underground

13 Elementary Fire Safety

static tank. When this is not practicable, the capacity of static storage tank(s) shall be increased

proportionately in consultation with the local fire brigade.

Automatic sprinklers shall be installed in

2¢ Basements used as car parks or storage occupancy, if area exceeds 200 m .

¢ Multilevel basements, covered upper floors used as car parks and for housing essential services ancillary to

a particular occupancy, excluding area to be used for substation, A.C. plant and DG set.

2 ¢ Any room or other compartment of a building exceeding 125 m in area.

2¢ Departmental stores or shops, if the aggregate covered area exceeds 500 m .

¢ Go-downs and warehouses, as considered necessary.

¢ Dressing room, scenery docks, stages and stage basements of theatres.

¢ In hotels, hospitals, industries low and moderate hazard mercantile buildings of height 15 m or above.

(Taken from Part 4, annexure B of NBC)

4.1 Fire prevention at home

¢ Don’t leave cooking unattended. Turn off all cooking appliances and unplug them when not in use.

¢ Dress appropriately when cooking. Avoid clothes with long loose sleeves when working near heat sources.

¢ Don’t overload electric outlets.

¢ Check the condition of the wiring (electrical appliances and decorative lights etc.) Frayed or cracked cords

should be repaired by licensed technicians.

¢ Don’t throw smouldering charcoal and charcoal and embers into rubbish chutes without extinguishing them

first.

¢ Keep the stove top clean at all times.

¢ Never store combustibles near heat sources.

¢ Do not leave unused items outside homes. These should be disposed of, otherwise, they may pose a fire

hazard.

14Fire Prevention and Control

Some general features and Life Safety requirements are as follows:

¢ An exit may be a doorway; corridor; passageway(s) to an internal staircase or external staircase.

¢ Every exit, exit access or exit discharge shall be continuously maintained free of all obstruction or

impediments to full use in the case of fire or other emergency.

¢ Every building meant for human occupancy shall be provided with exists sufficient to permit safe escape of

occupants.

¢ Exits shall be clearly visible and the route to reach exists shall be clearly marked and signs posted to guide

the occupants of the floor concerned.

¢ To prevent spread of the fire smoke, fire door with 2 h (hrs of fire resistance rating) shall be provided at

appropriate places along the escape route.

¢ All exits shall provide continuous means of egress to the exterior of a building.

¢ Exits shall be so arranged that they may be reached without passing through another occupied unit.

¢ Minimum width shall be provided for staircases.

} Residential buildings (dwellings) 1.0 m.

} Residential hotel buildings 1.5 m.

} Assembly buildings like auditorium, theatres and cinemas 2.0 m.

} Educations buildings up to 30 m in height 1.5 m.

} Institutional buildings like hospitals 2.0 m.

} All other buildings 1.5 m.

Fire protection:

All buildings depending upon the occupancy use and height shall be protected by fire extinguishers, wet riser,

down-comer, automatic sprinkler installation, high/medium velocity water spray, foam, gaseous or dry powder

system.

A satisfactory supply of water for the purpose of fire fighting shall always be available in the form of

underground/terrace level static storage tank with capacity specified for each building with arrangements or

replenishment by mains of alternative source of supply at the rate of 1000 litres per minute for underground

13 Elementary Fire Safety

static tank. When this is not practicable, the capacity of static storage tank(s) shall be increased

proportionately in consultation with the local fire brigade.

Automatic sprinklers shall be installed in

2¢ Basements used as car parks or storage occupancy, if area exceeds 200 m .

¢ Multilevel basements, covered upper floors used as car parks and for housing essential services ancillary to

a particular occupancy, excluding area to be used for substation, A.C. plant and DG set.

2 ¢ Any room or other compartment of a building exceeding 125 m in area.

2¢ Departmental stores or shops, if the aggregate covered area exceeds 500 m .

¢ Go-downs and warehouses, as considered necessary.

¢ Dressing room, scenery docks, stages and stage basements of theatres.

¢ In hotels, hospitals, industries low and moderate hazard mercantile buildings of height 15 m or above.

(Taken from Part 4, annexure B of NBC)

4.1 Fire prevention at home

¢ Don’t leave cooking unattended. Turn off all cooking appliances and unplug them when not in use.

¢ Dress appropriately when cooking. Avoid clothes with long loose sleeves when working near heat sources.

¢ Don’t overload electric outlets.

¢ Check the condition of the wiring (electrical appliances and decorative lights etc.) Frayed or cracked cords

should be repaired by licensed technicians.

¢ Don’t throw smouldering charcoal and charcoal and embers into rubbish chutes without extinguishing them

first.

¢ Keep the stove top clean at all times.

¢ Never store combustibles near heat sources.

¢ Do not leave unused items outside homes. These should be disposed of, otherwise, they may pose a fire

hazard.

14Fire Prevention and Control

¢ Always keep matches, lighters and candles out of young children’s reach and do not allow them to play

with these items. Instead, educate them on the dangers and hazards of fire.

¢ Children playing with sparklers must be supervised by parents/adults.

¢ Having smoke detectors and fire extinguisher at home could save lives.

¢ Smoke detectors are battery-operated and emit a very loud, piercing alarm that gives early warning of any

fire.

4.2 For public premises

¢ Fire hazards are anything that can increase the likelihood of a fire. Your co-operation is needed to ensure

public safety.

¢ As owners, operators and managements of supermarkets, shopping centres and public entertainment

premises, you should avoid exceeding the permissible occupant load of your building.

¢ Do not remove any vital fire fighting equipment like hose reels and fire extinguishers from where they have

been installed.

¢ Service the fire extinguishers and test the voice communication (PA system), fire alarm and other fire safety

systems on a regular basis.

15 Elementary Fire Safety

¢ Avoid stacking goods along common corridors, escape passageway or staircases.

¢ Do not lock the emergency exit doors when the premises are occupied/being used.

4.3 Facilitate evacuation

¢ Do not lock fire exits.

¢ Keep all exits and passageways free obstruction.

¢ When there is a need to evacuate, remain calm and move in an orderly manner.

16

Fig: 4 Prevention drill

Fig: 4 Prevention drill

Fire Prevention and Control

¢ Always keep matches, lighters and candles out of young children’s reach and do not allow them to play

with these items. Instead, educate them on the dangers and hazards of fire.

¢ Children playing with sparklers must be supervised by parents/adults.

¢ Having smoke detectors and fire extinguisher at home could save lives.

¢ Smoke detectors are battery-operated and emit a very loud, piercing alarm that gives early warning of any

fire.

4.2 For public premises

¢ Fire hazards are anything that can increase the likelihood of a fire. Your co-operation is needed to ensure

public safety.

¢ As owners, operators and managements of supermarkets, shopping centres and public entertainment

premises, you should avoid exceeding the permissible occupant load of your building.

¢ Do not remove any vital fire fighting equipment like hose reels and fire extinguishers from where they have

been installed.

¢ Service the fire extinguishers and test the voice communication (PA system), fire alarm and other fire safety

systems on a regular basis.

15 Elementary Fire Safety

¢ Avoid stacking goods along common corridors, escape passageway or staircases.

¢ Do not lock the emergency exit doors when the premises are occupied/being used.

4.3 Facilitate evacuation

¢ Do not lock fire exits.

¢ Keep all exits and passageways free obstruction.

¢ When there is a need to evacuate, remain calm and move in an orderly manner.

16

Fig: 4 Prevention drill

Fig: 4 Prevention drill

Fire Prevention and Control

What to Do if a Fire

Breaks Out?

5¢ Evacuate premises or get everyone out.

¢ Close the door to contain the fire.

¢ Turn off the gas main if you can reach it. Call to emergency

helpline.

¢ Fight the fire if you can, but only do so without endangering

yourself and others.

5.1 Escaping through smoke

¢ If you have to escape through smoke, keep low by crawling

on your hands and knees.

¢ In a fire, smoke will naturally rise leaving some fresh air

about 30cm to 60cm off the floor. Crawling keeps your head

in this safety zone, away from the smoke’s toxic content.

5.2 What to do if you get trapped in a

fire

¢ Don’t panic. Stay calm.

¢ Enter a safe room, preferably one that overlooks a road.

¢ Shut the door behind you. Cover the gap at the bottom of

the door with a blanket or rug to prevent smoke from

entering the room.

17 Elementary Fire Safety

¢ Shout for help from the window or other openings to alert by passers. Then wait for rescue to arrive.

¢ If you have a telephone, call to helpline and inform the operator of your location (room number/position),

floor level, what is on fire and how many persons are trapped.

¢ Do not attempt to jump out of the building. Help will be on the way very soon.

5.3 What to do if your clothing catches fire

¢ In the event that your clothing catches fire, remember to STOP, DROP and ROLL!

¢ Stop. Do not panic and run.

¢ Whether indoors or outdoors, drop down immediately, covering your face with your hands.

¢ Roll over and over to put out the flames.

¢ Rolling smothers the flames by removing the oxygen.

¢ Covering your face with your hands will prevent the flames from burning your face and help keep fumes

and smoke from reaching your lungs.

18What to Do if a Fire Breaks Out

What to Do if a Fire

Breaks Out?

5¢ Evacuate premises or get everyone out.

¢ Close the door to contain the fire.

¢ Turn off the gas main if you can reach it. Call to emergency

helpline.

¢ Fight the fire if you can, but only do so without endangering

yourself and others.

5.1 Escaping through smoke

¢ If you have to escape through smoke, keep low by crawling

on your hands and knees.

¢ In a fire, smoke will naturally rise leaving some fresh air

about 30cm to 60cm off the floor. Crawling keeps your head

in this safety zone, away from the smoke’s toxic content.

5.2 What to do if you get trapped in a

fire

¢ Don’t panic. Stay calm.

¢ Enter a safe room, preferably one that overlooks a road.

¢ Shut the door behind you. Cover the gap at the bottom of

the door with a blanket or rug to prevent smoke from

entering the room.

17 Elementary Fire Safety

¢ Shout for help from the window or other openings to alert by passers. Then wait for rescue to arrive.

¢ If you have a telephone, call to helpline and inform the operator of your location (room number/position),

floor level, what is on fire and how many persons are trapped.

¢ Do not attempt to jump out of the building. Help will be on the way very soon.

5.3 What to do if your clothing catches fire

¢ In the event that your clothing catches fire, remember to STOP, DROP and ROLL!

¢ Stop. Do not panic and run.

¢ Whether indoors or outdoors, drop down immediately, covering your face with your hands.

¢ Roll over and over to put out the flames.

¢ Rolling smothers the flames by removing the oxygen.

¢ Covering your face with your hands will prevent the flames from burning your face and help keep fumes

and smoke from reaching your lungs.

18What to Do if a Fire Breaks Out

Operation of Fire

Extinguisher and

Other Devices

66.1 Handling the fire extinguisher

¢ Hold the extinguisher in an upright position.

¢ Pull out the safety pin which is fitted to prevent accidental

discharge.

¢ Aim the extinguisher nozzle at the base of the fire.

¢ Keep a safe distance of about 1 to 1.5 meters away from

the fire.

¢ Press the top level of the extinguisher.

¢ Use a sweeping motion to allow the discharge to be directed

over the entire area of the fire.

¢ When the fire is extinguished, open all doors and windows

to ventilate the area.

6.2 Types of extinguishers

¢ Extinguishers which expel water or dilute chemical such as

water (stored pressure) extinguisher. Soda-acid extinguisher.

¢ Extinguisher which expel ‘Foam’, such as chemical foam

and mechanical foam type.

¢ Extinguisher which expels vapour forming liquid or gas,

such as CO , Halon type.2

19 Elementary Fire Safety

Table : Types of fire extinguishers and their characteristics

20Operation of Fire Extinguisher and Other Devices

Water type Mechanical type Co type2 Dry chemical type

Fig. 5: Fire extinguishers

Water-gas cartridge

Water-stored pressure

Mechanical foam

Carbon Dioxide

Dry chemical powder

Use On 'A' class fire On 'A' class fire In class 'B' fires in incipient stage

In 'A','B','C' and electrical equipment fires in incipient stage

In call classes of fires specially in 'D' class in incipient stage

Type Gas Cartridge, Stored pressure type

Shape Cylindrical Cylindrical Cylindrical Cylindrical Cylindrical

Operating position

Upright Upright Upright Upright Upright

Capacity 2 gallon/9 litres 2 gallon/9 litres

9 litres 1 kg to 6 kg (2lbs to 15 lbs)

1 kg to 13.5 kg

Operation of Fire

Extinguisher and

Other Devices

66.1 Handling the fire extinguisher

¢ Hold the extinguisher in an upright position.

¢ Pull out the safety pin which is fitted to prevent accidental

discharge.

¢ Aim the extinguisher nozzle at the base of the fire.

¢ Keep a safe distance of about 1 to 1.5 meters away from

the fire.

¢ Press the top level of the extinguisher.

¢ Use a sweeping motion to allow the discharge to be directed

over the entire area of the fire.

¢ When the fire is extinguished, open all doors and windows

to ventilate the area.

6.2 Types of extinguishers

¢ Extinguishers which expel water or dilute chemical such as

water (stored pressure) extinguisher. Soda-acid extinguisher.

¢ Extinguisher which expel ‘Foam’, such as chemical foam

and mechanical foam type.

¢ Extinguisher which expels vapour forming liquid or gas,

such as CO , Halon type.2

19 Elementary Fire Safety

Table : Types of fire extinguishers and their characteristics

20Operation of Fire Extinguisher and Other Devices

Water type Mechanical type Co type2 Dry chemical type

Fig. 5: Fire extinguishers

Water-gas cartridge

Water-stored pressure

Mechanical foam

Carbon Dioxide

Dry chemical powder

Use On 'A' class fire On 'A' class fire In class 'B' fires in incipient stage

In 'A','B','C' and electrical equipment fires in incipient stage

In call classes of fires specially in 'D' class in incipient stage

Type Gas Cartridge, Stored pressure type

Shape Cylindrical Cylindrical Cylindrical Cylindrical Cylindrical

Operating position

Upright Upright Upright Upright Upright

Capacity 2 gallon/9 litres 2 gallon/9 litres

9 litres 1 kg to 6 kg (2lbs to 15 lbs)

1 kg to 13.5 kg

6.3 Fire sprinkler

A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection measure,

consisting of a water supply system, providing adequate

pressure and flow rate to a water distribution piping system,

onto which fire sprinklers are connected. Although

historically only used in factories and large commercial

buildings, home and small building systems are

available.

6.4 Fire blanket

A fire blanket is a safety device designed to extinguish small

incipient fires. It consists of a sheet of fire retardant material

which is placed over a fire in order to smother it.

Small fire blankets, such as for use in kitchens and around the

home, are usually made of fibreglass and are folded in to a

quick-release container for ease of storage.

Larger fire blankets, for use in laboratory and industrial

situations, are often made of wool. These blankets are usually

mounted in vertical quick-release cabinets so that they can be

easily pulled out and wrapped round a person whose clothes are on fire.

21 Elementary Fire Safety

Fig.7: Fire blanket

22

Fig. 6: Fire sprinkler

Water-gas cartridge

Water-stored pressure

Mechanical foam

Carbon Dioxide

Dry chemical powder

Chemical used

Nil Nil Mechanical foam concentrate

Carbon Dioxide (CO )2

The composition of dry chemical powder varies with different proprietary mixtures. a. Sodium Bi-carbonate –

97 %Magnesium Carbonate – 1 %Magnesium Stearate – 1 1/20 –Assists proper fluidification of powder and pressure and reduce cohesion between particles and wall.

b. T.E.C. (Tenary Eutectic Chloride)Specially for metallic fireSodium Chloride – 20%Potassium Chloride – 29 %Barium Chloride – 51% Melts and forms a Fused skin over the burning matter. It absorbs heat and cuts off oxygen.

Chemical action

Nil Dry air under pressure at 10 bars

Nil, only physical mixing of agents

Expelling agent

Co2

under pressure in the gas cartridges kept inside the body of the extinguisher

gas stored Compressed Air

Compressed air

Carbon Dioxide itself provides its own pressure for discharge froman extinguisher

Compressed air/gas stored in a gas cartridge or stored directly in the cylinder.

Extinguisher medium

Water Water Mechanical foam

Carbon Dioxide

Principle of extinction

Cooling Cooling Smothering Smothering and breaking of chemical reaction

Safety device

Vent hole in the gap, snifter valve

Vent holes in the cap

Vent holes/ snifter valve in this cap

Operation of Fire Extinguisher and Other Devices

6.3 Fire sprinkler

A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection measure,

consisting of a water supply system, providing adequate

pressure and flow rate to a water distribution piping system,

onto which fire sprinklers are connected. Although

historically only used in factories and large commercial

buildings, home and small building systems are

available.

6.4 Fire blanket

A fire blanket is a safety device designed to extinguish small

incipient fires. It consists of a sheet of fire retardant material

which is placed over a fire in order to smother it.

Small fire blankets, such as for use in kitchens and around the

home, are usually made of fibreglass and are folded in to a

quick-release container for ease of storage.

Larger fire blankets, for use in laboratory and industrial

situations, are often made of wool. These blankets are usually

mounted in vertical quick-release cabinets so that they can be

easily pulled out and wrapped round a person whose clothes are on fire.

21 Elementary Fire Safety

Fig.7: Fire blanket

22

Fig. 6: Fire sprinkler

Water-gas cartridge

Water-stored pressure

Mechanical foam

Carbon Dioxide

Dry chemical powder

Chemical used

Nil Nil Mechanical foam concentrate

Carbon Dioxide (CO )2

The composition of dry chemical powder varies with different proprietary mixtures. a. Sodium Bi-carbonate –

97 %Magnesium Carbonate – 1 %Magnesium Stearate – 1 1/20 –Assists proper fluidification of powder and pressure and reduce cohesion between particles and wall.

b. T.E.C. (Tenary Eutectic Chloride)Specially for metallic fireSodium Chloride – 20%Potassium Chloride – 29 %Barium Chloride – 51% Melts and forms a Fused skin over the burning matter. It absorbs heat and cuts off oxygen.

Chemical action

Nil Dry air under pressure at 10 bars

Nil, only physical mixing of agents

Expelling agent

Co2

under pressure in the gas cartridges kept inside the body of the extinguisher

gas stored Compressed Air

Compressed air

Carbon Dioxide itself provides its own pressure for discharge froman extinguisher

Compressed air/gas stored in a gas cartridge or stored directly in the cylinder.

Extinguisher medium

Water Water Mechanical foam

Carbon Dioxide

Principle of extinction

Cooling Cooling Smothering Smothering and breaking of chemical reaction

Safety device

Vent hole in the gap, snifter valve

Vent holes in the cap

Vent holes/ snifter valve in this cap

Operation of Fire Extinguisher and Other Devices

Search a Smoke-filled

Room for Trapped Persons

Search a smoke-filled room for trapped

persons

¢ Do not throw open the door of the room suddenly. The

heated gas and smoke inside may overwhelm you.

¢ Open the door slowly with yourself in a crouching position.

This will allow the hot gases and smoke to pass over your

head.

¢ In case the door of the room opens outwards, place one foot

against the bottom of the door and open gently. This will

protect you from injury from sudden outward swing of the

door as a result of considerable pressure on it due to the

expansion of the heated gases inside the room.

¢ Enter the room in a crawling position as there is less smoke

and less hot air near the floor. This enables you to breathe

comparatively fresh air and see things in the room clearer.

¢ Always move in a crawling posture while inside the room.

¢ Keep yourself also to the wall while moving.

¢ Make a complete circuit in the room.

¢ Feel under and on the beds.

¢ Open and feel inside cupboards, wardrobes and other likely

places of hiding.

¢ Cross the room diagonally to make sure that no one is lying

in the middle.

23 Elementary Fire Safety 24Search a Smoke-filled Room for Trapped Persons

DIAGRAM SHOWING CORRECT METHOD OF SEARCHING A ROOM

7

Fig. 8: How to search

Search a Smoke-filled

Room for Trapped Persons

Search a smoke-filled room for trapped

persons

¢ Do not throw open the door of the room suddenly. The

heated gas and smoke inside may overwhelm you.

¢ Open the door slowly with yourself in a crouching position.

This will allow the hot gases and smoke to pass over your

head.

¢ In case the door of the room opens outwards, place one foot

against the bottom of the door and open gently. This will

protect you from injury from sudden outward swing of the

door as a result of considerable pressure on it due to the

expansion of the heated gases inside the room.

¢ Enter the room in a crawling position as there is less smoke

and less hot air near the floor. This enables you to breathe

comparatively fresh air and see things in the room clearer.

¢ Always move in a crawling posture while inside the room.

¢ Keep yourself also to the wall while moving.

¢ Make a complete circuit in the room.

¢ Feel under and on the beds.

¢ Open and feel inside cupboards, wardrobes and other likely

places of hiding.

¢ Cross the room diagonally to make sure that no one is lying

in the middle.

23 Elementary Fire Safety 24Search a Smoke-filled Room for Trapped Persons

DIAGRAM SHOWING CORRECT METHOD OF SEARCHING A ROOM

7

Fig. 8: How to search

Toe drag

a. Turn the casualty on his back and tie his

wrist together using a triangular bandage or

neck-tie.

b. The rescuer sits down at the casualty's head

and places his feet under the casualty's

armpits

c. With both hands free the rescuer pulls

himself back and at the same time drags

the casualty with his feet.

Emergency Methods of

Rescue

Rescue crawl

This is an invaluable method where a casualty has to be

removed from a burning or smoke-filled building. As shown in

Figure 'Rescue Crawl', both rescuer and casualty have their

heads low down where the clearest and coolest air is to be

found if the building is on fire. The entire weight of the casualty

does not have to be supported by the rescuer. Cross the

casualty's hands and tie with a bandage or similar. Vary the fire-

fighter's crawl method according to personal preference.

Probably the most effective method is for the rescuer to place an

arm, shoulder and head through the casualty's arms as shown

below and support the head with his palm to avoid injury

dragging.

25 Elementary Fire Safety

Bowline drag

a. Turn the casualty on his back and tie his wrists together using a triangular or neck-tie.

b. Using on length of 15 feet (4.5 m) such cord or 40 ft. lashing, tie bowline at each end to form the

loops.

c. Please one loop over the casualty's chest and under his armpits with the knot resting under his head,

so that it will keep his head off the ground while he is being pulled.

d. The other loop goes on the rescuer, over his shoulders and under his armpits, to form a harness with

the knot in line with the centre of his back or between his shoulders.

e. The rescuer crawls on his hands and knees and drags the casualty out.

26Emergency Methods of Rescue

Fig, 9: Rescue crawl

Fig: 10 Bowline drag

Fig: 11 Toe drag

8

Toe drag

a. Turn the casualty on his back and tie his

wrist together using a triangular bandage or

neck-tie.

b. The rescuer sits down at the casualty's head

and places his feet under the casualty's

armpits

c. With both hands free the rescuer pulls

himself back and at the same time drags

the casualty with his feet.

Emergency Methods of

Rescue

Rescue crawl

This is an invaluable method where a casualty has to be

removed from a burning or smoke-filled building. As shown in

Figure 'Rescue Crawl', both rescuer and casualty have their

heads low down where the clearest and coolest air is to be

found if the building is on fire. The entire weight of the casualty

does not have to be supported by the rescuer. Cross the

casualty's hands and tie with a bandage or similar. Vary the fire-

fighter's crawl method according to personal preference.

Probably the most effective method is for the rescuer to place an

arm, shoulder and head through the casualty's arms as shown

below and support the head with his palm to avoid injury

dragging.

25 Elementary Fire Safety

Bowline drag

a. Turn the casualty on his back and tie his wrists together using a triangular or neck-tie.

b. Using on length of 15 feet (4.5 m) such cord or 40 ft. lashing, tie bowline at each end to form the

loops.

c. Please one loop over the casualty's chest and under his armpits with the knot resting under his head,

so that it will keep his head off the ground while he is being pulled.

d. The other loop goes on the rescuer, over his shoulders and under his armpits, to form a harness with

the knot in line with the centre of his back or between his shoulders.

e. The rescuer crawls on his hands and knees and drags the casualty out.

26Emergency Methods of Rescue

Fig, 9: Rescue crawl

Fig: 10 Bowline drag

Fig: 11 Toe drag

8

Removal downstairs method

This method is used to recover a heavy

casualty down stairs, when the rescuer

cannot use the pick-a-back or other

methods. However, its use need not be

restricted to staircases.

With the casualty lying flat, first tie the wrists

together using a triangular bandage or

similar. Next, come to the head and lift the

casualty into the sitting position. Reach

through under the casualty's arms and grasp

the wrists. The rescuer is then in a position

to drag the casualty backwards and, if a

staircase has to be negotiated, a large

measure of support can be given to the

casualty's trunk by the rescuer using a knee

to ease over each successive step.

Remember that the strongest part of any

staircase is close to the wall.

Helping a casualty down a ladder

Take great care when helping a person down a ladder, even if that person is conscious and uninjured. Keep in

mind that many people are unaccustomed to height and may 'freeze-up' or lose their hold.

¢ Take a position, one rung below the casualty, with arms encircling the casualty's body and

grasping the rungs.

¢ Keep in step with the casualty, letting the casualty set the pace. Keep knees close together to ensure

support in case the casualty loses hold or becomes unconscious.

¢ Talk to the casualty to help keep up morale and overcome fear.

¢ If the casualty becomes unconscious, let the casualty slip down until the crutch rests on the rescuer's knee.

By repeating this procedure for each step down the ladder, the rescuer can lower the victim to the ground.

WARNING

THIS TECHNIQUE COULD EXCEED THE SAFE WORKING LOAD OF THE

LADDER OR DESTABILISE THE LADDER LEADING TO RISK OF SERIOUS

INJURY. A RISK ASSESSMENT MUST BE CARRIED OUT BEFORE

ATTEMPTING THIS ACTIVITY.

27 Elementary Fire Safety 28

Fig. 12: Down stair method

Tie victim's hands at wrists

Grasp victimunder armpitsand over wrists

Use your kneeto provide somesupport

Emergency Methods of Rescue

Removal downstairs method

This method is used to recover a heavy

casualty down stairs, when the rescuer

cannot use the pick-a-back or other

methods. However, its use need not be

restricted to staircases.

With the casualty lying flat, first tie the wrists

together using a triangular bandage or

similar. Next, come to the head and lift the

casualty into the sitting position. Reach

through under the casualty's arms and grasp

the wrists. The rescuer is then in a position

to drag the casualty backwards and, if a

staircase has to be negotiated, a large

measure of support can be given to the

casualty's trunk by the rescuer using a knee

to ease over each successive step.

Remember that the strongest part of any

staircase is close to the wall.

Helping a casualty down a ladder

Take great care when helping a person down a ladder, even if that person is conscious and uninjured. Keep in

mind that many people are unaccustomed to height and may 'freeze-up' or lose their hold.

¢ Take a position, one rung below the casualty, with arms encircling the casualty's body and

grasping the rungs.

¢ Keep in step with the casualty, letting the casualty set the pace. Keep knees close together to ensure

support in case the casualty loses hold or becomes unconscious.

¢ Talk to the casualty to help keep up morale and overcome fear.

¢ If the casualty becomes unconscious, let the casualty slip down until the crutch rests on the rescuer's knee.

By repeating this procedure for each step down the ladder, the rescuer can lower the victim to the ground.

WARNING

THIS TECHNIQUE COULD EXCEED THE SAFE WORKING LOAD OF THE

LADDER OR DESTABILISE THE LADDER LEADING TO RISK OF SERIOUS

INJURY. A RISK ASSESSMENT MUST BE CARRIED OUT BEFORE

ATTEMPTING THIS ACTIVITY.

27 Elementary Fire Safety 28

Fig. 12: Down stair method

Tie victim's hands at wrists

Grasp victimunder armpitsand over wrists

Use your kneeto provide somesupport

Emergency Methods of Rescue

Summary

In present times, the risk on fire hazardous has shown an upward

trend. Moreover, with speedy development & rise in standard of

living of people the arrival time of fire services on the seen of fire

has become extended through the burden of risk on the citizen. It

is impressive that each citizen prepare himself in building

capacity prepare himself in building capacity for dealing with

initial fire hazard risk as displayed below.

29 Elementary Fire Safety

4. Train & prepare on emergency rescue procedure & use of fire fighting equipment

2. Evaluate the risk

1. Identity fire hazards

3. Develop precautionary procedure & procure prevention equipment

9

Summary

In present times, the risk on fire hazardous has shown an upward

trend. Moreover, with speedy development & rise in standard of

living of people the arrival time of fire services on the seen of fire

has become extended through the burden of risk on the citizen. It

is impressive that each citizen prepare himself in building

capacity prepare himself in building capacity for dealing with

initial fire hazard risk as displayed below.

29 Elementary Fire Safety

4. Train & prepare on emergency rescue procedure & use of fire fighting equipment

2. Evaluate the risk

1. Identity fire hazards

3. Develop precautionary procedure & procure prevention equipment

9

Glossary and

Acronyms

Acronym

Glossary

s

LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas

CO Carbon Dioxide2

Arson Deliberate fire setting

Conduction Spread of heat energy through solid

Convection Heat transfer through a fluid or gas,

involving expansion and movement

Radiation Emission of heat energy through

electromagnetic radiation in the

infra-red part of the spectrum, which

is then absorbed by matter to varying

degrees

2 h rating Hours of fire resistance rating

31 Elementary Fire Safety

11

Glossary and

Acronyms

Acronym

Glossary

s

LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas

CO Carbon Dioxide2

Arson Deliberate fire setting

Conduction Spread of heat energy through solid

Convection Heat transfer through a fluid or gas,

involving expansion and movement

Radiation Emission of heat energy through

electromagnetic radiation in the

infra-red part of the spectrum, which

is then absorbed by matter to varying

degrees

2 h rating Hours of fire resistance rating

31 Elementary Fire Safety

11

Background Reading Material

Guide fire safety in the workplace:

http://www.gov.uk/workplace-fire-safety-your-

responsibilities/fire-safety-equipment-drills-and-training

(Accessed December 2012)

Not-for-profit corporation, “Fire Safety

Institute”:

It encourages an integrated approach to the reduction of life and

property loss from fire through rational fire safety decision

making. The Institute applies:

¢ Information science to collect and organize current and

developing fire safety concepts.

¢ Research methods of decision analysis to develop better

ways to utilize fire safety technology.

¢ Education of engineers, architects and other professionals.

http://firesafetyinstitute.org/index.html (Accessed December

2012)

33 Elementary Fire Safety 34Background Reading Material

Fire Safe Europe:

Alliance of leading multinational companies who have a major interest in fire protection and in actively

improving fire safety in buildings:

http://www.firesafeeurope.eu/fire-safety/fire-risk-assessment (Accessed December 2012)

Fire Protection Association:

2013 Publications Catalogue

http://www.thefpa.co.uk/mainwebsite/resources/document/2013%20publications%20cat.pdf (Accessed

December 2012)

10

Background Reading Material

Guide fire safety in the workplace:

http://www.gov.uk/workplace-fire-safety-your-

responsibilities/fire-safety-equipment-drills-and-training

(Accessed December 2012)

Not-for-profit corporation, “Fire Safety

Institute”:

It encourages an integrated approach to the reduction of life and

property loss from fire through rational fire safety decision

making. The Institute applies:

¢ Information science to collect and organize current and

developing fire safety concepts.

¢ Research methods of decision analysis to develop better

ways to utilize fire safety technology.

¢ Education of engineers, architects and other professionals.

http://firesafetyinstitute.org/index.html (Accessed December

2012)

33 Elementary Fire Safety 34Background Reading Material

Fire Safe Europe:

Alliance of leading multinational companies who have a major interest in fire protection and in actively

improving fire safety in buildings:

http://www.firesafeeurope.eu/fire-safety/fire-risk-assessment (Accessed December 2012)

Fire Protection Association:

2013 Publications Catalogue

http://www.thefpa.co.uk/mainwebsite/resources/document/2013%20publications%20cat.pdf (Accessed

December 2012)

10

Bibliography1. India Risk Survey -2012

http://www.ficci.com/SEDocument/20186/IndiaRiskSur

vey2012.pdf

2. National Building Code of India 2005 (NBC

2005)

Part 4 Fire and Life Safety

http://www.bis.org.in/sf/nbc.htm

http://edudel.nic.in/welcome_folder/national_building_c

ode_dt_210509.pdf

3. Material from Civil Defence Training Manual,

Govt. of India

http://www.ready.gov/home-fires

35 Elementary Fire Safety 36About NCDC

About NCDC

The first Disaster Management Training Institution of the country was founded

on 9th April 1957 at Nagpur as the Central Emergency Relief Training

Institute (CERTI) to support the emergency relief organisation of the

Government of India. This central institute organized advanced and specialist

training for the leaders of disaster relief and response operations to manage

the consequences of any natural or man-made disaster.

In 1962, the training curriculum of the college got a Civil Defence twist and in 1968, after the

enactment of CD legislation, the college was rechristened as National Civil Defence College.

National Civil Defence College

Govt. of India, Ministry of Home Affairs,

61/1 Civil Lines, Nagpur, 440 001

Maharashtra, India.

Phone +91 712 2565614, 2562611

Fax +91 712 2565614

Email: ncdcngp@dataone.in

http://www.ncdcnagpur.nic.in, http://www.cddrm-ncdc.org

Bibliography1. India Risk Survey -2012

http://www.ficci.com/SEDocument/20186/IndiaRiskSur

vey2012.pdf

2. National Building Code of India 2005 (NBC

2005)

Part 4 Fire and Life Safety

http://www.bis.org.in/sf/nbc.htm

http://edudel.nic.in/welcome_folder/national_building_c

ode_dt_210509.pdf

3. Material from Civil Defence Training Manual,

Govt. of India

http://www.ready.gov/home-fires

35 Elementary Fire Safety 36About NCDC

About NCDC

The first Disaster Management Training Institution of the country was founded

on 9th April 1957 at Nagpur as the Central Emergency Relief Training

Institute (CERTI) to support the emergency relief organisation of the

Government of India. This central institute organized advanced and specialist

training for the leaders of disaster relief and response operations to manage

the consequences of any natural or man-made disaster.

In 1962, the training curriculum of the college got a Civil Defence twist and in 1968, after the

enactment of CD legislation, the college was rechristened as National Civil Defence College.

National Civil Defence College

Govt. of India, Ministry of Home Affairs,

61/1 Civil Lines, Nagpur, 440 001

Maharashtra, India.

Phone +91 712 2565614, 2562611

Fax +91 712 2565614

Email: ncdcngp@dataone.in

http://www.ncdcnagpur.nic.in, http://www.cddrm-ncdc.org

37 Elementary Fire Safety

About GIZ

The services delivered by the Deutsche

Gesellschaftfür Internationale

Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH draw on a wealth of regional and technical expertise and tried and

tested management know-how. As a federal enterprise, we support the German Government in

achieving its objectives in the field of international cooperation for sustainable development. We

are also engaged in international education work around the globe. GIZ currently operates in more

than 130 countries worldwide.

Germany has been cooperating with India by providing expertise through GIZ for more than 50

years. To address India's priority of sustainable and inclusive growth, GIZ's joint efforts with the

partners in India currently focus on the following areas:

¢ Energy - Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency

¢ Sustainable Urban and Industrial Development

¢ Natural Resource Management

¢ Private Sector Development

¢ Social Protection

¢ Financial Systems Development

¢ HIV/AIDS – Blood Safety

GIZ in India

About the Indo-German Environment

Partnership (IGEP) programme of GIZ

IGEP builds on the experience of the predecessor

Advisory Services in Environment Management (ASEM)

programme but at the same time strengthens its

thematic profile in the urban and industrial sector, up-scales successful pilots and supports the

environmental reform agenda and priority needs of India.

The overall objective of IGEP is that the decision makers at national, state and local level use

innovative solutions for the improvement of urban and industrial environmental management and for

the development of an environment and climate policy that targets inclusive economic growth de-

coupled from resource consumption.

For information visit http://www.igep.in or write at contact@igep.in

38About the Indo-German Environment Partnership (IGEP) programme of GIZ

37 Elementary Fire Safety

About GIZ

The services delivered by the Deutsche

Gesellschaftfür Internationale

Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH draw on a wealth of regional and technical expertise and tried and

tested management know-how. As a federal enterprise, we support the German Government in

achieving its objectives in the field of international cooperation for sustainable development. We

are also engaged in international education work around the globe. GIZ currently operates in more

than 130 countries worldwide.

Germany has been cooperating with India by providing expertise through GIZ for more than 50

years. To address India's priority of sustainable and inclusive growth, GIZ's joint efforts with the

partners in India currently focus on the following areas:

¢ Energy - Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency

¢ Sustainable Urban and Industrial Development

¢ Natural Resource Management

¢ Private Sector Development

¢ Social Protection

¢ Financial Systems Development

¢ HIV/AIDS – Blood Safety

GIZ in India

About the Indo-German Environment

Partnership (IGEP) programme of GIZ

IGEP builds on the experience of the predecessor

Advisory Services in Environment Management (ASEM)

programme but at the same time strengthens its

thematic profile in the urban and industrial sector, up-scales successful pilots and supports the

environmental reform agenda and priority needs of India.

The overall objective of IGEP is that the decision makers at national, state and local level use

innovative solutions for the improvement of urban and industrial environmental management and for

the development of an environment and climate policy that targets inclusive economic growth de-

coupled from resource consumption.

For information visit http://www.igep.in or write at contact@igep.in

38About the Indo-German Environment Partnership (IGEP) programme of GIZ

39 Elementary Fire Safety

About the Ministry of Home Affairs

The Ministry of Home Affairs is the nodal Department responsible for the

coordination of Disaster management in the Government of India. Since early

2000, the Government has been focusing on developing the capabilities in the

country for preparedness, prevention and mitigation along with developing

capabilities for response. The need to eliminate the underlying vulnerabilities

through systematic integration of disaster risk reduction in development programmes is being

actively pursued at the national and state levels.

Achieving India's development goals and sustainable development are not possible unless it is

ensure that all developments are disaster resilient. The Disaster Management Division in MHA is

responsible for legislation, policy and administrative measures for capacity building, prevention,

mitigation and preparedness to deal with natural and man-made disasters (except drought and

epidemics) and for coordinating response, relief and rehabilitation after disaster strike.

(http://www.mha.nic.in)

About the Directorate General of Civil Defence

Directorate General of Civil Defence was established in M. H. A. in 1962 to

handle all policy and planning matters related to Civil Defence and its running

partners Home Guards and Fire Services.

Civil Defence in the country has been raised on the strength of Civil Defence Act,

1968, C. D. Rules, 1968 and Civil Defence Regulations, 1968. The Civil Defence Legislation is a

Central Act, however, C. D. Regulation, 1968 provides all the powers to implement and execute the

C. D. Scheme to the State Government. Central Govt. is responsible for making the policies, plans and

financing the States for implementing of the different schemes of Civil Defence.

(http;//www.dgcd.nic.in)

40About the Directorate General of Civil Defence

39 Elementary Fire Safety

About the Ministry of Home Affairs

The Ministry of Home Affairs is the nodal Department responsible for the

coordination of Disaster management in the Government of India. Since early

2000, the Government has been focusing on developing the capabilities in the

country for preparedness, prevention and mitigation along with developing

capabilities for response. The need to eliminate the underlying vulnerabilities

through systematic integration of disaster risk reduction in development programmes is being

actively pursued at the national and state levels.

Achieving India's development goals and sustainable development are not possible unless it is

ensure that all developments are disaster resilient. The Disaster Management Division in MHA is

responsible for legislation, policy and administrative measures for capacity building, prevention,

mitigation and preparedness to deal with natural and man-made disasters (except drought and

epidemics) and for coordinating response, relief and rehabilitation after disaster strike.

(http://www.mha.nic.in)

About the Directorate General of Civil Defence

Directorate General of Civil Defence was established in M. H. A. in 1962 to

handle all policy and planning matters related to Civil Defence and its running

partners Home Guards and Fire Services.

Civil Defence in the country has been raised on the strength of Civil Defence Act,

1968, C. D. Rules, 1968 and Civil Defence Regulations, 1968. The Civil Defence Legislation is a

Central Act, however, C. D. Regulation, 1968 provides all the powers to implement and execute the

C. D. Scheme to the State Government. Central Govt. is responsible for making the policies, plans and

financing the States for implementing of the different schemes of Civil Defence.

(http;//www.dgcd.nic.in)

40About the Directorate General of Civil Defence

List of the Modules

Earthquake Survival

Transport Accidents Safety

Elementary Fire Safety

Household LPG Safety

Emergency Casualty Handling

Emergency Resuscitation Procedure

Improvised Explosive Devices Safety

Flood & Water Safety

Community Risk Management

Industrial Risk Management

Disease Control

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

Notes:

41 Elementary Fire Safety

List of the Modules

Earthquake Survival

Transport Accidents Safety

Elementary Fire Safety

Household LPG Safety

Emergency Casualty Handling

Emergency Resuscitation Procedure

Improvised Explosive Devices Safety

Flood & Water Safety

Community Risk Management

Industrial Risk Management

Disease Control

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

Notes:

41 Elementary Fire Safety

Notes: Notes:

Notes: Notes:

Notes:

Notes: