elementary russian grammar - university of toronto...
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Educational Works and Class-Books
Method GIaspey-Otto-Sauer
FOR THE STUDY OF MODERN LANGUAGES.
PUBLISHED BY JULroS GrOOS IN HeIDELBERG.
• With each newly-learnt language one wins a new soul..
Charles V.
• At the end of the 19'" century the world is ruled by the in-
terest for trade and traffic; it breaks through the barriers
which separate the peoples and ties up new relations bet-
ween the nations.* William II.
„Julius Groos, Publisher at Heidelberg, has for the last thirty
years been devoting his special attention to educational works on modern
languages, and has published a large number of class-books for the study of
those modern languages most generally spoken. In this particular departmenthe is in our opinion unsurpassed by any other German publisher. The
series consists of 160 volumes of different sizes tvhich are all arranged on
the same system, as is easily seen by a glance at the grammars which so
closely resemble one another, that an acquaintance with one greatly facilitates
the study of the others. This is no small advantage in these exacting times,
when the knowledge of one language alone is hardly deemed sufficient.
The textbooks of the Gaspey - Otto - Salter method have, tvithin the
last ten years, acquired an universal reputation, increasing in pro-
portion as a knowledge of living languages Jias become a necessity of modern
life. The chief advantages, by which they compare favorably with thousands
of similar books, are lowness of price and good ax>pearance, the happy union
of theory and practice, the clear scientific basis of the grammar proper com-
bined with practical conversational exercises, and the system, here
conceived for the first time and consistently carried out, by which the pupil is
really taught to speak and turite the foreign language.The grammars are all divided into two parts, commencing with a
systematic explanation of the rules for pronunciation, and are again sub-
divided into a number of Lessons. Each Part treats of the Parts of Speechin succession, the first giving a rapid sketch of the fundamental rules, which
are explained more fully in the second. In the first Part attention is given
rather to Etymology; in the second Part more to the Syntax of the
language; without, however, entirely separating the two, as is generally the
case in Systematic Grammars. The rules appear to us to be clearly given,
they are explained by examples, and the exercises are quite sufficient.
To this method is entirely due the enormous success with which the
Gaspey-Otto-Sauer textbooks have met; most other grammars either
content themselves with giving the theoretical exposition of the grammatical
forms and trouble the pupil with a confused mass of the most far-fetched
^ J
Method Graspey-Otto-Sauerfor the study of modern langaages.
irregularities and exceptions without ever applying them, or goto the other extreme, and simply teach him, to repeat in a parrot-like manner a few colloquial phrases tvithout letting him grasp the
real genius of the foreign language.
The system referred to is easily discoverable: 1. In the arrangement ofthe grammar; 2. in the endeavour to enable the pupil to understand a
regular text as soon as possible, and above all to teach him to speak the
foreign language; this latter point was considered by the authors so particu-
larly characteristic of their works, that they have styled them — to distin-
guish them from other works of a similar kind — ConversationalChrammars,
The first series comprises manuals for the use of Englishmen and
consists of 38 volumes.
Our admiration for this rich collection of works, for the method dis-
played and the fertile genius of certain of the authors, is increased when we
examine the other series, which are intended for the use of foreigners.
In these works the chief difficulty under which several of the authors
have laboured, has been the necessity of teaching a language in a foreign
idiom; not to mention the peculiar difficulties which the German idiom offers
in ivriting school-books for the study of that language.
We must confess that for those persons who, fiom a practical point
of view, wish to learn a foreign language sufficiently well to enable them to
tvrite and speak it with ease, the authors have set down the grammaticalrules in such a way, that it is equally easy to understand and to learn them.
Moreover, we cannot but commend the elegance and neatness of the typeand binding of the books. It is doubtless on this account too that these
volumes have been received with so much favour and that several have reached
such a large circulation.
We willingly testify that the whole collection gives proof of much care
and industry, both with regard to the aims it lias in view and the way in
ivhich these have been carried out, and, moreover, reflects great credit on the
editor, this collection being in reality quite an exceptional thing of its kind."
Faderborn. . . . . t.
(EoctraM from the Literary Review.)
All the books are bound.
Method Gaspey-Otto-Sauerfor the study of modern langnages.
English. Ed-itions.
Ed.
Ed.
German Conversation-Grammar by Otto. 26.
Key to the German Conv -Grammar by Otto. 18. Ed. .
Supplem. p]xercises to the Germ. Gramm. by Otto. 2.
Elementary German Grammar by Otto. 7. EdFirst German Book by Otto. 8. EdGerman Reader I. 6. Ed., II. 4. Ed., III. 2. Ed. by Otto, a .
Materials for tr. Engl, into Germ, by Otto-Wright. Part. I. 7.
Key to the Mater, for transl. Engl. i. Germ. I. hy Otto. 2. Ed. . . .
Materials for tr. Engl, into Germ, by Otto. Part. II. 2. Ed. .
German Dialogues by Otto. 4. EdAccidence of the German language by Otto-Wright. 2. Ed. .
Handbook of English and German Idioms by Lange ....
Ed.
French Conversation-Grammar by Otto. 11. EdKey to the French Convers.-Grammar by' Otto. 6. Ed
Elementary French Grammar by Wright. 2. EdMaterials for transl. English into French by Otto. 4. Ed. . . .
French Dialogues by Otto-CorkranConv.-Book in French, German and English by Connor. 12. Ed.
Italian Conversation-Grammar by Sauer. 6. EdKey to the Italian Convers.-Grammar by Sauer. 5. Ed
Elementary Italian Grammar by Motti
Italian Reader by CattaneoItalian Dialogues by Motti
Dntch Conversation-Grammar by ValetteKey to the Dutch Convers.-Grammar by Valette .
Dutch Reader by Valette
Rnfi(Hian Conversation-Grammar by Motti. 2. Ed.Key to the Russian Convers.-Grammar by Motti. 2. Ed. .
Elementary Russian Grammar by Motti ....Key to the Elementary Russian Grammar by Motti .
Spanish Conversation-Grammar by Sauer. 5. Ed.Key to the Spanish Convers.-Grammar by Sauer. 3. Ed. .
Elementary Spanish Grammar by Pavia ....Spanish Reader hy Sauer-Rohrich. 2. Ed. . . .
Spanish Dialogues by Sauer-Corkran
Elementary i^nvedish Grammar by Fort
Oeniia.n Editions.Arabische Konversations-Grammatik v. HarderSchlussel dazu v. Harder
JDanische Konversations-Grammatik v. WiedSchlus»sel dazu v. Wied
Method Gaspey-Otto-Sauerfor the stady of modern languages.
O-erman Editions.
Unglische Konversations-Grammatik v. Gaspey. 22. Aufl. . . I 4Schlflssel dazu v. Runge. (Nur ftir Lehrer und zum Selbstuiiterricht.) 2. Aufl.
,
8
Englisches Konversations-Lesebuch v. Gaspey. 5. Aufl|,
3
Kleine englische Sprachlehre v. Otto-Runge. 4. Aufl;
2
Englische Gesprache v. Runge\,
2
Materialien z. t^bersetzen ins Englische v. Otto-Runge. 3. Aufl,
Englische Chrestomathie v. Siipfle-Wright. 8. Aufl
FranzSsistclie Konversations-Grammatik v. Otto. 26. Aufl. . .
Scblussel dazu v. Runge. (Nur fur Lehrer und zum Selbstunterricht.) 3. Aufl.
Franz. Konv.-Lesebuch I. 9. Aufl., II. 5. Aufl. v. Otto-Runge. a . .
Franz. Konv.-Lesebuch f. Miidchensch. I. Kurs. v. Otto-Runge. 4. Aufl.
Franz. Konv.-Lesebuch f. Madchensch. II. Kurs v. Otto-Runge. 3. Aufl.
Kleine franzosische Sprachlehre v. Otto-Runge. 6. Aufl
FranzSsische Gesprache v. Otto-Runge. 7. Aufl
Franz6sisches Lesebuch v. Supfle. 10. Aufl
Franz.-deutsch-englisches Konversationsbiichlein v. Connor. 12. Aufl.
Italienische Konversations-Grammatik v. Sauer. 10. Aufl. . .
SchlUssel dazu v. Cattaneo. (Nur fUr Lehrer und zum Selbstunterricht.) 3. Aufl.
Italienisches Konversations-Lesebuch v. Sauer. 4. Aufl
Italienische Chrestomathie v. Cattaneo. 2. Aufl
Kleine italienische Sprachlehre v. Sauer. 7. Aufl
Italienische Gesprache v. Sauer-Motti. 4. Aufl
tJbungsstiicke zum tjbers. a. d. Deutschen i. Ital. v. LardeUi. 3. Aufl.
Nengriechische Konversations-Grammatik v. Petraris . . .
Scblussel dazu v. Petraris
Id.
Wiederltindische Konversations-Grammatik v. ValetteScblussel dazu v. Valette
Niederlandisches Konv.-Lesebuch v. ValetteKleine niederlandische Sprachlehre v. Valette. 2. Aufl.
Polnische Konversations-Grammatik v. Wicherkiewicz .
Scblussel dazu v. Wicherkiewicz
PortuQ^iesisclie Konversations-Grammatik v. Kordgien. 2. Aufl.SchlUssel dazu v. Kordgien. 2. Aufl
Kleine portugiesische Sprachlehre v. Kordgien. 3. Aufl
Bnssische Konversations-Grammatik v. Fuchs.SchlUssel dazu v. Fuchs. 3. Aufl. •
.•i
• • • •
Kleine russische Sprachlehre v. Motti ....SchlUssel dazu v. Motti
Aufl.
ISchwedische Konversations-Grammatik v, WalterSchlUssel dazu v. WalterKleine schwedische Sprachlehre v. Fort
ISpanische Konversations-Grammatik v. Sauer-Ruppert.SchlUssel dazu v. Ruppert. 2. Aufl. .
Spanisches Lesebuch v. Sauer-Rohrich. 2. Aufl. . . .
Kleine spanische Sprachlehre v. Sauer-Runge. 3. Aufl. .
Spanische Gesprache v. Sauer. 3. Aufl
Spanische Rcktionsliste v. Sauer-Kordgien
8. Aufl.
Method Graspey-Otto-Sauerfor the study of modern languages.
Grerman Editions-
^nahili Konversations-Grammatik v. SeidelSchlUssel dazu v. Seidel
Tiirkische Konversations-Grammatik v. JehlitschkaSchlUssel dazu v. Jehlitschka
Kleine ungarische Sprachlehre v. Nagy
French Editions.
Grammaire allemande par Otto. 16. ^dCorrige des thfemes de la Grammaire allemande par Otto. 5. fed.
Petite Grammaire allemande par Otto. 8. l5d
Lectures allemandes par Otto. I. part, 6. I^d
Lectures allemandes par Otto. II. part, 4. lid, . . .
Lectures allemandes par Otto. III. part,^ 2. ^d, . . .
Conversations allemandes par Otto. 4. Ed
Grammaire anglaise par Mauron-Verrier. 8. I^d
Corrige des themes de la Grammaire anglaise par Mauron-Verrier. 3. fed.
Petite Grammaire anglaise par Mauron. 4. I^d
Lectures anglaises par Mauron. 2. l^d
Conversations anglaises par CorkranManuel de conversation en fran^.j allem. et anglais par Connor. 12. l^d.
Grammaire italienne par Sauer. 9, fid
Corrige des thfemes de la Gramm. ital. par Sauer. 5. fed
Petite Grammaire italienne par Motti. 2. fid
Chrestomathie italienne par Cattaneo. 2. fid
Conversations italiennes par Motti
Grammaire neerlandaises par Valette . . . .
Corrige des themes de la Grammaire neerlandaise par Valette
Lectures neerlandaises par Valette
Grammaire rnisse par Fuchs. 3. fid
Corrige des themes de la Gramm. russe par Fuchs. 3. fed.
Petite grammaire russe par MottiCorrige des themes de la petite grammaire russe par Motti
Grammaire ei^pagnole par Sauer. 4. Ld. . .
Corrige des themes de la Gramm. eapagn. par Sauer. 3. fed.
Petite grammaire espagnole par Tanty ....Lectures espagnoles par Sauer-llohrich. 2. fid.
Petite grammaire snedoifiie par Fort
Grreek Edition.Kleine deutsche Sprachlehre filr Griechen von Maltos ...Deutsche Gesprache fiir Griechen von Maltos
jj
2
Method Gaspey-Otto-Sauerfor the study of modern langaages.
Italian EdLitions.
Grammatica tedesca di Sauer-Ferrari. 6. Ed.Chiave della Grammatica tedesca di Sauer-Ferrari. 2. Ed.
Grammatica elementare tedesca di Otto. 4. Ed.
Letture tedesche di Otto. 4. EdConversazioni tedesche di Motti
Avviamento al trad, dal ted. in ital. di Lardelli
Ed. .Grammatica inglese di Sauer-Pavia. 4
Chiave della grammatica Ingleae di Sauer-Pavia
Grammatica elementare inglese di Pavia 12Grammatica francese di Motti. 2. Ed [4Chiave della grammatica francese di Motti .
Grammatica elementare francese di Sauer-Motti, 2. Ed.
Grammatica spag^nnola di Paviaj!
5Chiave della Grammatica spagnuola di Pavia 12Grammatica elementare spagnuola di Pavia
I
2
Dutch. Edition.
Kleine Hoogdaitsche Grammatica door Schwippert
Ir*ortng"u.ese Editions-
Grammatica allema por Otto-Prevot. 2. Ed. . . .
Chave da Grammatica allema por Otto-Prevot
Grammatica elementar allema por Otto-Prevot.
Grammatica franceza por Tanty ....Chave da Grammatica franceza por Tanty
2. Ed.
!ROilman Editions.
Gramatica germana de Leist{|
4
22
42
Cheea gramaticii germane de Leist
Elemente de gramatica germanS, de Leist. 2. Ed.
Conversa^iuni germane de Leist
Gramatica francesa de LeistCheea gramaticii francese de Leist
Elemente de gramaticS, francesS, de Leist. 2. Ed.
Conversa^ium francese de Leist
Spanish. Editions.Gramatica alemana por RuppertClave de la Gram&tica alemana per liuppertGramatica elemental alemana por Otto-Ruppert. 3. Ed. . .
Gramatica inglesa por PaviaClave de la Gram&tica inglesa por PaviaGramdtica sucinta de la lengua inglesa por Otto. 3. Ed. . .
Gramatica sucinta de la lengua francesa por Otto. 3. Ed.
IGramatica sucinta de la lengua italiana por Pavia. 2. Ed.
Method Gaspey-Otto-Sauerfor the stady of modern laDgnages.
«A8 long as Bellamy's 'state of the future' is no fact yet, as long as
there are millionaires and Social Democrats, until every cobbler can stepon to the scene of his handicraft, fitted out with an academic education,so long will private tuition be a necessity.
Since no pedagogic considerations fetter the private tutor, one should
think that the choice of a classbook could not be a difficult matter for him;
for it is understood, and justly so, that any book is useful if only the
teacher is of any use. But the number of those who write grammars, fromthe late respected Dr. Ahn down to those who merely write in order to
let their own small light shine is too large. Their aim, after all, is to
place the pupil as soon as possible on his own feet i. e. to render a teacher
superfluous, and to save time and money.Then the saying holds good: «They shall be known by their works*,
and for that reason we say here a few words in favour of the books of the
Gaspey-Otto-Sauer Method which have been published by Mr. Julius Groos,of Heidelberg.
Valuable though these books have proved themselves to be for the
use at school, it is for private tuition that they are absolutely indispensable.
They just contain what I claim for such books, not too much and not too
little. The chapters of the various volumes are easily comprehended andare arranged in such a way that they can well be mastered from onelesson to the other; besides, the subject-matter is worked out so as to lead
the pupil from the commencement to converse in the foreign tongue.
What success these books have met with will best be seen from theever increasing number of their publications which comprise, in different
groups relating to Germans, Frenchmen, Englishmen, Italians, and Spaniards,not less than 160 works the following volumes of which I have successfullyused myself and am still usiug for the instruction of Germans: — the French
grammar (24'^ edition), the English grammar (21". edition), the Spanish,Italian, Dutch, and Russian grammars; for English and French students: —the German grammar, not to mention minor auxiliary works by the same firm.
It is surprising what splendid results one can obtain by means of this
method in a period of 6 to 12 months. After such a course the studentis enabled to instruct himself in commercial correspondence in a foreign
language without a master's helping hand.*
Extract from the „FrSnkisclier Courier".
The Publisher is untiringly engaged in extending the range of educa-
tional works issuing from his Press. A number of new books are now in
course of preparation.
The new editions are constantly improved and kept up to date.
ELEMENTARY
RUSSIAN GRAMMAR.
METHOD GASPEY-OTTO-SAUER.
ELEMENTARY
RUSSIAN GRAMMARBY
PIETRO MOTTI,///
PROFESSOR OF MODERN LANGUAGES AT THE ROTAL PIACENZATECHNICAL INSTITUTION.
SECOKD EDITION IMPROVED AND ENLARGED.
LONDON.DAVID NUTT, 57—59 Long Acre. DULAU & Co., f!7 Soho Square.
SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON & Co., Fetter Lane, Fleet Street.
NEW YORK.BRENTANO'S, F.W.CHRISTERN, THE INTERNATIONAL E. STEIGER & Co.,
31 Union Square. 254 Fifth Avenue. NEWS COMPANY, 25 Park Place.
88 and 85 Duane Street.
BOSTON.T. H. CASTOR & Co., Succ. to C. Schoenhof, C. A. KOEHLER & Co.,
23 School Street. 149 A Tremont Street.
HEIDELBERG.JULIUS GROOS.
1901.
581653
9.4. 5"4
The method of Gaspey-Otto-Sauer Is my own private property,liaving been acquired by purchase from the anthers. The text-booksmade after this method are Incessantly Improved. All rights, espe-cially the right of Issuing new editions, and the right of translationfor all languages, are reserved. Imitations and fraudulent Impres-sions will be prosecuted according to law. I am thankful for anycommunications relating to these matters.
Heidelberg. Julius Orooa.
^M
PREFACE TO THE NEW EDITION.
X he present little work, exhibiting in as clear and
concise a form as possible the main features of Russian
accidence and syntax, may be looked upon as an
introductory abridgement to the author's larger Con-
versation-Grammar of which a second improved and
enlarged edition has likewise recently been published.
This Elementary Grammar is intended to facihtate
the study of the language for beginners, and will in
many cases suffice, especially for those who wish to
learn the Russian language for practical purposes only,
without any pretension to literary or scientific study.
In spite of its modest aspirations, it is however to be
hoped that this short guide will not be found entirely
undeserving of even the philologist's attention. ''"t
By going through it, learners will soon perceive
that Russian is by far not so difficult as it is generally
beheved, and that, if necessary, it can as well as any
other dead or living language, be studied and learnt
without the assistance of a teacher. To this end a Keyof the Exercises has been issued. It will also be seen
that even the much dreaded rules of pronunciation are not
beyond the reach of diligent self-tuition.
\'l Prkface.
This new edition has been carefully revised and
the practical part more largely developed. A short
dialogue has been added to each lesson, and from the
twelfth lesson onward, also reading exercises relating
for the most part to Russian history and customs have
been inserted. A Russian-English and an English-Russian
vocabulary have been added at the end of the book.
Dr. J. Wright in Oxford had the kindness to revise
the book.
CONTENTS.
Page.
1. The Russian Alphabet. Cla.ssification of Letters .... 1
Synopsis of the Russian Alphabet 2
2. Pronunciation of vowels . . 5
3. Pronunciation of semivowels <a consonants 8
4. The italic and written ali)ha t 12
5. Law of permutation 16
1st Lesson. Gender of substantives 18
2nd » Declension of hard masc. nouns 20
3rd » » » soft » » 22
4th » » » hard fem. » 24
5th » » » soft » » 26
6th » » » hard and soft neuter nouns . . 28
7th » General view of substantive inflections .... 30
8th » Nouns with prepositions 32
9th » Auxiliary verb Shtb to be 35
IQth » Hints on the regular conjugation 37
11th » » » » » » continued . . 39
12th » Interrogative, negative and conditional forms . 42
Bi.THHM HejOB^Kt 44
13th » Personal pronouns 44
CidpHH <j)HJi6co(J)'f. 46
14th » Possessive pronouns 47
OfJpayoBanHHH le.ioB'feK'B 49
15th » Reflective and demon.strative pronouns .... 50
Xopoinan peiiyxania 53
16th » Relative and interrogative pronouns 53
CacJtHpT. ua oSijit 56
17th » Definitive and indefinite pronouns 57
Oxoxa Ha rarpa, 1 60
18th » Adjectives with full terminations 61
Oxoxa Ha xiirpa, II 64
19th » Adjectives with apocopated terminations ... 65
Hacu 68
VIII Contents.
Page.
20th Lesson. Degrees of comparison 69
BHHMaHie h CTporocri. IvHArja UoTeMKHHa . . 72
21st » Cardinal numbers 73
TpH Bonpoca 77
22n<3 » Ordinal numbers 78
yoiHCTBo I],apeBH4a /I,HMUTpia 81
23th » Adverbs 82
BopHci. FojiyHdBi. 84
24th » Prepositions 86
K)HocTb nexpa BejiHKaro, 1 88
25th » Conjunctions and Interjections 89
DnocTb nerpa BejHKaro, II 91
26th » Aspects of the verb 92
nyxeniecTBie nexpa BejiHKaro aa rpaiiHuy . 96
27th » Formation of the present past and future ... 97
Hauajio neTep6ypra 100
28th » Formation of the imperat. gerund and participle 101
no6tAa npu IIojiaBi 104
29th » Irregular verbs with a regular termination . . 105
noStjta npn IIojuaBt 108
30th » Irregular verbs with an irregular termination . 108
CeMeBcTBo Herpd Be.iHKaro 112
Appendix.I. Selection of useful words 114
n. Easy Conversational Exercises 122
III. Supplementary Reading Exercises 125
IV. Poems 126
Vocabulary,English-Russian 128
Russian-English 144
INTRODUCTION.
THE RUSSIAN ALPHABET. CLASSIFICATIONOF LETTERS.
(See the table pages 2 and 3.)
The Russian Alphabet may be considered as an
enlarged Greek alphabet. The many letters added haverendered it as nearly phonetic as can be desired, becauseit not only expresses each sound by means of one
character, but it has also the practical advantage of ex-
pressing even complex sounds by means of only onecharacter. Its large number of letters is therefore not
to be regarded as an inconvenience by beginners, butas a real and useful simplification, both with regard to
orthography and pronunciation.*Certain letters are indeed somewhat puzzling at
first sight on account of their similarity to Englishletters having a different value. Such are:
B = V, H = n, p = r, c = s, y = u, x = kh.
Deserving of particular attention are also the ita-
licized forms of the following letters
tf = i n =Y>
ni = t.
In books printed before 1840, the ancient Romanform m is frequently met with instead of t. The great-est care is therefore required not to confuse it with ni.
^ Learners who have not the assistance of a teacher should
copy the rules of pronunciation before committing them to memory;but being yet unacquainted with the Russian written alphabet(see page 12), they may imitate as well as they can the printedtypes. This is the best way of learning them.
Elementary Russian Grammar. 1
SYNOPSIS OF THE
izz
RUSSIAN ALPHABET.
Name.
4 Classification of letters.
It is of the utmost importance, even for beginners,that the following Classifications of Russian Letters becommitted to memory.^ They greatly facilitate the
proper understanding of the rules of pronunciation andalso plain many apparent anomalies of declension and
conjugation.
The Russian alphabet contains thirty six letters of
these twelve are vowels; three are semi-vowels; the
twenty-one others are consonants.
Vowels: a, e, h, i, o, y, h, % a, K), a, v;Semi-vowels: !>, h, ft;
Consonants: 6, b, r, ;i;, ac, 3, k, ji, m, h, n, p, c, t,
$, X, 11,, 1, ni, m;, e.
Vowels and semi-vowels are divided into hard and
soft, while consonants may be classed into strong and
weak, as in other languages.
Hard vowels: a, 3 y, o, h;Soft vowels: a, e, (i), K), e^, z (i);
Hard semi-vowel: i,;
Soft semi-vowels: b, ft;
Strong consonants: n, ^, x, k, t, m, c;
Weak consonants: 6, b, r, ;i;, at, 3.^
Besides this, when regarded according to the organsthat give rise to the various consonants, a second and more
important classification is obtained which extends to
them all:
Labials: 6, n; b, (J) (e); m;Gutturals: k, r, x;Dentals: t, a; 3, c, i;;
Palatals: ac, m; q, m;Linguals: Ji, h, p.
The vowel r and the consonant e have not been
comprized in the above classifications, their use being
1 for the i)reseiit they may be overlooked, if found too
difficult ; but the sooner they are studied the better it will be.2 Pronounced yoh. See page 7, pronunciation of E.* Neither the liquids .i, m, h, p, nor n, h, m, have a corre-
sponding weak consonant ; they have therefore not been comprizedin this classification. The weak consonant r corresponds to the
strong consonants k and x, according to circumstances.
Pro>'cnciation of vowels. 5
extremely rare and restricted to words of Greek origin.The first is employed for d, the second for d-: Eydnrejrie,
Aei'iHH (EoaYYsXwv, 'AdTjvat). Such words are nowgenerally written with b and
{|): EsaHrejiie, A(|)nHH.
2.
PRONUNCIATION OF TOWELS.
a) Hard vowels.
A, a.
Its proper sound is that of a in father; but whenat the end of words and not accented^ it is pronouncedvery rapidh^ so as to approach a in fat:
3ana;i,T, 6ap^irB 6d6a r^ra
zah-padd ba-rahnn bah-ba gah-ganest mutton old woman eider-duck.
The hard vowel a has the sound of e in met, when
occurring after a palatal consonant (see page 4), providedit be not accented and not at the end of a word:
'iacTiiii;a ya^aci, idcTO AJiu^chai-stee-tsa 6o-zhess chah-sto doo-shdhsmall part terror often soul.
In the accented genitive termination arc ^, the vowela is pronounced o; but in this ease also r is pronouncedirregularly. See therefore page 10, pronunciation of r.
It has uniformly its proper sound of e in met. Thisletter occurs mostly in words of foreign origin:
3K3aMeHi, uxaMcepKa nodMa ototi,
ek-ztih-menn ai-ta-zhair-ka po-ai-ma ai-tott
examination cupboard poem this.
H, u.
The proper sound of this vowel is that of ce thick
and guttural. To catch the right pronunciation of h,learners ought to utter with- a guttural affectation the
final y of such words as j;%, tvittij, etc.
» The tonic accent is no longer printed in Russian; but to
assist beginners all words occurring in this grammar are accen-
tuated, when formed with more than one syllable.^ Now generally written and printed oio.
Pronukciation of vowels.
After the labials (see page 4), it is pronouncedmuch similar to wi in ivig:
cuHi ii,i>iHrd MUJio rpiiOiii
synn tsyn-gah mwee-lo gree-bweeson Bcurvy soaj) mushroonie.
0, 0.
When accented, it sounds like o in not: when unac-
cented, its pronunciation greatly resembles that of a in
father, but at the endits proper sound:
;i,OMt npecTOJiT.domm prai-stollhouse throne
of words it generally preserves
KO.IOKOJI^
ka-la-ka-lahbells
choo-dowonder.
y, y
yum
Pkoxl'Xciatiox of vowels. 7
In all other cases, when not accented, it is pronoun-ced like ye in yet:
a;i^p6 apMO ;i,eBflTL Bflaiy
yai-droh yair-moh dye-vyet' vyai-zho6bullet yoke nine I tie.
E, 6 (soft 3); E, e (soft o).
At the beginning of words and syllables, when not
accented, it sounds nearly like ye in yet, i. e. it has its
proper sound:
e;i,Ba acciaexT. Be.iiiKoe ecxt
yed-vah zhai-lah-yet vai-lee-ko-ye yest'hardly he wishes great (neuter) he is.
When accented it has very often the sound of yoin yoTie (or that of o in note, if preceded by a lingualor palatal consonant, see page 4), In such cases how-
ever, it is customary to mark it with two dots:
e.iKa TBep;i^o me.iKT, Hepnuiiyol-ka tvyor-do shollk chor-neefir-tree firmly silk black.
In all other combinations, and especially after a
consonant belonging to the same syllable, the soft vowele has the hard sound of e in met:
66peri. Mope »ie»i6 ce.io
bai-reg moh-reh chai-loh sai-loh
shore sea forehead village.
% * (soft 9).
The same rules stated for e apply equally to *,
with the exception that this never has the sound of o
and only very seldom that of yo:tCTL lii^k H-fejlOfi B-tpa Tfe3IT.
yest' yez-dah nye-moy vye-ra chemmto eat journey dumb faith than.'
H, H, I, i (soft h).
The proper sound of both these soft vowels is al-
ways that of i in sich and iota. The second of them, i,
1 Among the wordf* in which t has the sound of ?/o, obHervethe following and their derivatives: ctxia saddle, 3Bi3ju stare,
rHi.3;i,a birds' neete, ^Bt.TI. he flourished, ofjpt.n, I (thou, he) found.
y rKOXCXCIATION OF SEMI-VOWELS.
must invariably be followed by another vowel or semi-
vowel, whereas h is employed exclusively before a con-
sonant ^:
MHpT* BUHHIIIUHa npii^SAt CHiMmeerr vin-nee-chee-na pree-yezd seenyeepeace bunch of grapes arrival blue.
10, K) (soft y).
The compound soft vowel k) has in most Russianwords the sound of u in tube. In words of French or
German origin, lo was formerly pronounced as French uGerman ii, but now this difference is generally neglected:
Kondio i66Ka 6iocti, Bpiocce.iL
ka-pah-youh yoop-ka byoust bryoiis-selI dig petty-foat bust Brussels.
Repetition. iiBKa, CToaHKa, seMjia, BpeMii, a;i,p6, apMo,
AeBflTB, Baaty, e;i,Ba, JKejfaeTi>, Beji'moe, cctb, ejiKa, TBep-
;;o, mejiKi., nepHHH, 6eper'L, Mope, ^ejio, cejo, icTB, fo^a,
HiMOH, B^pa, H^MI., MHpi), BIIHHHIHHa, npi^SAt, CHHifi,
KDiiaK), lo^Ka, 6100x1., BpioccejiL.
SECOND READIXO EXERCISE.
Mico cuTHaa nnma. Bamsa BHCOKa, xi'iaiUHa HHSKa.
JlHJiia ^iijia, nioHia Kpacna, KjiiOKBa Kiiciaa iiroAa. ^l,66poe
cep;i,ii,e yBaHaexca bc^mh. lle^H Tonaxca apobrmh. /I,ymaHaiua descMepxHa.
3.
PRONUNCIATION OF SEMI-TOWELS ANDCONSONANTS.
a) Semi-vowels.
1., T,.
The hard semi-vowel x has now no sound whatever,but it serves to give to the consonant that precedes it
a strong and harsh pronunciation as though this weredouble. Before t, a weak consonant has always the
sound of its corresponding strong, 6 = n, b = 4n ^^c. :
cxaHX KpoB'b mecTt cto.tb
stahnn kroff shesstt stoU
stage roof perch table.
» The only exception is Mipi world, to distinguish it from
MHpi peace.
Pronunciatiox of coxsonants. 9
L, L.
The soft semi-vowel b may to a certain extent be
regarded as a half uttered h, giving to the precedingconsonant a soft and liquid resonance somewhat similar
to the French 11 moniJU or the German j:
CTRHL KpOBLstahn' krov'
begin (thou) blood
meCTL CTO.IB
shest' stol' ^
six so much.
H, H.
This second soft semi-vowel is a very short ii
occurring onh^ after a vowel and pronounced very rapidly
along with it, so as to form one syllable:
;i,au Mofl neii c.iy^aiidah^ m6h^ pai^ sloo-cha^
give (thou)! my (masc.) drink (thou)! occasion.
Repetition. CxaH-L, KpoBi., mecT-L, ctojtl, cxaHt,
KpoBL, mecTb, CTOjiL, jtafi, Moii, neH, cjiynaH.
h) Consonants.
Labials: n, n; B, 6; O, (|); B, b; M, m.
These five letters have the same sound as their
Enghsh equivalents (p, b, f, v, m), observing howeverthat the weak 6 and b are pronounced like the strongn and
()»,when followed by a strong consonant or by t:
nae.iHH'B
pa-vleennpea-cock
6^()Ka
bahp-kaknuckle
OiiTBa
blt-va
battle
A36xdooppoak
())ondpbfa-nahr'
lantern
.idBKa
lahf-ka
shop
MaXBmaht'mother.
POBBrofif
ditch.
Gutturals: K, k; X, x; T, r.
The consonant k is generally pronounced as in
English; but when it occurs before k, t or »i, it hasthe spirantal value which is heard in German %(ii\.
* The pronunciation of these four words may also be figuredthus: stdhnye, kr6vye, shestJ'*, stolye.
10 Pronunciation of consonants.
Such is always the sound of the Russian x, often trans-
cribed in English by Jch:
KpesTi KHeMj' KTO xpaMtkresstt kh-chai-mo6 khtoh khrahmmcross to what who temple.
The proper sound of r is that of(/
in God; butbefore k, t, q, and in a few other cases ^, it is pronoun-ced as a very soft spirant Russian x (German d^); andwhen followed by i. its sound is that of h in kin:
rep6x jierKO hofth nnpori,
ghairp lekh-koh nokh-tee pee-rokcoat of arms easily (finger) nails pie.
The genitive termination aro is pronounced ova
when accented, avo when unaccented;aro and ero al-
ways sound ycvo:
;i,ypHdro^ pyccKaro chhafo ero
door-n6vo rooss-kavo see-nyevo yai-vohof the bad (man) of the Russian of the bine of him
Dentals: T, t; Jl^ J^; C, c; 3, 3; 11^ ^.
The sound of these five consonants is exactly that
of English t, d, s, z and ts:
xaaii, xexKa Ji^owb Mji,^tahmm tyott-ka donn dyah-dyathere aunt Don uncle
ca;i,t cecxpd »bohi> cropixLsahdd ses-trah zvonn zga-ryet'garden sister sound to burn.
i^apL n^peii.'B Jims,6 u^linA
tsar pai-rets li-ts6h tsai-nah
emperor (king) pepper face price.
1 Such are Eori God, nexepCypn. St. Petersburg, and other
proper names ending in Cypri,.— It must also be noted here
that r sounds like he Ii in hero in all foreign words having in their
original form an initial aspirated h, such as rociraTajB, rep6H etc.,
and in a few Russian words, among which must be especiallynoticed rocnoii, Lord (God), rocyA^pb Sovereign, Emperor, (ijaro
well, and a few others.2 See note 2 page 5.
Proxcnxiatiox of coxsoxaxts. 11
Palatals: III, m; aC, ar; H, h; 111^ m;.
They correspond respectively to sh in sliut to z in
azure, ch in charm, shtch in smasht-china :
ina.idmi> acend naci. m,Hn.shai-lahsh zhai-nah chahss shtchitt
cottage woman hour eliield.
It must however be noted that, before t and h, the
consonant q sounds as in; before h, m; sounds as m;ac is pronounced ni before a strong consonant or i>:
HTO n03l6in,HIIKT, MjatT. HOHCKashtoh pa-mosh-nik moosh nosh-kawhat assistant husband little foot.
Palatals: *1, ji; H, h; P, p.
These three consonants do not materially differ in
their usual pronunciation from 1 in life, n in note, r in
rose. In regard to .i, it must be noted that its propersound of 11 in dollar only occurs when followed bya strong consonant, a hard vowel, or i,. Great care
should be taken not to lisp Russian p as EngHshmenfrequently do (arm-northern), but to pronounce it
rather as if it were double, as in the word hurry-.
pailO .I'bHIIBIIU JIOHCKa rOBOpH.1T>rah-no lai-nee-wee lloh-shka ga-va-rillsoon idle spoon 1 spoke
Repetition. IlaBjiimt, Cutbr, (|)OHapB, MaxL, 6a6Ka,
Ayoi., .laBKa, poB-L, KpecTt, K^eMy, kto, xpaM'fc, rep6'B,
jiePKo, HOFTH, HHpor'L, ;i,ypH6ro, pyecKaro, cimaro, ero, TairL,
TCTKa, JfiWh, AHJH, ca,!,!., cecTpa, SBOH-B, cropixL, nepeni.,
jiHu,6, niiHa, majaui-L, atcHa, lacL, mHTi., ^to, noMomHHKi.,
MyKi, HOJKKa, paHO, jlimiBUH, joatKa, roBopi'iJi'B.
THIRD READIN(.f EXERCISE.
Me;i,B'feAB oHenL chjchI). jKi'ito coapiiBaeT'B jiiTOMi..
.lynme ;iaBaTL mi>wh npoci'iTB. Kama .iK)6i'iMaji niiina
A'^xen. 3afinu (>oh3jii'ibuh -/KHBOTHua. Cine kocht'l KocaMH.
YKymeHie SMii'i Macio npHHHinieTi. CMcpTi.. Ytkh jioChtt.
DjiaBaiL no Bo^ii- YiHTeji, oCynaeTi. yieuHKOBi,. llHBtipL
(ecTL) nepBufi Mtcflu-L bi. roAV. ilKopH Heo6xo,T,HMU npHKopa6jiflX'L. 3hm6k) scm.ih noKpuTa ciniroM'L.
12 Italic and wiutten' alphabet.
FOURTH REAUIXG EXERCISE.
IKJIjillA.
Oahhi, Oora^'b ynajri. ommii,hi bi ptKy. Ha rpoM-Kifi ero KpHK'b npHSiaiajiH jiioah h ct Be.iHKHM'B TpyjoMi.
BUTaiii,HjH ero hsi. bo;i,u. Ont npocHJii., ^toou nociapa-JHCL noHMaTL ero nijiiny, KOTopaa ynjru.ia yjKe aobo.ilho
;i;ajieK6, h o6i>majii> ;i,aTL 3a to B03HarpaiK;i,eHie. Oj.i'ih'l
pHSaKT. noHMaji'B in.iany h npHHeci. ee k-b hcmv. BoraHt
;i,aji'B eMy 3a to nojiTHHHHKi., a rfexi., KOTopne ero caMoro
BUTamHjiH H3'b BOAhi, ji,kme h He no6jiaro;i,apH.ii.
Bh;i,ho, hto 6oT3im> no'iHTajii. CBOibinvianyjiiopoaie ce6».
4.
THE ITALIC AND WRITTEN ALPHABET.
A a a Moic
E,(^/
Be
3 3
H
S
0/Ce.x
Mm
Hh
^&f ^ li
nUn(^6.
Ee(ZJ e Kn(^J(i4vp
Italic and written alphabet. 13
FOURTH READING EXERCISE, atalic.)
Jlljikna,
OdtiHh 6oidm odHciotcdu yna.n, ei pthKi/. Ha ipoMKiuno K])uia> npuOnmaAU Jiwdu u ci> oemnuMh mpydoMi^ 6hi-
maut/iuu no 1137, eodu. Om npocuA7>, Hm66u nocmapd.mcbnouMcmih no mMmj, wmopaH ijnAu.m yowe doeoAhuo da-icKo,
u ofjthmd.i7j danih 3a mo eo3Hmpaoicdmie. Oduuh puOdnt) nou-
Md.n iMOAHuy ii npuucch cc m uemy. Bozdm dwii) cMy 3a
mo noAmuHHUK7,, a mnxh, Kmnopue no caMOio oumamuAUU3^ eodhi, ddowe u hc nodAatodajnlih.
BuOho, umo 6oxdHh nounmdAV ceow niAAny dopoowe ce/JA.
14 Reading exercise.
FOURTH READING EXERCISE. ( Written.)
^>Ar^na,
m'cUH'^b oo^a^'6'6 una^^
'^'a<?/Ci9M V'b nf6.
ufUAu ezo as'b oar/M. li^^^
n/iooi^A'bj "^r/tt^oM nfj^cma-
I
Eeadixg exercise. 15
lUA^n^^ f^omo/ias^ "^/n^ti-
6)
^u uo/ce o'ovoAbHO o^aAm^Oj
'^MOafC'b nO^^t^A'b lUA^'
^o^t^/t^'b oaA'b eMu sa mo
'^mnt?A9nu/^fuif{^j €1 ;?>*^/&i2?5,
16 Law of permutation.
O'^^t^fiMe e^o et^MO'^o vm-
n^it^u^u^u US'b vot/^^ €/a<?/ct
^mo m^t^'t^'m'c
no'^ufnt^A'b €Oo/o cu^r^n^
On'^o/^oo/ee eeos^.
LAW OF PERMUTATION.In the various changes that words undergo through
declension, conjugation, composition and derivation, the
final letter of the root is frequently changed accordingto fixed phonetic rules, which it is of the utmost im-
portance to commit to memory as soon as possible:
Consonants:1. r, X 3,
2. K, T, u,
3. X, c,
4. CK, CT,
before ii, e, h, K), i. change into
Law of pkrmutatiox. 17
Vowels.
1.
2.
18
FIRST LESSON.
GENDER OF RUSSIAN SUBSTANTITES.
The Russian language has no article, neither de-
finite nor indefinite. Thus oxen.'b signifies indifi*erentlythe father, a father, father.
Number and case are distinguished by means of in-
flections alone. Hence the necessity of a careful studyof the Russian declensions.
There are three genders in Russian, as in English;but this distinction applies in Russian also to inanimate
objects. In many cases however, the gender of sub-
stantives may be known either by their signification or
by their termination.
Masculine by their signification are all appellationsof men, whatever may be their termination:
Tfiopeui Creator. Bpajb liar,
uapb Emperor (king). KasHanefi treasurer.
Kopo-iB king. ji,Hja uncle.
Masculine by their termination are all names of
animate or inanimate objects ending in i> or fi:
Bort God repoH hero.
Spaxi brother. capau cart-shed,
opixi. walnut. ciyiaii occasion.
Feminine by their signification are all female ap-
pellations :
MRTt mother. KHflriHH princess.AOHb daughter. cecrp^ sister.
TexKa aunt. xcHa wife, woman.
Feminine by their termination are all nouns endingin a or a (not Ma):KHHra book. BuraHfl cherrj'.
na-TKa stick. nmn nurse-maid,
rpyma pear. repoi'iHa heroine.
Gender of Russian scbstaxtives. 19
Neuter by its signification is ahth child.
Nenter by their termination are all nouns endingin 0, e or Ma:c.TOBo word. HMa name.;i6joKO apple. BpeMfl time,
noje field. dpeiaa burden.
Substantives in b are partly masculine, partly femin-
ine;the proper gender of each of them must be learnt
by practice, or by consulting a good dictionary^:aoaiilb rain — masc. .liHb idleness — fem.
Kopa6.ib ship — masc. xhshb life — fara.
HoroTb finger-nail— masc. CTa.ib steel — fem.
W0RDS.2Yxk where. 3ji4cb here.
BesAi everywhere. cer6;;H« to-day (pron.sai-vod-nya).Korjia when. xajii there.
ecTb is (frequently understood). yate already.losia at home (jioMi house). eme still, yet.H and, also. kto who.a and, but. mto what.
EXERCISE 1.
TBopeiit. jixena. Tpynia. Hmh. BpaTi. ii6.iOKO.
JI,oat;i,L. Kopa6.it. .'I'feHL. Bor-B Be3ji,i. BpaTi. eme TaM^,a cecxpa yaie sx^cb. Kto ji,6Ma? OTeni'B ;i,6Ma. r^'fc rpy-nia H ji6.i0K0? Fpynia 3;i,'i>c&, a h6jioko i&wh.
TRANSLATION 2.
God. The book. A time. The field. Life. Theword. A sister. God is the Creator. Who [is]' there?
The mother[is] there, but the daughter [is] here. When
[is]the father at home? The father
[is]at home to-day.
CONYERSATION.
Yjl-k MaxL? MaTB TaMi,.
Kor;i;a cecipa ,T;6Ma? CecTpa ;i;6Ma.
Kto TaM'B? TaM-B ah;;^.
Hto 3AicB? 3AtcB rpyma.
' The best is: Alexandrotc, Complete English-Russian andRussian-English Dictionary. (St. Petersburg, new edition 1897.Price ten roubles.)
2 These words as well as those contained in the precedingrules must be thoroughly committed to memory, before doing theexercise and translation.
^ Observe that a parenthesis (....) encloses a word to betranslated or an annotation, whereas brackets [....] signify«leave out».
20 Lesson 2.
SECOND LESSON.
DECLENSION OF MASCULINE NOUNS.(Hard form.)
General remarks. There are in Russian three
declensions, which may be arranged according to the
genders: the first, mascuHne; the second, feminine; the
third, neuter.
Besides the usual cases, common with other lan-
guages (nominative, genitive, dative^ accusative), there are
in Russian two more cases: the instrnniental answeringto the questions hy whom? and with what in the sense
of by what ' and the prepositional, so called, becauseit is always preceded by one of the prepositons o, no,
BT., npH, Ha, as will be seen farther on.
Examples of hard masculine nouns,
a) Animate objects.
N. BOHHt the warrior. BdHHU the warriors.
G. BOHHa of the warrior. bohhobi. of the warriors.
D. BOHHy to the warrior. BOHHasn. to the warriors.
A. BOHHa the warrior. bohhobi. the warriors.
I. BOHHOMTb by the warrior. BOHHaMH by the warriors.
P. (o) BOHHt (about) the warrior. (o) Bdnnaxi (about) the warriors.
In the same manner as BOHHTb are declined the
greatest number of masculine nouns of animate objects
ending in i,, such as:
CTo.iiip'b joiner. genitive 2; cxojapa.
KysHent blacksmith. » Kysaen^.
Bopi thief. » B6pa.cioateTi. subject.
3 » cioffieTa.
6y.ioqHHKi baker.* » 6yjio4HHKa.
1 When the preposition with denotes company or beingtogether it is not rendered by the instrumental alone; the pre-
position c-b (page 33) must precede it. Ex : bohhomt. by the war-
rior, 01 BOHHOMi with the warrior.^ The genitive is indicated to show the displacement of the
tonic accent throughout the declension.3Foreign nouns in % are declined as if they where true
Russian nouns.* It must be constantly borne in mind, that according to
what has been stated (page 17) concerning the use of Russian
letters, after a labial or palatal (r, k, x; a, ui, ^, m) the pluralinflection is H and not u: GyjOHHHKH, and not 6yjo^HHKw; 6hki,
Chkh, etc.
Hard masculine xoixs. 21
6apaHi sheep.' genitive: 6apaHa.6uKi bull. » 6uKa.
BOJ-b ox. » BO.ia.
b) Inanimate Objects.
N. CTo-iT. the table. ctcih the tables.
G. cTo.ia of the table. ctoji6b'i> of the tables.
D. CTo.iy to the table. cxo.i&M'b to the tables.
A. CTOjTb the table. cto.iw the tables.
I. CTO.iOM-B with the table. ctci^mh with the tables.
P. (o) CToai (about) the table. (o) cro.i^x'b (about) the tables.
As it is seen, the decleusion of masculine nouns
denoting inanimate objects differs from that of animate
objects only in the accusative of both numbers, whichin the former is the same as the nominative, whereas in
the latter it is the same as the genitive.
In the same manner as ctoji-l are declined amongothers :
;iy6i oak. genitive: ;iy6a.'^
saKOHT. law. » aaKOJia.
pon. horn. » pora.x.Tfe6i bread, loaf. » xjii6a.
jio.iri. debt. » jojra.^
cvKi branch. » cvKa.
Some nouns elide in all other cases the vowel e
or of the nominative singular: saMOK'b the castle, saMKaof the castle, 3aMKy to the castle, etc., i^t^tok-b flower,
ii;B'feTKa of the flower, etc., Kyneu,!) merchant, Kynii,a of
the merchant, etc.
WORDS.;l,aH give (thou). Ma.ibiHKi> the boy.MHTe give (you). yieHHrfc the pupil.
Hrpaeii he, she, it plays. paSoinHK-b the workman.
BHaty I see. KOHCKt the skate, gen. KOHbKa.
BlijHiiib thou seest. HMiiepaxopi the emperor.H roBopKj I speak. th roBopiiiub thou speakest.
EXERCISE 3.
SaKOHt Bora. Fori, Boja. Cy»ii>a* Ji-y^OBi., X-itCi.
* Animals are considered as animate objects with regard to
their declension.'^ The displacement of the accent begins in this noun from
the gen. plur. ,iy66B'L downwards.' The displacement of the accent begins from the nom.
plur. ;toJirH.* The nominative plural is not cyKU but cyiba in this case,
because it is be taken in a collective sense.
22 Lesson 3.
6yJ0MHHK0B'B. Ji,OJlTU BOpOBI.. ^RH XJlM'h pa()6THHKy. HBiiaiy 6apaH0B'B. ^aflxe CTO.it padoTHHKaMi.. MajLHHKi>
HrpaeTi. ch (with) yneEHKaMH. R roBopib o cxoji^fe, a bh
roBopiiTe o KOHbKax'L.
TRANSLATION 4.
The laws of God. The horn of the oxen. Thebranch of the oak. The loaves of the baker. Thedebts of the thief. Give (thou) the table to the baker.
Thou seest the pupil; he plays with (cl instr.) the boys.Thou seest the skate of the workmen. Give the pupilsthe tables.
CONVERSATION.
r^i KysHeii,!,? KysHei];^ 3;i,t>CE.
^TO B-B Aowh Kynii,a? Bi ^tOMt Kynii,a xji'h6'h.
^Ito th Bii;i;Hinb? H Bimy ctoju.
K wo BHaty? Th biUhiul opixi..
Kor^a MajiBiHK'B ;i;6Ma? MajiB^HK'B ;i,6Ma cer6;i.Ha.
THIRD LESSON.
DECLENSION OF MASCULINE NOUNS.
(Soft form.)
Soft masculine nouns have a twofold termination:
some end in l; others in ft.
Examples of soft masculine nouns in b.
a) Animate objects.
uapi the Tsar (Czar).
napa of the Tsar.
uapH) to the Tsar,
napa the Tsar.
u,apeMi by the Tsar.
(o) uapt (about) the Tsar.
Thus may be declined
Kopojib king.
CJiecapb locksmith.
y^HTejit teacher,
iipihxejb friend.
Henpi^TCJit enemy.jKHTejib inhabitant,
ojieub stag.
MeABt^fc bear.
uapii the Tsars.
napett of the Tsars.
iiapaMi to the Tsars.
i;ap6tt the Tsars.
uapaMH by the Tsars.
(o) uapaxi (about) the Tsars.
genitive: Kopoja.» ce.icap«.» yHHxejiH.» npiaiejia.» Hcnpiaiejia.» acHxe-ifl.
» o-iena.
» Me;iBijtfl.
Soft masculine nouns. 23
b) Inanimate Object.
N. (t)OHapb the lantern.
G. (})OHapa of the lantern.
I). (i)OHapib to the lantern.
A. (|»0Hapb the lantern.
I. (jtonapeM'B with the lantern.
P. (oj (jjOHapi about) the lantern.
Such are:
CTOBapb dictionary.
Kopa6.n, ship, boat.
rB03;ib iron-nail.
rocoHTaJb hospital.
(})OHapH the lanterns.
(jioHapett of the lanterns.
(jionapaMi. to the lanterns.
(j[»onapii the lanterns.
(|)OHapaMH with the lanterns.
(o) (|)OHapax'b (about) the lanterns.
genitive: CJOBapa.» KopaSvifl.» FBOIUa.» rocnHxa-ia.
Examples of soft masculine nouus in h.
a) Animate Being.
N. repott the hero.
G. repoa of the hero.
D. repoH) to the hero.
A. repoa the hero.
I. repocMTb by the hero.
P. (o) repot (about) the hero.
Such are:
Ka3Ha4eH treasurer.
3.ioAiti rascal.
repoH the heroes.
repoCBi of the heroes.
repoaMi to the heroes.
repoeBi the heroes.
repoaMH by the heroes.
(o) repoaxi (about) the heroes.
genitive: KaaHanea.» 3joAta.
b) Inanimate Object.
N. cjyiatt the occasion.
G. ciy^aa of the occasion.
D. cjiynaH) to the occasion.
A. dynaJi the occasion.
I. ciyiaeMi. with the occasion.
P. (o) CTylat about)the occasion.
Such are:
capafi cart-shed, coach-house.noKOM room.
ciyiaH the occasions.
ciyiacBi. of the occasions.
ciyiaaMt to the occasions.
ciyMaa the occasions.
cjiynaaMH with the occasions.
(o)cjiyHaax'B(about)the occasions.
genitive: capaa.» iioKoa.
OxoTHHKT. the hunter.
Tonopt the hatchet.
BtpD believe (thou).
Btpbie believe (you).He not, no.
naoTHHKi. the carpenter.
WORDS.6u.ii BCTptieni he was met.
nocxejiB bed, bedstead.
Teiiepb now, at present.HtMi with what; o leMi. about
what.KiMi by whom.
iioKa'iHBaeTii he, she, it shows.
EXERCISE 5.
C.TGBapB nplHTe.M, Fbosah paOoTHHKOBI.. R Bl'lHCy
Il,apH. Tu Bi'iAMmi. Kopojieft. BtpL npiwxe.iK), h He BtpB
24 Lesson 4.
oxoTHHKy. OxoTHHK'L ecTB Bpajit. IIpiflTe.ifc noKaauBaeTB
mejifii^ii jKHTejiaMi,. He Bipbie HenpiHTejiaMt. IIocTejra
Bi. noKoi. K Tenept b-b capai. Oh'l pa66TaeT'L to-
nopoM'L.
TRANSLATION 6.
The dictionaries of the friends. The toothed planeof the workman. Thou seest the king and I see the
heroes. Do not believe {trans. Believe not) the enemy.The enemy is a liar. Thou speakest with the teacher
{ch instr.) about the bedsteads and ships. The Tsarwas met by the inhabitants. With what does the boyplay [trans! . plays the boy)? With an iron-nail.
FOURTH LESSON.DECLENSION OF FEMININE NOUNS.
(Hard form.)
Examples of hard feminine nouns.
a) Animate objects.
N. acend the woman, the wife. ateHH the women.G. aceHH of the woman. ajeai of the women.
D. ateflt to the woman. ateHaMt to the women.A. ateny the woman. aeui the women.I. aeeHOH) (-ofi) by the woman. HceHaMH by the women.
P. (o) s.ea'k (about) the woman. (o) aeHaxi (about) the women.
Such are:
II,apHii,a Empress (of Russia). plural i; uapHnu.KopojeBa queen. » KopojeBU.BjtoBa widow. » b;i6bh.
niejik bee. » iiHe.iu.
co6aKa dog. » co6aKH.
KOpOBa cow. » KOpOBH.;iiBHu,a ^rl. » a^bhuh.
In the same manner are declined also the few
masculine nouns in a, such as:
CT^pocxa headman.niBuua singer.
b) Inanimate objects.
N. KapxHHa the picture. KapxHHH the pictures.G. KapTHHH of the picture. KapxuH'b of the pictures.D. KapxHHt to the picture. KaprHHaMi to the pictures.
1 With feminine nouns the displacement of the accent is
rare and limited to the plural.
Hard femixike xouxs. 25
A. Kaprany the picture. KapTHHH the pictures.I. KaptuHOH) (oh) with the pict. KaprHHaMH with the pictures.P. (o) KapTHB* abouty the pict. (o; KapTHuaxi (about; the pict.
Such are:
posa rose. plural: p63H.
xpaBa grass, herb. » rpaBH.KOMHaxa room. » KOiiHaxH.
EHHra book. » KHiirH.
As to the accusative of feminine nouns, there is
no distinction between animate and inanimate objectsin the singular; but in the plural the same distinction
is made as with mascuhne nouns (page 21).
Such feminine nouns the final vowel of which is
preceded by two consonants, or by a consonant and a
soft semi-vowel, insert in the genitive plural e or o, to faci-
Htate pronunciation : nLiKa the stick, najiOK'B of the sticks;
CBa;^I.6a the marriage, 03^^661. of the marriages, etc.
WORDS.OCoiimHKi upholsterer. a A'^h I give.o66if tapestry, wall-paper. bh jiaere you give.WHt ine, to me. iLieManHHua niece,
iioaia-iyiicTa if you please. a BH^i.ri. 1 saw, I have seen.
c.iyaaHKa servant-maid. .iii? is it not? (interr. particle.)
Kop.-JHHKa basket. li.iH either, or.
Aaft give (thou}! yKparaaexi, ornaments.
jAuie give (you)! ^acxo often, frequently.
EXERCISE 7.
H By'ij.tJi'B co6aKY. Co6aKa Hrpaei-B lacxo ct Kopo-BOK). Jl,aft xjiSi, co6aKi. ;i,an MHi KopsimKY A'^Bi'mu.
/I^an KopOBaMi. xpaBii. 066hiii;hk'b yKpamaeTi. KOMHaxHouoHMH H KapTHHaMH. /I,afiTe MH-ii KHnry h KoneiiKv, no-
aca.iyficTa. A BH^'feJi'B KopsHHKH njieMHHHimi, H KHi'iry
AiBi'mu.
TRANSLATION 8.
Give bread to the dog, and grass to the cow. Tlie
brother ornaments the room with papers and pictures.I saw the basket of the niece and the book of the girl.
Give the widow the kopeck. Thou speakest of the
dog, and I speak of the cow. Do you make {trans.make you ;i,i.iaeTe jik bu) a basket or a book? I often
see the picture.
26
CONVERSATION.
roBopHinB j[H TH co6aK'h
HJIH KOniKi?
Jl^ijiaeie jih bbi KopsHHKyiijiH KHHry.
Kto Hrpaexi. o6HKHOBeHHOCb KOniKOK)?
KoMV BH ;iiaeTe posy?
A rOBOpK) KopoB-fe.
Mh ji.'fejiaeM'L KopsHHKy, a ne
KHHry.MaJIBTIHKH 06MKH0BeHH0 HF-
paiOTl. Cb KOmKOK) H ct
co6aKOio.
R ;i,aio posy ateH'fe 6yjio^HHKa.
FIFTH LESSON.DECLENSION OP FEMININE NOUNS.
(Soft form.)
Soft feminine nouns have, like soft masculine nouns,a twofold termination. Some of them end in a
;others in l.
Examples of soft feminine nouns in a.
a) Animate objects.
HaHH the nurses.
HflHB of the nurses.
uaHflMi to the nurses.
HaHb the nurses.
HHHflMH by the nurses.
(o) ukaHX'b (about) the nurses.
N. BHua. the nurse (-maid).G. umu of the nurse.
D. HiiH'b to the nurse.
A. H;iHio the nurse.I. HHHeH) (efi) by the nurse.
P. (o) HjJHt (about) the nurse.
Such are:
KHarHHfl princess. gen. plur.: KHHTuah.fioi'HHfl goddess. » » 6orHHi>.
rpa(i)HHfl countess. » » rpa<})HHB.
repoHHfl heroine. » » repoiiHL.
b) Inanimate oVjjects.
nyjH tiie bullets.
iiyjiL of the bullets.
npaMt to the bullets.
nyjiH the bullets.
iiyjHMH with the bullets.
(o) ny.iaxi (about) the bullets.
N. iiy.ia the bullet.
G. ny.iH of the bullet.
D. iiyjit to the bullet.
A. nyjH) the bullet.
I. iiyjeio (efl) with the bullet
P. (o) iiyjffe (about) the bullet,
Such are:
;uiHa melon.
6ypfl tempest.HexkjiH week.
gen. plur. AUHb.
6ypi..
HeA'isb.
There are also a few nouns in n which insert e or
to facilitate the pronunciation, such as: 6amHJi the
tower, 6auieHb* of the towers, etc.
' Instead of -enB, many grammarians write -CHTb, accordingto pronunciation.
bOFT FEMININE NOUNS. 27
Such feminine nouns as end in ia, like Anrjiiii
England, Poccih Russia, have in the dative and prepo-sitional the inflection h instead^ of i, according to the
law of permutation (page 17) Anrjiin to England, o6t>
AnrjiH about England, Poccm, o Poccm, etc.
Examples of soft feminine nouns in l.
a) Animate Being.N. .louiajb the hiorse.
G. .louiaAH of the horse.
D. .lOiua^H to the hor.se.
A. .lomaib the horsedI. .loiiiaibM) (iio) by the horse.
P. (o) .loiuajH (about) the horse.
Such are:
CBBKpoBb mother-in-law.
Mhiuib raou.se.
jR)66Bb Love (Christian narae).^
The two words MaTB, mother, and ;i,ohl, daughter,are dechned throughout as if their nominative singularwere Maxepi. and ^oiepb.
b) Inanimate Object.
.i6uiaj,H the liorses.
.lomajiett of the horses.
.louiaAHMi. to the horses.
.iomaji,ett the horses.
-lomajiflMH (-bMH) by the horses.
(o) .loiuaAHXt (about) the horses.
gen. pluv. cBeKponeft.» » MHineff.
N. KOCTb tlie bone.
G. KOCTii of the bone.
D. KOCTH to the bone.
A. KOCTb the bone.I. KOCTbH) i-'m) with the bone.P. (o) KOCTH (about) the bone.
Such are:
28 Lesson 6.
EXERCISE 9.
Jifi'ih KHflrfiHH HrpaeTi ch HHHero rpacJmHH, Tji^'k Jio-
ma;i,H cseKpoBH? JIomajiiH CBeKpoBH b^ KOHiomHt, a .i6-
niaji,H MaxepH sji,^ch. 3th kocth npnHa;i,Jiea£aT'L Jv)66bu.
BucoTa 6anieHb r6po;iia (town) orpoMHa. Oh-b roBopiiT-B
6omwb, a He repoHHi. KoniKa Hrpaexi. cb Mumbio,a Majii.^HK'L HrpaeTi. cb jiomaABK).
TRANSLATION 10.
The daughter plaj's with the mother, and the boy
plays with the nurse. The Tsar speaks of the princess,and thou speakest of the countess. These horses belongto the mother-in-law. The horses [are] in the stable of
the mother. Idleness is the mother of vices. Coachman,
give me the bullet!
CONVERSATION.r^i.i TenepB cseKpoBB? Oaa cer6;i,Ha bi. ropo^i.A rji.'ii co6aKa? Co6aKa cb Hjineio na xpaBi.
KoMy npHHa;i;jreaiaxi. axH Oni npHHaAJiemax-B pH6aKy.XOHH?
Bha^jih jih bh yate ^omaAeH H BujifkAi, jroniajteit KHarnHH
KHflrHHH? BX. KOHibmHaxx..
KoMv BH ;i,aexe 9th kocxh? R ;i,aK> 9xh kocxh co6aKi hKOfflKt.
SIXTH LESSON.DECLENSION OF NEUTEE NOUNS.
(Hard and soft termination.)
Example of a hard neuter noun.N. ciOBO the word. c.ioBji the words.
G. cji6Ba of the word. cjiob'b of the words.D. cjiOBy to the word. cjobAmi to the words.
A. CJOBO the word. cjobA the words.
I. cjiOBOMt with the word. cjiobAmii with the words.
P. (o) diOB* (about) the word. (o) ciobAxi (about) the words.
Such are:
Tijo body. gen. sing. Tija nom. plur. itjia.^
ct4ao herd. » » cxajia » » craA^.
63epo lake. » » oaepa » » osepa.
sepKHJio mirror. » » 3epKa.ia » » 3epKajia.
bhh6 wine. » » BHna » » BHua.
aijio business, affair. » » ai.ia » » fli-ia.
nHBo beer, ale. » » nnBa not used in the plur.
.iHu,6 person. » » .iHua nom. plur. .iHua.
1 In neuter nouns, the accent very often distinguishes the
gen. sing, from the nom. plur.
Hard and soft neutkr xouxs. 29
Example of soft neuter nouns in e.
N. Mope the sea. Mopa the seas.
G. Mopa of the sea. Mopeft of the seas.
D. MopH) to the sea. MopaMt to the seas.
A. Mope the sea. Mopa the seas.
I. MopCMT. by the sea. MopaMH by the seas.
P. (o) Mopt (about) the sea. (o) Mopax-B (about) the seas.
Such is also:
no.ie the field.
Nouns in ie, such as xepninie patience, have in
their prepositional singular the termination in (instead of
it): xepnimH about the patience.Also some neuter nouns insert a vowel in the geni-
tive plural to facilitate pronunciation : okho the window,OKOHi. of the windows, ctckjio glass, CTeKOJi'B of glasses.
There are ten neuter nouns in Ma (some are of very-
frequent use), which have a peculiar form of declension.
Example of soft neuter nouns in Ma.
N. BpeJia the time. BpeMeail the tunes.
G. Bpt'MeHH of the time. BpeMCHi. of the times.
D. BpeMCHH to the time. speMeH^Mi. to the times.
A. Bpejta the time. BpesieHd the times.
I. BpesieHeMi. with the time. BpeHen^MH with the times.
P. (o! BpejieHH (about) the time. (o) BpeMeaAx-b (about) the times.
Such are:
CpeMH burden. xiMa sinciput.HM« name, noun. 3HaMH flag.i
luaMH flame. ciMS seed.^
K.ieMfl race. buua udder.
cxpeMH stirrup.
The word ;i,hth, child, exhibits the following irre-
gularities :
Sing. N. AHTa, G. ^IHTJITH, D. H^Mlkm, A. AHTA, I. JlHI^lTeiO, P. O aHT*ITH.
Plur. J^. jiixH, G. jiirefi, D. A^TWMb, A. AixeH, I. ;^tTI.MH, P. o jiiTax'b.
WORDS.Hioro of this. HUTaxi. to read.
BKVci taste. cero of that.
jiyaiHKT. peaHant. UBixi. colour.
CTHxoTBopenie poetry. Kant 30ByT'i.? how do they call?
EXERCISE 11.
9Toro c.iOBa niTi. b-l cjiOBapflxi.. HB'IiTi. SHaMCHH npi-Hieja MH'Ii HpaBHTca, a u;B'feT'L snaMeH-B HenpiiTCJieii mh^He HpaBHTCH. H roBopk) o noji-fe, a tu roBopiiuiB o ciMCHH.
1 In the nom. plur., it is pronounced auaMCHa and .uiaMeHa.* In the genitive plural, it has ctM^HL instead of ciiaeHi.
Lesson 7.
JI,afiTe mh4, noatajiyflcTa, CTpeMena npiiiTejra. Box's (here is)
3HaMfl H CTpeMfl. OTeii,!. HrpaeTt Cb A'tTtMii.
TRANSLATION 12.
These words [are] not in the dictionary. The colour
of this ale does not please me, but the colour of that
wine pleases me much. In Russia (Bt, prep.) [there are
some] lakes. Thou speakest of the flags of the enemies,and I speak of the friends' stirrups. The taste of the
eggs does not please me. The uncle speaks about the
villages, and thou speakest about the seas.
CONVERSATION.^TO TH BH^IiHniB?
Ito bh ;i;ijiaeTe?
Vji,^ TenepL ;i,HTa?
O HeMTb TH roBopHniL?KaKi soByx'B axo ;i;HXii?
Kxo Ha nojiax'L?
^HxajiH jiH BH yate coqH-
HCHia 3xoro noaxa?
?L Bi'iaty flfiii,a h bhho.
il Hrpaio CL ^paxoM-B.
Jl^HXH xenepL b-b yiH.iHin.'fe.
Si roBopK) jKiurHmi ^'^xefi.
9Toro fl He snaio.
Ha nciflxi. MyacHK-B.Si yace HHxaj'B Bcfc cxhxox-
BopeHia 9xoro aHaiieHH-
xaro pyccKaro no3xa.
SEVENTH LESSON.GENERAL TIEW OF SUBSTANTITE INFLECTIONS.
From what has been hitherto said concerning the
declensions of substantives, and from the following
synoptical table, we may easily draw a few hints of a ^ewe-raZ character, which will no doubt greatly assist the learner.
Hard form.
General view of substantive inflections. 31
1. Though each of the three genders has its owndeclension, yet we may state that the singular inflections
of nenter nouns are in the main like those of the mas-culine gender, whereas their plural inflections do not in
general diff'er from those of the feminine gender.2. The prepositional singular always ends in %
except in a few feminine and neuter nouns (pages 27and 29).
3. The dative, instrumental and prepositional of
the plural take without any distinction of gender, the
inflections aM-B, aMH, axi., in hard nouns;and awh, hmh,
jiXT., in soft ones.
Remarks on the genitiye case.
This case must always be employed in all negativesentences and after the following adverbs of qiiantity:MHoro much, ruany, cjihuikomi too, to much.Ma.io little, few. ctojbko as much, as many.<56.ite more. HHiero ^pr. nit-chai-v6h) nothing.Meiiie less. mto HH6y;i;i, something, somewhat.CKO.ibKo how much, hOw many. HicKo.ibKO some, any.AOBO.itHO enotigh. Hejiiioro a little, some.
Examples.MHoro cto.i6bi. many taVjlee.
cKO-ibKO pafioTHHKOBi? how many workmen?;iob6.uho Aeneri (nom. 2)?. ;ieni>rH). money enough.n He BHit.iT. uapH. I did not see the Tsar.TH He Bi'uHuib cxeKo.ii.. thou doest not see the panes.;utcb III! OH.io .lomajH. here was no horse.
>VORDS.M^CHHKi butcher. coctohti. he, she, it consists.
liaKa-iuBaexi to kill, to slaughter. ckoti, cattle.
KvxapKa cook-woman. BepCjIK)i^'I. camel.
KvpHua hen. 6e:5T. iiacxyxa without shepherd.iitryxT. cock. ocraB.iaeTx he, she, it abandons.
rycB goose. cnpord orphan.VTKa duck, gen. pi. ytOKi. yiiUHKi box, case.
ry.i^exi he, she, it walks. CKaacHTe tell me.
Apyn. friend; plur. ;ipy3ha. cjiyra servant, footman.fioraxcTBO riches. CaHKiipi. banker.
iipiiHHHHTb to cause. BpeA't damage.
EXERCISE 13.
BorTE) He ocTaB.iHeT'L CHpoTt. IIo;i,afiTe cjiOHy ;i6joko.
CKaiKHTe, iioiKajiyHCTa, cjyri CaHKi'ipa, ito a 3;i,'fcci> b^
32 Lesson 8.
KOMHaT-fc oSoHmHKa. 6bii,li 6631. nacTvxa SHBaioTi. ;i,o6u-
Meio (become the victim) BOJKOBt. 3x0 j;'fe.io ;i;ocTaBJjie'n>
MHi MHoro y;i,0B6jii.CTBia. ^afiTe MHt eme HSMHoro xjit6a.
TRANSLATION 14.
The butcher slaughters cows and bulls, goats and
sheep (plur.), and the cook [kills] hens and cocks,
geese and ducks. The teacher walks with the boy, the
mother (walks) with the daughter, the brother i;\ith the
sister, the friend with the friend. The riches of the
Kirgise consist [sing.) of (bt> instr.) cattle: of camels,
bulls, goats, sheep and horses.
CONVERSATION.
Tji,'^ cjiyra yinxejia? Cjiyra y^iTejia 3A4ct, a
cjiyra 6aHKHpa na MOCTy.He atejiaexe jih bh o6'fe;i,aTb Ci. yji.OBOJiLCTBieM'B.
cer6;i,Ha b-l r6po;i,'h ?
Kto 6hji'b TaMt na noji-fe Si Ohjii. na nojrfe cte. mhchh-
Ch MJICHHKOMI.? KOMTB.
Ckojilko cxeKOJn. b-b axoMt Bx. axoMt okh^^ o;^H6 ctskjio.
OKHi?He npHiHHHJia jih 6ypa mho- Bypa npH^mniijia mhofo
roBpe;i,ajiicaMx,Hca;i.aMX>? Bpe;i,a .itcaMt h caMMX..
EIGHTH LESSON.
NOUNS WITH PREPOSITIONS.^
A. Prepositions which always govern the same case:
a) With the genitive:6e3-b without. on from, away from.
jtJia for. pa;iH for the sake of.
J^o till, up to. y at, by, near.
H3i from, out of.
b) With the dative:
Ki, Ko* to, towards.
1 Very often the cases of nouns are governed by preposi-tions (as in Greek, Latin, German, etc.), which occur so frequentlyin most sentences, that they must he learnt as early as possible.For the present only those prepositions are given, which are most
necessary, this part of speech being fully treated in lesson 23.2 The final o (instead of %) is frequently met with in many
prepositions, in order to soften pronunciation.
NOCXS WITH PREPOSITION'S. 83
c) With the accusatiye:
npo of, about, concerning. npest, Mepeai. during, across,CKB03b through, throughout. through.
d) With the instrumental:
Ban'b above, over.
e) With the prepositional:
npH near, in the time of.
Examples.Bor-b jiOMi 6e3h okohi. There i.s a house without win-
dows.
MaJLHHKi, yfijiH oim ofhA! Boy, go away from the fire!
KHHra y yiHTCifl. The book is at the teacher's.
IIoAHTe Ki. iiHBOBapy, noffiajiyHCTa ! Go to the brewer, please!
IIy.ia npo-iexija cneoab CTCKja. The bullet flew through the
panes.IlTQiia .lixacTi. nadz fojobok) The bird flies over the head of
iipiiuejfl. the friend.
3x0 c.iyHH.ioCB njm AaeKcaH^pi This happened in the time of
BTopoMi. Alexander the Second.
B. Prepositions whicli govern two cases:
a) With the accusative and instrumental:
^o;^^ under, below. 3a behind, after,
nepe^x., mpexb before, to.
These three prepositions govern the accusative, whenthe verb of the sentence conveys an idea of motion or
direction;whereas they are followed by the instrumental
if denoting a state of rest:
R 6p6cHJiXi KHHry no^^ ctoji. I threw the book under the table.
KouiKa CHAHTi no^^ ne^KOfO. The cat lies under the stove.
b) With the accusative and prepositional:B-b in, into, to, at. Ha on, upon, against, to.
When implying motion ^ith the accusative, when
implying rest with the prepositional:Ohh II0IU.1H ei niKO-iy. They went to school.
Ohi. ChjH «rt yjHut. He was in the street.
The preposition o, 061., 660 generally governs the
accusative Avhen taken in the sense of against, and the
prepositional when employed for alotd, concerning:Ohi yji,kpai% Kyz&Kdwb o6z ctoji. He struck (against) the table
with his fist.-
il roBopK) o6^ 0Ti;i, a th tobo- I speak (about) of the father
pHfflb CHHx. and thou speakest of the son.
Elementary Russian Grammar.
34 Lesson 8.
C. Prepositions whicli govern three cases^:
a) With the genitive, accusative and instrumental:
ci from, about, with.
Generally speaking, cl governs the genitive whenit signifies from., the accusative when it signifies about :
and the instrumental when it signifies with:
Ci yxpa ji.0 Beiepa. From morning to evening.IlajiKa TOJiiuHHOK) cb ndjieui. A stick about one finger thick.
Si nomejTB ryaaxB ch ateHOio. I went and took a walk with
my wife.
b) With the dative, accusative and prepositional:no in, on, till, after.
This preposition is used with the dative to express?notion, time and manner; it is followed by the accusative,when signifying till, as far as; with the prepositional,when corresponding to after:a ryjaro no rdpo^y. I walk in the town.a ero BH;iaji'i> no BTopHHKaMi.. I saw him on (every) Tuesday.Ohi ojiisaeTca no MOAi. He dresses fashionably.IIo jiayK) CTopoHy. As far as the left side.
JIo iipouiecTBiH naiH jiiTi. After the lapse of five years.
WORDS.Ky^a where (motion). ohi vomejn, he went.cxiHd wall. oRTb npHineji he came, he mayBepcia verst^ come.
piKa river. ko mh^ to me.iajtHTB to go, to drive, to pass. onaCHo (it is) dangerous.a npiixajt I started. npiaTHo (it is) agreeable.OTCTaHBTel keep away! paacKasi tale.
norajiHTe go (you). cjiymaxt to listen, to hear.
B3HJia (she) took. y6taajia (she) ran away.
EXERCISE 15.
K Biepa npi'fexaji'L hsi. Mockbu. JI,iTH, OTCTaHbTe
oTi, Mocxa; onacHo 43;i,htl no MOCTaM-B! Cevojifimi 064-
;i,aK) y cocijta. PascKast o repo'fe MH-t OHCHb npaBHTca,ero npiiixHO cjiymaTB. IIomjiHTe k-b njioTHHKy n cKa^iiTe
eMv, ^To fl xenepB b-b ropoA^.
1 As it is sometimes diflicult for beginners to discover at
first sight which case must be employed, it has been thought ad-
visable to assist them with practical hints, whenever necessary,in the translations occuring before the 2d^^ lesson, where more de-
tailed explanations are given.- A Russian verst is equal to 3500 English feet.
The auxiliary verb eutb to be. 35
TRAXSLiTION 16.
I started from St. Petersburg. How many versts [are
there] from St. Petersburg to Moscow? Keep away fromthe fire! To-day I dine at the teacher's. Go to the
gardener, please, and tell him that he may come to me to-
morrow morning. It is dangerous to pass on the bridge.
CONVERSATION.
Kor;i,a npiiixa.iH bh hs'l Biepa k npiixa.i'B hsi. Ile-
neTep6ypra? Tep6ypra.Kto Bsaji. XJii6'L co cTo.ia? Co6aKa B3flJiaxjit6i. h y6t-
jKajia B-B ca;!,!..
Kto ynajL-B ct jromajiH? Coji;i;aT'L jnLiii cl ji6ina;iiH.
Hto ynajio bt. ptey? ULiiina ynajia b-b piKV.Kto npHmejii. kg mh^ ce- R npHmeji'L k-b brm-l ce-
roAHii yTpoM-B? r6;i;Hfl yTpoMi..
Ky;i,a noniejii, OTeij;^? Ohi. noniejiT. ryjiiiTB Ch
MaTepbK).HCMi. BH TenepB ;iyMaeTe? Mh j^yMaeMt 06^ oraii, a
BH ;i,yMaeTe BO^'fe-
NINTH LESSON.CONJUGATION OF THE AUXILIARY YERB
BHTL TO BE,(Translation of to have.)
Indicative Mood.
Present.
a (ecMi) I am. 1 mh (ccmu) we are,
TH (ecH) thou art.2 bh (ecxe) you are.
OHi, oh4, oho ecTb he, she, it is. ohh, OHt, ohh cyib they are.
Past.
a 6Hjn>, -jia, -Ji6 I was.' mh fmAH we were.TH 6h.'ii,, -ji4, JO thou wast. bu 6u.ih you were.OHT. CujiT, he was. ohh 6ujih they were,ona 6u.ih she was. oni 6ujh they were.OHO 6uji6 it was. ohh 6ujih they were.
1 The forms given in parenthesis are used only in poetry.The third person is also very freciuently omitted in prose.
* In poetry sometimes also eci,.
3 The distinction of genders extends in Russian also to the
singular of the past of verbs. A man says a fm-i-b; a womanX 6u.ia; a child, or a personified thing says h Ohjio. This fact is
explained in the 27th lesson.
3*
36 Lessox 9.
Future.n Oyxy I shall be. mu CyiCMi. we shall be.
TH 6yxemb thou wilt be. bu Cyiexe you will be.
oHi, oHa, OHO 6)'}i,eTb he, she, it ohh, oh4, ohh CfAJti' they will be.
will be.
Imperative Mood.
Present.
6yib be (thou). 6yitTe be (you).
Conditional and Subjunctive Ilood.^
Present and Past,fl 6HJi-b 6u I should be. mu Cwin 6a we should be.
TH Oa.i'b 6u thou would st be. bu 6hjh 6u you would be.
oHi 6u.li. 6u he would be. ohh 6ujih 6h they would be.
The verb to have may be rendered by HMiTt, whichmeans rather to possess. But the usual way of render-
ing it into Russian is by the verb 6htb, expressed or
understood, and accompanied by the genitive of the
possessor (noun or pronoun).It must here be observed that the present tense of
6uTb is almost always suppressed. It must farther benoticed that the possessed object stands in Russian in
the nominative, and not in the accusative as in English.
Present,
y Jiena (ecTb) I have. y Haci we have,
y Te6a thou hast. y Bact you have,
y Hero he has. y ehxi they have,
y Hea she has. y cociAa the neighbour has.
y Hero it has. y j6inaAH the horse has.
Past,
y MCHH 6ujii 6paTi. 1 had a brother,
y Te6a 6HJia KHHra. thou hadet a book,
y Hero 6ujo a6.iOKO. he bad an apple, etc.
Future,y Mena Cpexi. hojki. I shall have a knife,
y Te6a 6yAeT'B mwfi. thou wilt have an egg.
y Hero 6yjyT'i CJoaapH. he will have the dictionaries, etc.
WORDS.Bb^kx, b^iho eternally. poiiixean parents,nocii 3aBTpa the day after to- CKasaaa (she) said, told.
morrow. ceroflHH B^qepoMi this evening.Has^At back. TaKate also, too.
np^B^a truth, right. nniero nothing.
1 These moods which are wanting in Russian, may be sup-
plied by the forms of the Indicative past followed by the particle 6u.
Hints ox the regular conjugation-. 37
EXERCISE 17.
Boate, TH eci'i, tu Sli.tb, th 6y;i;eniB Bi^Ho! F/tt
6ujio ;i,HTfl Bqepa no yxpy? Mh ne SHaesii) T^k oho 6hjo
B^epa no yxpy, a B^epa BeiepoMi, oho 6ujo b-b Jiicy. YcociAa CHHt H jifi^^- y HacL KoniKa h co6aKa. Y BacL
Hix-L coSaK-B. y Hnx-L 6ujio MHoro co^aK-L. y MeHJI
TaKJKe co6aKH.
TRAIVSLATIOX 18.
God is, was and shall be eternally. Where will
the parents be the day after to-morrow? Where were
you j^esterday morning? Your sister (CecTpiin;a Bama),was at home and told me : My sister (Cecrpa moa) will
be back this evening; she is now at [her] mother's. Shetold the truth: I was there. I have the bread, andthou hast the basket.
CONTERSATION.y Te6fl JiH laKate co6aKa? J[si, y Mena co6aKa h KoniKa.
^To y Te6ji ecTB xenepB? TenepB y Mena HHiero Hti'B.
EcTB JiH y Hea ctojii.? Htii), y nea h^t-b CTO.-ia.
Bux'^jTb JIH TH yate saMOK-B Hix-B, a ne biia^jul saMKa
li,apa? II,apa, ho a biU^JI*
ji.Bopen.'B Kopojia.EcTB JIH y BacB ;i,0M'B Bi y HacB ^liOM-B Bi ropo.i.'fe.
AepeBHi?y BacB JIH jteHBrH? y Haci> Majio ;[i,eHer'B.
TENTH LESSON.HINTS ON THE REGULAR CONJUGATION. '
All Russian regular verbs are divided into ttvo
conjugations, according to the inflections of the second
person singular and the third person plural of the in-
dicative present.^
1 The complete theory of the Russian verb is given farther
on (Lesson 26). Here only the most necessary paradigms are givento learners, who will no doubt be impatient to know the me-chanism of the most important of all parts of speech.
2Properly speaking, there is but one regular conjugation in
Russian, as will be seen in the 27th lesson. This division into
two conjugations has been provisorily adopted here, because of
great and unquestionable practical utihty.
38 Lesson 10.
To the first regular conjugation, which embracesthe greatest number of verbs, belong those which have the
second person singular of the present ending in emB,and the third person plural in yTi> or iot-b.
To assist beginners, it may also be added that the
first conjugation comprizes the greatest part of those
verbs which in the infinitive present end in axB, axLor HyTB.
Example of the first conjugation.HHTdxB to read.
Present,a qHxAio I read. mu mhtAcmi. we read.
TH ^HTileiub thou readeet. bh HHrAeTe you read.
OHt HHTdext he reads. ohh hht^iotb they (m.) read.
OHa HHTdexT. she reads. oat hhtAiot'b they (f.) read.
OHO HHTdexi. it reads. ohh MHTAwTt they (n.) read.
Past,a hht4.ii>, -jia, -.10 I read. ^ mu mht6.ih we read.
TH HHxaji, -Jia, -Jio thou readst. bh HHxajiH you read.
oHi HHiajii he read. ohh nnrajiu they (m.) read.
OHa qnxajia she read. oni HHxajH they (f.) read.
OHO ^HxaJio it read. ohh nnxa-iH they (n.) read.
Future,a 6yfly HHxaxL I shall read. mh 6yjieM'B ^Hxaxt we shall read.
TH hjjifimh MHxdxB thou wilt read. bh Sy^exe MHxaxt you will read.
OHi ^yiext MHxaxb he will read. ohh Spyxt HHxdxt they will read.
OHa fij^Aert MHxaxb she will read. oni fiy^yxi laxaxL they will read.
oho 6yAexi inxaxb it will read. ohh 6pyxi. iHxaxi they will read.
Imperative.HHx6ft read (thou)! HHxAftTe read (you)!
In the same manner as HHTaxB are also conjugated :
cjiyraaxh to listen, to hear. 6oJxaxb to chat.
pa66xaxi, to work. npuraxt to jump, to spring.
pa3CKa3HBaTb to tell, to narrate. acejaxb to wish, to desire.
cnpauiHBaxb to ask, to demand. ;t'kiaxb to make, to do.
OTBiiaTb to answer, to reply. snaxb to know.no3BOJiaxb to permit, to allow. ryjiaxb to walk.
noHHMaxb to understand.
WORDS.
Jl^yMaTb to think. HTHH,a bird.
Bcfe Ha^KH all sciences. XBacxaxb to boast.
ox6xHO willingly. cbohmh ycnixaMH of his success.
r6jiy6b (masc.) pigeon. .lexaxb to fly.
BixBb (fern.) branch (of a tree).
^ A man says a HHxdjx., a Avoraan a MHxajra, a thing a hh-
T&ao, and so on. See footnote 3, page 35.
Hints ox the regular conjugation. 39
EXERCISE 19.
Hto bh 6y;i,eTe ji,ijaTt cer6;;Ha BeiepoM'L? Mh B^epaHH^ero He ;i,i>.ia.jiii. Hto AyMaiOTi. HenpiiiTejiH? Ohh
;i,y-
MajiH B'lepa no yxpy, ^to ohu xenepb SHaroxi. Bcfc nayKH.HiMi. XBiicTa.i'B 6paTi>? Oh-b XBacTajiT. cboi'imh ycnixaiiH.Hto jiiTH jtijiaiOT'L xaK-L oxoxho? Ohh cjrymaK)xi>, cjiOBa
yqi'ixejfl. ^xo r6jy6fc ji.ijrajix.? Ohi. jexaji. no BixBAM-L
;i,epeBa.TRANSLATION 20.
What doest thou there? I work, and you do noth-
ing. He thinks that he knows all sciences and in-
cessantly boasts of his success. We willingly listen [to
you], when you tell [something]. What did you [do] yester-
day? We do not know {transl. we know not). To-dayI shall answer, and you will answer to-morrow or the
day after to-morrow.
CONVERSATION.Il0HHMa.lH JH BH, ^XO fl 5i BCe HOHHMajI'b, APyr'B MOH.
BaM-B pa3CKa3UBaji'L?
r;i,t OHH ^vAvxi. o6'fe;iiax& 9xoro OHii ne snarox-L; ohh
.3aBxpa, wh ;i,epeBH'li hjih Spyxi. oSiAaxL ex. npi-Bx> r6po;ii'fe? lixejiaMH.
Koro BH ai^aJiH na njioma- R. at;i;aji'b opaxa h cecxpy.
;i.H, Kor;;a a Bacx. BH;;*.!!)?
IIoHHMaexe jih bh xeneph ii en;e oqcHL jiajio hohh-no pyccKH? MaK) no pyccKH.
Hxo ;i,tjiajia nxHu,a? Ona jiexaja no BixBaMi
AepeBa.Hxo ;i;ixH jii-fejiajH? Ohh MHoro juvMajiH, ho
BcexaKH He anawiH, hxo
ji.'fejraxi..
ELEVENTH LESSON.HINTS ON THE REGULAR CONJUGATION.
(Continued.)
To the second regular conjugation belong those
verbs having the second person singular of the indica-
tive present in hhib, and the third person plural in ax's
or axi..
This is mostly the case with verbs having in the
infinitive present the terminations htl, »caTi>, naxi., maTb^]il,aTL and 'fexL.
40 Lessox 11.
Example of the second conjugation.
roBOpHTB to speak, to say.
n roBopib I speak, I say.TH roBopiiinb thou speakest.OHi. roBopHTt he speaks.OHa roBopHTT. she speaks.OHO roBopHTb it speaks.
Present.
MH roBopHMi. we speak.BH roBopuxe you speak.OHH roBopflTi. they speak.OHt roBopHTB they speak.OHH roBoparL they speak.
Past.
fl roBopHJH, -Jia, -xo I spoke.
THroBopHJi, -JiSL,-10 thou spokest.
OHi roBopHJii he spoke,ona roBopHJia she spoke.OHO roBopiiJio it spoke.
MH roBopH.;iH we spoke.Bu roBopHJH you spoke.OHH roBopH.iH they spoke,oni roBopH.TH they spoke.OHH roBopH-iH they spoke.
Future.
H 6yhy roBopHTB I shall speak.TN 6j}i,emh roBopHTb thou w. sp.oHt CyAGTb roBopHTi. he w. sp.oua SyAeit roBopHTi, she w. sp.oh6 6yAeTi. roBopHxi, it w. sp.
MH 6yieMi roBopHTB we sh. sp.BH 6yji,eTe roBopHTb you w. sp.OHH dyAyTi roBopHTb they w. sp.OHt dyjiyn roBopiiTb they w. sp.OHH 6yji;yTi. roBopnit they w. sp.
roBOpH speak (thou)!
Thus are conjugated:
xyjiHTB to blame.XBajiHTL to praise.roTOBHTt to prepare.!
xpaHHTb to preserve, to protect.
Tpemaxb to rattle, to crack.
ropixb to burn.
CMOTptxb to look, to gaze.
Imperative.
roBopHxe Bi^eak (you)!
KypHXb to smoke.
SaarojiapHXb to thank.
joBiixb to catch. 1
cxpoHXb to build.
CHA^xb to sit (a caaty, th CHAHoiband so on).
WORDS.
Pii6a fish.
nosapx. cook.
BpesHo prejudicial, noxious.
iip^atAC formerly.
puSaKx. fisherman.HH oAHoro no, none, not a single.CKaa^xb to say, to tell.
ACHb day gen. huh.
noMCMy? why?atHXb to live.
noxoMy 1X0 because,
ropaajto much, very much.
Kyp6ube the smoking.KyA^ where (motion).
* Verbs in bhxb insert s in the first person of the present:g roxoBJiK), H .xoB.iK). See Lesson 27.
Hints on the regular conjcgatiox. 41
EXERCISE 21.
Bor-L xpaHHT'b CHpoTi.. Oieu.'h h Maib xpaHiLiH ctiHa
H Aom,. Owh He BipHT-L Bi. TO, ^T0 OHi, TenepB roBopiiT'B,
HoBap-B roTOBi'iT-B out;!,!), a pH6aK'B jobht-b pu6y. TuCTpOHJI-B J^O^H'h, B'B KOTOpOMTb TH HG 6y,T;emB JKHTB HH 0;i.-
Horo ;i,HJi (not even one day). IloTieMy th hb KvpHinB?
IIoTOMy 1T0 MHi po;i,iiTejiH roBopiliH: Kypenbe Ta6aKy^Bpe;;H0. 9to npaB;iia, oho oienb Bpe;i,HO.
TRANSLATION 22.
God, save the Tsar! The parents protect [their]
sons and daughters (cBcaoBeft h ^o^epefi). Thou doest
not believe what thou sayst. Tiie teacher blames the
pupil. The cook-woman prepared the dinner. We catch
fish in the river. There is too much tobacco, do younot smoke to-day? I thank you, my friend; formerlyI smoked frequently, but now I do not smoke. Theywill smoke.
CONYERSATION.
KorAa roptji'B jiiOM-B coct;i;a ? J^omi. coct^a ropt.i'B Tpnro^a TOMV Ha3a;i,T,.
CTpoHTi. JH OHi) TenepB Btofo a ne SHaio; oh-b mh^hobhM ;i.om'b? o6i. btomi, nnqero ne
CKaaavi-B.
HtO TU BUX^Jlly B'B pliKt? R BIIJI.t.TB pu6y B'B p'feK'fe.
IIoneMyoTeii.'B xyjiHJi'LCUHa? OTeui'B xyjiiLTB CHHa, no-
tomv mto oh'b He 6jiaro-
j^apiLTB yn'iTe.ia.
Ho'ieMy BH He KvpHTe ce- KypenBe Ta6aKy MHt ne
Toji^RH? HpaBHTca; a HHKor;i,a ne
KypK).
Ky^a TH cMOTpHinB? H CMOTpib na 6amHH).
Koro xBajiH.ia yiHTejiBHHij,a? Ona xBajiiLia cecTpy a xy-Jiiijia 6paTa
^ Certain masculine nouns -which are often taken in a par-titive Ben.se such as qaii, caxapt, ^a6a.K^ and a few more havein their genitive singular the ending y or ».
* Learners assisted by an efficient teacher, may after each
lesson, study one of the reading exercises which will be foundat the end of this book.
42 Lesson 12.
TWELFTH LESSON.
INTERROGATIYE AND NEGATIVE FORM.
a) Interrogative form.
Present.
HHTaio JH a? do I read? etc. HHxaeMi. jih mh? do we read? etc.
^HTaeniB .ih th? HUTaeie jh bu?HHxaeTT. JH OHi? injifOTb jih ohh?HHxaeTi. jiH oHa? iHxaiOT'i. .ih oni?HHxaexi JIH OHO? Hnxaioxi jih ohh?
Past.
Hnxajii .iH a? did I read? etc.i HHxajiH .in mh? did we read? etc.
HHXajIl JIH XH? HHXa.lH JIH BH?HHXajIl. JIH OKI? HHXajIH JIH OHH?HHxajia JIH OHa? iHxajiH jih oni?HHXa-lO JIH OHO? HHxaJIH JIH OHH?
Future.
6yjkY JIH a MHxaxb? Shall I read? 6yjeMi> jih mh nnxaxi.? Shall weread?
6yjeini. jih xh HHxaxt? 6yji,exe jih bh HHxaxt?
CyAexi jih ohi iHxdxi.? 6yAyxi .ih ohh MHxaxb?
dy^exi .iH OHa nnxaxb? 6j,ayxT> jih oH-fe inxaxb?
dy^exi. JIH OHO ^nxaxb? 6yjtyxi .ih ohh nnxaxb?
This is the usual structure of an interrogative sen-
tence in Russian. But, when there is at the beginningan interrogative pronoun or adverb, such as: kto who,HTO what, Korji;a when, r^t where, and others, the inter-
rogative particle jih must be suppressed, and the verb
may indifferently be placed before or after the subject:
Hxo roBopHJia oua? What did she say?KorAa IH 6yAeinb ^OMa? When wilt thou be at home?
b) "Negative form.
A He iHxd». I do not read.
TH He HHxdemh. thou doest not read.
oHi He MHxaeTi. he does not read.
MH He HHxaeMi. we do not read.
He HHxa» JIH a? do I not read?He qHTdemb jih th? doest thou not read?
I The usual distinction of genders (see pag. 35) takes placealso in the interrogative, negative and conditional forms: hht&jm
JIH a (woman)? iht4jio jih a (thing)?
Interrogative axu negative form. 48
He MHTaeTi jh ohi>? does he not read?
He MHtaeMi jh mh? do we not read?
a He MHiaji. I did not read.
He HHTaji .iH X? did I not read?
n He 6\x\ HHxaTb. I shall not read.
He 6yjy .in a HHxaTB? shall I not read?
The negative form of the verb is always expressedas in English by means of the negative particle ue, but
in Russian this particle is not even suppressed whenthe verb is accompanied by a negative pronoun or
adverb:
a HHHero m MHTaio. I read nothing,ero 3;ttcb HHKorAa «e 6u.\o. He never was here.
As it has already been stated (page 36), the accu-
sative case following a transitive verb is rendered into
Russian by the genitive, whenever the sentence has a
negative form:
n He BHA^-ii KHuiz. I did not see any books.
owb He npojiaext xomadeu. He does not sell horses.
WORDS.HHCtMO letter. ate then.
ypoKi lesson. (ti-iefira flute, flageolet.TaKT> thus. CBOH his.
ii6rper)T, cellar. HHKorAa never.
EXERCISE 23.
He BiUii-TB Jill TH Kopojfl m> ropoAi? Hin,, a ne
Buj'tjiT, KopojiH, HO fl BHA'fe.i'B KopojieBy H rpa(|)iiHH). 3HaemE.IH Tu r;i,i> Tenepb moh yqiixejiL? H ne SHaro r;!,^ OHt
lenepL; ero 3;i,'fcci> ne 6ujo. XBajiiliJiH jh bh MO-iL^HKa?
Mli He xBajH.iH MajiL^HKa, ho mh ero xyjiiJH. IIoieMy bkl
ero xyjiHJiH? IIoTOMy hto owh ne ^HTaj-B CBoero ypoKa.KoMv npHHa^-ieacHT^ (S^jiewnd^'?
TRANSLATION 24.
Did you not speak with the warriors? No, Sir
(cy;i;apb), we did not speak with the warriors. Doest thou
speak of (about) the table or of the hatchet? I do not
speak of the tables, and you see the tables. • Does the
teacher praise the pupils? No, the teacher does not
praise the pupils; he blames them. Didst thou alreadyread the letter of the father? No, I do not read theletters of the father.
44 Lessox 13.
CONVERSATION.
IIojiyqHJiH JiH BH yjKe hhcb- si eme He nojiymijuh hhcb-
m6 OTt MaxepH? me ot-b MaiepH.Kor;i,a OTen,!) roBopHJii., ^to Oiei^t EHKor^a ne roBO-
6YAeTb Ha nojii? piijii., ^ixo oh-b dy^eTtHa nojii.
r^i.'h padoiaJiH hjiothhkh Hjiothhkh ne xotht-b pa66-cer6;iiHfl? xaxB, ho B'?epa ohii pa-
66TajiH CO CTOJiapaMH b-b
capai H Bi> n6rpe64.A r^i ate ohh Oy^yTi, pa- Ohh 6y;i,yT^ padoxaTt he
66TaTB saBTpa? ;i.Bopi.
IlOHHMaJIH JIH BH BCe, HTO HiXTb, MH HC MOrJIH HOHH-
yraxejiB BaM-B pascKasH- MaxB Bcero;on'h roBopHj'B
BSiJlli? CJIHinKOM-B CKOpO.
READING EXERCISE.
E'kji.HUH nejiOB'^K'b. — The poor man.
O^HH-B 6'kji,^uvL ^lejiopiKX., HaH;i,a pasx. BopoBx. bi>
CBoeMi, ;i,6m4, CKasajii hmx, 6e3x. Hcnyra: «ii ne 3HaK), ixo
BH HO^iBK) Hni,exe bi. mocm-b ji,6wk, Kor^a a. bx. HeMx> h
AHeMx. HH^iero He Mory HaHXH».
Hafljta finding. Hcnyii fear.
HCK^Tb to look for. HafisTH to find.
THIRTEENTH LESSON.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.First Person.
Singular. Plural.
N. a I. MH we.G. mbhA of me. Haci> of us.
D. MHi to me. iiaMi to us.
A. Mena me. naci. us.
1. MHOK) by me. HaMH by us.
P. (66o) MHi (about) me. (o) Haci (about) us.
Second Person.
N. TH thou. BH you.G. Te6a of thee. Baci, of you.D. xeCi to thee. BaMT> to you.A. Te6k thee. Baci you.I. T06610 by thee. naMH by you.P. (0) Te64 (about) thee. (0) Baci. (about) you.
Personal pronouns. 45
Third Person (masculine).
Singular. Plural.
N. oHi, he. OHBI they.G. ero of him. Hxt of them.D. CMy to him. hmi. to them.A. ero him. nxt them.I. HMT. by him. hmh by them.P. (o) HeMt (about) him. (o) naxt (about) them.
Third Person (feminine).
N. ona she. oni they.G. ea of her. Hxt of them.D. eft to her. vmi to them.A. ee her. hxt> them.I. eio by her. hmh by them.P. (o) Heft (about) her. (o) hhxi (about) them.
Third person (neuter).
N. OHO it. OHH they.G. ero of it. hxi of them.D. CMy to it. HM'i. to them.A. ero it. hxt. them.I. HMi by it, with it. hmh by them, with them.P. (o) HeMi (about) it. (o) hhxt. (about) them.
When preceded by a preposition, the personal
pronoun of the third person takes an initial h, to soften
the pronunciation:a 6u.n.
}'ueio. I was at his house,
y HCH MHoro ;ieHen>. She has much money.3T0 XJiH HUXb. This is for them.TH roBopHmt HeM^. Thou speakest of him.
Observe, that the accusative is always like the
genitive, except in the third person feminine singular.
WORDS.
fl npomy I pray. HCtdpia history, story.
Teaipi theatre. ;tBtHeji'fe.'iH two weeks, a fortnight.
npHKa'3UBaTb to order, to com- MOiKeTi. 6hti. (it) may be.
mand. o6ukhobchho usually.
KycoKi (gen. KycKd) bit, piece. oienb xopoui6 very well,
cupi. cheese. HHTepecHuR interesting.
EXERCISE 25.
npomy BacB, CKaati'iTe MH'i, noHtajiyHCTa, ckojiiKO
MicimeBTb BH 6uviH y KHxt. a 6u.ji'h y Hero HicKCJibKO
M4cau,eBi., a y He>i a 6ujii. tojlko ab'^ He;i,ijiH. Ona
46 Lesson 13.
nrpajia cl HMMt. 51 npHKasHBaio eMv pa66TaTL, ho OHt
eme He xopomo pa66TaeT'L. Tu MHoro .nyMaemt o neM-B,
HO OH-B HHKor;iia He ayMaeT-B o Te6'fe. 9to moTKevb 6htl,x ero o^eHB xopomo snaio.
TRANSLATION 26.
What did the teacher tell thee about me? The
boy works with me. Dine to-day with us, I pray you!The mother knows me, thee, him and her. Thou wilt
have many books. Where wert thou with [thy] sister?
I was with her at the theatre. What are the children
doing [transl. do the children)? They [are] in the garden,we play with them. Give to him and to her a bit of
bread. Do you still know me? Yes, I know you still.
CONVERSATION.
BHjii'ki'B jiH TH yjKe ee? 5i eme He bha^.i'b ee, ho
OHa MCHH BHA'fe.ia, Kor.ia
a. Shjii, B-b Teaipi.Kto 9T0 roBopHJi'B, TH lUH Ona 9T0 roBopujia.
OHa?Mto y Bact 6h.tb, a ^to y Y nacb ^kji-b jijom-b, a y
HHX'b. Hnx-L 6Yixh ca;!;!..
OtT) Koro 9T0 HHCbMO? He 3HaH), ho a AyMaw ^to
OHO orB Hero.
Cl. KiMi. BH ryjHJiH cer6A- Mh ryjijijiH cl hhm'l; a
Ha yTpoMi.? saBxpa OHu 6y;i;yT'B ry.iHTh
CB BaMH.
^CM-b offb BaM-B TaK-B AO.i- Oh-b HaMT. paacKasHBajTbro pascKasHBBJi'B? HHTepecHyio ncropii).
READING EXERCISE.
Cidpuit ({iH.iococ))^.— The old philosopher.
0;i,HH'B ciapuH (j)HJioc6(|)'B, yBH;i;aB'B o^Horo Majo^aro
lejiOB'feKa, KOTopHH 6h.tb oqeHB roBop.iiiB'B, cKaaa.i'B eMy :
«3aM'feTBTe, MOH Apyri., ^TO npHpo^a ^tlia naM-B ;iiBa yxaH TOJBKO OAiiH-B poTi, ]i,Aa. Toro ht66m mh cjymajiH MHoroa roBopHJiH Majio».
yBH;idBi having seen. roBop.iHBBJH talkative.
saMiTHTb remark. npnpoia nature,
^xo ear. poxi mouth.
Possessive proxouxs. 47
FOURTEENTH LESSON.
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
48 Lesson 14.
Maec. and neut. sing. Feminine singular.
A. Hamero, Hanit, H^me our. Hamy our.
I. HainHMi by our, with our. naraeK) by our, with our.
P. (o) HameMi (about) our. (o) Hameii (about) our.
Plural of the three genders.*
N. H^raH our, ours.
G. HaiuHxi of our.
D. HamHMi. to our.
A. HamHXT>, HdniH our.
I. nafflBMH by our, with our.
P. (o) HauiHX'B (about) our.
According to the above paradigm is modified anddeclined also the possessive pronoun of the second per-son plural: Bani-B, Bame, Bania, BaniH, your, yours.
The possessive pronouns of the third person are in
the singular:ero his, its, for masculine and neuter possessors,
ea her, for feminine possessors.
In the plural:Hxt their, without any distinction of gender.
Examples.a BHJ^'feJII. ew kohA. I saw his horse.
TH BHAtJi eio KHHra. thou sawst his books.OHi KynHJi. eA xowh. he bought her house.BH np6;ta.iH uocb KopsHHH. you sold their baskets.
As it is seen, the pronouns ero, e^, hx-b, are not
declined at all. They remain always unchanged whatever
may be the gender, number and case in which the
possessed object is employed ^. But the greatest care is
required in their choice, because they must at any rate
strictly agree in gender and number vdih the possessor,unless serious misunderstandings may arise:
Ori B3fljii> ero KHiiry. He took his book (of a man).oHt B3ajii) eH RHHry. He took her book (of a woman).
Remark also:
Ohi B3a.ii TBOK) KHHpy. He took his own book.
1 Of the possessed object.2 It must be borne in mind that, properly speaking, the
words er6, ea, hxi are but the genitive (possessive) case of ohi,
ona, OHH, just as in Greek akoo is the genitive of abto?.
Possessive proxouxs. 49
WORDS.HacH Cplur.J watch. iiosajiyficTa please, pray.
npojaxB to sell. bi Mai iitcflni in the month
Kpaft country. of May.iuy6a fur, pelisse. sjlopoBte health.
;ii.io business; thing. KaKi nosHBaexe? how do you do?
EXERCISE 27.
Mh BHji.'fejiH CBOR) KHiiry. Bh MHi noKasHBajH CBoe
K0.1LU.6. Moe ajopoBte lenepL o^ieHL xopoino. Mh tobo-
piLiH ero 6paTi, a oh-b roBopiijTL o HameM-B 6parfe. BhxenepB nHxaexe co cboum'b yraxejeMi. HCTopiio Hamero
ropoja. B-B Mat Micimi bb Hameji'B ropo;!;^ MHoro nxHn.'B.
Ohi. yKpaniaeTT. moh aomi., a th yKpamaeniB ero ;i,om'b.
y Hea Moe nepo, a y leda CBoe nepo.
TRAXSLITION 28.
Here is my hat, where is thine? My sisters are
now at (b'b ^wr_/).) school. Children, do not play with
my watch ! I play with my sister. I sold my fur. Wenow read with our mother your book. In the monthof May, it is very pleasant (npiaTHo) in our country.Thou embeUishest thy house. Doest thou know myteacher? I saw his house and her garden.
CONVERSATION.
KaKi. Bame 3;i;op6BBe?
CKaacHxe MHi, noajajiyHCxa,
^;^1> Moa iiLiana?
3Haexe jh bh kxo KyniLTBea ;i,OM'B?
II no^eMy bh xaKi. ;i,yMaexe?
xenepBBjarojapK) BacB,o^eHB xopomo.
SI He Biiji.'kji'b Bameft mjiiiiiH;
a He 3HaK) r^t ona.
K jyMaH), Hxo Bami. 6pax'B
Kyniijix. ea ji.gm'b.
a xaKX. ;i,yMaK), noxoMy ^to
Baui'B 6pax'B cer6;i,Ha npo-JI.ajI'B CBOfi ^TiOMX..
Ero sAopoBLB xenepB o^eHB
xopomo.Ona roBopii.ia o cBoeM'B
6paxii.
READING EXERCISE.
OOpasosaiiHUJt He.iOB'iiK'fc. — The educated man.
CnpauiHBajH ApHcxi'mna KaKiia pa3HHii;a MCiKAy o6pa-soBaHHUM'B H Heo6pa:i6BaHHHM'B He.iOBiKOMi.. Oh-b oxBi-
Elementarj- Russian Grammar. 4
KaK-B SAopoBBe Baniero co-
KOMi. ona roBop6ja co
CBoeK) cecxpoK)?
50 Lesson 15.
THJit: «noinjrii hx-b o66HX'b k-b Jiviji^aMTi, Koxopwe Hxt ne
3HaK)T'B, H OHH 9X0 y3HaK)T'L».
p43HHita difference. noni.iH hxi lead them.
FIFTEENTH LESSON.
REFLEXIVE AND DEMONSTRATITE PRONOUNS.
a) Reflexive pronouns.
(Reflexive verbs.)
The reflective pronoun for all genders and numbersis ce6a, which, according to circumstances, correspondsto myself, thyself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, etc.
It naturally has no nominative form; its declension
is as follows:
N.G. ce6fl of himself, of herself, etc.
D. ce6i to himself, etc.
A. ce6H himself, etc.
I. C06610 by himself, etc.
N. (0) ce6i (about) himself.
Combined with verbs, it is contracted into ca after
a consonant or semi-vowel, and ct after a vowel, andforms the so-called reflexive conjugation.
Conjngation of a reflexive verb.
^ oxkBkTbCH to dress oneself.
Present.
« ojiiBaiocb I dress myself, etc. mh oAiBaeMca we dress ourselves.
TH oAiBdeflibca. bu oAtBaeiecB.
oHi, oHa, OHO oAiBaeTca. ohh, oHi 0AtB4i)Tca.
Past.
fl oaiBajca I dressed myself, etc. mu o;tiBajiHCb we dressed oursel-
Tu o;^tBaJICfl. BH oAifiajiHCb. [ves.OHt oxiBa.ica. ohh ojiiBa.iHCB.
OHa oA^Ba-iiacb. ohI oi'^BajiHCb.
OHO o;i'feBa.Tocb. ohh oAtB^ancb.
Future.
a 6yxY oAiBarbCfl. I shall dress myself, etc.
TH 6y;iemb oAiBaxbca^ etc.
Reflexive and demonstrative proxouns. 51
Imperative.
ojiiBafica dress thyself. ojliBaftxecb dress yourselves.
Thus are conjugated amongst others:
paajliBaTtcfl to undress oneself.
Kynaxtca to bathe, to take a bath.
yHHTbca to learn, to instruct oneself.
Mv^HTbCH to torment oneself.
b) Demonstrative pronouns.
axoTt this.^
Masc. and neut. sing. Feminine singular.
N. 3T0Ti, 3T0 this. 3Ta this.
G. 3Toro of this. axoii of this.
D. 9T0My to this. axofi to this.
A. 3Toro, 3T0Ti>, 3T0 this. 3Ty this.
I. sTHMi by this, with this. 3tok) by this, with this.
P. (06%) 3T0M1 (about) this. 06%) 3T0H (about) this.
Plural for the three genders.
N. 3TH these.
G. STHxt of these.
D. sTHMi to these.
A. STHxi, 3TH these.
I. 3THMH by these, with these.
P. {06%) 3THxt (about) these.
52 Lesson 15.
xaKOit such.
Masc. and neut. sing. Feminine singular.
N. TaKOH, laKoe such. xaKafl such.
G. xaKoro of such. xaKOH of such.
D. xaKOsiy to such. xaKOu to such.
A. xaKoro, xaKOH, xaKoe such. xaKVto such.
I. xaKHMi. by such, w'ith such. xaKOK) by such, with such.
P. (o) laKOMi (about) such, (o) xaKOft (about) such.
Plural for the tree genders.
N. xaKie (m.), laEia (f. and n.) such.G. xaKHxt of such.
D. xaKHMi to such.
A. laKHxi, xaKie, xada such.
I. xaKHMH by such, with such.
P. (o) xaKHXi (about) such.
WORDS.
Mni Kaatexca it seems, it ap- jipyroM another.
pears to me. aanHM^xBca to occupy oneself,
cxpaaa country, region. jiocxaBjaxb to procure.
xoproBJra trade, commerce. rocno;iHH'b gentleman.^ecxB honour.
'
rocnoaa lady.BoiiHa war.
EXERCISE 29.
B-B STHX-L CTpaHaxi. aciiTe.iH saHHMaiOTca ToproB.ieio.B-L Ton KHHri MHoro KapTHHi.. ^TO BH ;i.ijiajiH Bl> TOft
KOMHaxt? Mh He 6hjih b-b toh KOMHart, cvAapt; Mti oji.'fe-
Ba.iHCB BTb dTowb HOKoi. Ohi> ce6A He 3HaeTl., HO OWhMHoro AyMaeTi. o ce64. BiU^JIh jih bh yaie TaKyio KHnry?H em,e ne BiUijit TaKon KmirH. Kor^a bli KynajiHCB bt,
TOH p-tKi? 9Toro a ne anaio. 3aHHMaeTCJi jih eme rocno-
ji.HH'B N. N. xaKOK) padoTOK)? Jl,yMaH o ce6i, APyr^ moS !
TRANSLATION 30.
In this country, the inhabitants occupy themselves
with commerce and industry [Nont. npoMiiniJieHHOCTB).Trade procures to these inhabitants riches and honour.
In those books [there are] many tales. These pictures
belong to that young lady. The glasses of these ^vin-
dows do not please me, but the glass of that windoA\:
pleases me much. Didst thou not already bathe in
this river? No, I did not yet bathe here, but I shall
soon bathe in that river. We do not know ourselves.
Relative and interrogative proxocks. 63
COXVERSATIOX.
^iiii. saHHMaioTCii iKHTejiH 3hm6k) ohu saHUMaroTca Ta-
3hm6k)? ki'dih pa66TaMH.A H'tM'B OHi'i 6yAyT'b saHH- JI^TOMt OHH 6y;i;yT'L saHH-
MaiLCfl jI'ItOM'B? METLCil JIJ^JTEME pa66-TaMH.
SHaeie jh bh aiy rocnoacy? HiTt, a ea He sHaio, hoMHi KaaseTca, hto aee BHA'fcjI'B BTE. TOMt TO-
, POA*.Hto 3T0 xaKoe? 9to pyccKin atypHaji..CkOJIBKO KOMHaX-B B-B 3T0MI, Bl. 3T0MI. ^OMt MHOFO KOM-
JliOMi? HaTI>.
r^t HrpajiH 3TH ;i,4th ce- 9th ji.iTH HrpajiH na tom-b
r6;i;Ha yxpoMi.? ;i,Bopt.
Kor;i,a th BOSBpaxi'uacB hs-b JI B03BpaxujiacB hsi. PoccmPocciH? B-B TOX'B ate ro;iii., Korjiia
dHJia BOHHa.
READING EXERCISE.
Xopomaa penyT^ii,ia.— Good reputation.
CoKpaxi., Koxoparo o;i,i'ih'b hsi. jtpyaeft cnpamnBajH.,KaKoe ecxB cpeji;cxBO ;i,ocxaBiixB ce6i xopomyio penyxai^iio,oxBixH.i-B: <BH ee upio^pixexe, ecjiH bh nocxapaexecB 6htb
xiiMi., ^iM'h BH acejiaexe Hpe;i,cxaBHXBca.
cpejiCTBO way, means. ji;o*CTaBHTi> ce6i to gain.
npioGpicTii to acquire. nocTapaTtca to endeavour.
rtMi, qisii. sucb as. npejcrdBHiLCfl to appear.
SIXTEENTH LESSON.
RELATIVE AND INTERROGATITE PRONOUNS.
a) Relative pronouns.
KTO who, HTO which, what.
N. KTO who. HTO which.G. Koro of whom. Her6 of which.D. KOMy to whom. HCsiy to whicii.
A. Koro wliom. hto which.I. KtMi by whom. itm with what.P. (o) KOMT, (about) whom. (o) leuTa (about) what.
54 Lesson 16.
Hefl whose.Masc. and neut. sing. Feminine singular.
N. nefi, Hfce whose. ^ta whose.G. ii.er6 of whose. Htefi of whose.D. HiBMy to whose. Hteft to whose.A. HBero, Heft, ^te whose. mbk) whose.I. HbHMi by whose. Hteio by whose.P. (o) HteMT. (about) whose. (o) Hben (about) whose.
Plural for the three genders.N. MbH whose.G. MBHxi of whose.D. HbHMt to whose.A. qtHxi, HBH whose.I. HBHMH by whose.P. (o) HBHxi (about) whose.
Examples.locnojiHH'B, Mhw cecTpy bh bh- The gentlemen whose sister you
AHxe .... see ....0({»Hu;epi, ybux^ jromajt^fi bh kj- The officer whose horses you
nHJtH .... bought ....Kopoji^Ba, :o ^beM^ ;iBopn,i a ro- The queen of whose palace I
BopK) .... speak ....
KOTopiiu who, whicli, that.
Masc. and neut. sing. Feminine singular.N. K0T6pHft, KOTopoe who, which. KOTopaa who, which.G. KOToparo of whom, of which. Koxdpoft of whom, of which.D, KOTopoMy to whom, etc. Koiopoii to whom, to which.A. KOToparo KOTopufi, KOT6poe KoiopyK) whom, etc.
whom, etc.
I. KOTopHMi by whom, etc. Koxopoio by whom, etc.
P. (o)KOT6poMi.'(about)whom,etc. (o) KoxopoH (about) whom, etc.
Plural for the three genders.N. KOTopae (m.), K0T6pHfl (f. and m.) who, which, etc.
G. KOTopHXi of whom, etc.
D. K0T6pHM'B to whom, etc.
A. KOTopue, KordpHxi), Koxopaa whom, etc.
I. KoxopuMH by whom, etc.
P. (o) KoxdpHxi (about) whom, etc.
Examples.KoJibito, Kox6poe bh KynujiH. The ring which you bought.Box-b cajiOBHHKi, Koxoparo bh Here is the gardener whom youBHepd BHAi-iH. saw yesterday.
b) Interrogative pronouns.
KaKOfi? which, what?Masc. and neut. sing. Feminine singular.
N. KaK6H? KaK6e? which? what? KaKAa? Avhich? what?G. KaKoro? of which? etc. KaK6R? of which, etc.
Relative axd ixterrogative proxouxs. 55
D. KaKOMy? to which? etc. [etc. KaKOH? to which? etc.
A. KaK6ro?KaK6H?KaK6e? which? KaKyfO? which? etc.
I. KaKHMi? by which? etc. KaKOio? by which? etc.
P. (o)KaK6Mi? (about) which? etc. (o) KaKofi? (about) which? etc.
Phiral for the three genders.
N. KaKie, KaKia? which? what?G. KaEHXi? of which? etc.
D. KaKHMi? to which? etc.
A. KaKie? KaKHxi? KaKia? which? etc.
I. KaKHMH? by which? etc.• P. (o) KaKqxi? (about) which?
Examples.KaKHxx KHHraxi bh ^tyMaeie? Of what books do j^ou think?
KaKUMt 66pa30Mi.? In what manner?
The other Russian interrogative pronouns are but
the relative pronouns kto, ^to, qeft, KOTopuE, when em-
ployed in interrogative sentences:
Hfcero Cpaiy npHHai.ieaiHTi. aroxi To Avhose brother belongs this
HOM-b? house?MBBMi soM-fe BH roBopHTC ? Of whose house do you speak?
KoTOpHii xenepb Haci>? What o'clock is it now?Hbfo cecxpauy tu BBjitji? Whose sister didst thou see?
WORDS.no3a6uTb to forget. HSBHHHXb to pardon, to forgive,
xana lady. cxapHKi old man.
HesjopoBa (she is) unwell. KOHuepx'b concert.
Basil. Haio6Ho you want. lacb hour, o'clock.
ciacxJHBi. (he is) happy. ohh shbyxi. they live.
aoHXHKx umbrella; parasol. npHK.iK)ieHie adventure.
C02ia.Tfexb to pity. noxepAxb to lose.
B.3fl.ii (he took). ofitmaxb to promise.
EXERCISE 81.
Ilo.ifl, KOTopHX'b a. roBopw, npHHa;i,.ie/KaT'L HilmeMy
cocfe^y. IlGHHMaeTe jh bh, hto r BaMi. roBopio? Tot-b,
KTO ^i.GBo.ieH'B, CHacTJHBi.. leM-b TU TencpL AyMaenifc?Hero npociLiT. 6paT'L BauiT,? Ohii npocH.TB KHiiry, KOTopyjoBH eny B'lepa o6iiii;a.iH. Bohhr, o KOTopoMi) bh roBopHTe,HtxTb 3A'fecL. Ohh npocH.iH Menii pascKasaTL hmt. (to tell
them) MOii npHK.noHeHia, ito a h c^'fe.iaji'L cl yjtOBOJib-
CTBieMI,. BOTl. U.B'tTU, KOTOpue BaMl. OHeHL HpaBHTCJi.
CxapiiKTb, B'B ^LbCM'BJIiOMt MH ;i,6.TrO, JKI'UIH TBH^pB B'b AMepHK-fe.
TRANSLATION 32.
To whom did you give (6T;i,aJH bh) your ring?Which woman spoke with you? The ladies who were
56 Lesson 16.
yesterday at my aunt's, [are] the daughters of this gent-leman. Do you know the lady who was to-day at the
concert? The letter which I received from my friend,
[is] very beautiful. Who is there? Whose dog is this?
To whom did you write a letter? With whom did yourmother speak? About what did she speak? Which of
(hsi.) your sisters is unwell? Louisa (.lyiisa). Which of
your friends returned to America?
•
CONTERSATION.
HcieMy TH He ;i,yMaeinL o HsBHHHxe MeHa, a n03a61i.1t.
TOMt, HTO TH o6iin,aj['&
HaMTb?
^bero cociji.a 9T0 nojie? 9to nojie npHHajweacnT'LMoeMv cocijy.
Bh^i.'Li'l jih TH yjKe ;i.om'b, HtTi., moh ^tpyrt, a ero hb
KOTopHH MH npo;i,ajiH? Bii;i,'bji'&.
KoMy BH ;i,ajiH CBoe nncLMo ? Bot-b ciyra, KOTopoMy a
}{Sijl'b CBOe HHCbMO.
9to He Ta ace KHnra, ko- HejEOBiKt, KOTopHfi 6h.t'b
Topoft a. roBopHJi-B; a 3;i,tcb, bshjit. ee.
rji.'fe Ta?
KaKYK) KapTHHy KyuHjrb R ne snaio, Kynn.ii. .ih gh-b
BaiHTb OTeU,!)? KapTHHy I'lJIH H-feT-B.
KaKOH o^Hiiep-B 6uji'h na 0(|)Hi],ep'B, KOToparo co6aKy
yjHE.'fc? BH B^epa Kynii.TH, 6iijn,
Ha yjiHii,^.
READING EXERCISE.
Ca4)Hp'b Ha 06^;!,^.
0;i,Ha ji;aMa Bt BepjiMH* npHr.iacrua o;i,Haac;i,Hfi 3Ha-
MeHiiTaro Ca^Hpa k-b 06'fiAy. y nefl cto.i'b ^hji-b o6cTa-
Bjien-B cjiHmKOMB CKyno. Ilocjii oSi^a cnpauiHBaeT'bxosiiHKa Ca4)Hpa: «Kor;i;a. H3B6jHTe ohhtb y MCHii 064-
^aTb, ;iK)6e3HHfi Ca(|)iip'b?» «Ox6tho cefi^acb!* OTBt-
THJI-B rOCTB.
Ha o6i;ii at dinner, npnr.iacHTb, to invite.
oCcTaBjeH-L served, laid. CKvno, avariciously,onart again. rocxt guest.
Definite axd ixdefixite PROxorxs. 57
SEVENTEENTH LESSON.
DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.
a) Definite prononns.
csiwh self.
58 Lesson 17.
Kd»e;i;iifl each, every.Masc. and neut. sing. Feminine singular.
N. Kaac;jHH, Kaat;^oe each,G. Kaatjtaro of each.
D. KaataoMy to each.
A. Ka2c;iaro,Kaffi;iHH, Kaffi;ioeeach.
I. KaatjiHMi by each.
P. (o) KaatAOMi (about) each.
Kaatjiaa each, every.Kaacjoii of each.
KaxjioH to each.
KasjiyK) each.
Kaaiaoio by each.
(o) KaatAOH (about) each.
Plural for the three genders.N. Kdac^iHe (m.), KaaAHJi (f. and n.) each, every.G. KaatjiHxi of each.
D. KaajiHMi. to each.
A. KaffijiBixi, Kaac;iHe, KaaijiHa each.I. KaatflHMH by each.
P. (o) KaHcjtHxi (about) each.
b) Indefinite pronouns.
HtKTO a certain (used only in the nominative).
HtHTO something (used only in the nominative and
accusative).
HtKOTopHM some one (dechned hke KOTopafi, page 54).
HHKTO nobody (dechned hke kto, page 53).
HMHTO nothing (dechned hke hto, page 53).
Koe-KTO, KTO-TO somebody (dechned hke kto, page 53).
Koe-HTO, HTO-TO Something (dechned hke ^to, page 53).
KTO-jniOo, KT0-HH6y;i,B whoever.
hto-jih6o, HT0-HH6y;i,L whatever.
The words jih6o and HH6yji;B are indechnable, where-as KTO and TITO combined with them are dechned as if
they were alone.
o;i,ini'b one, someMasc. and neut. sing.
N. oaiiHi, OAHO one.
G. oAHoro of one.
D. OAHOMy to one.
A. OAHoro, OA^Hi, o;ih6 one.
I. OAHMMT. by one.
P. (061) OAHdM-b (about) one.
Masc. and neut. sing.
N. oiHH ones.
G. ojHHxi of ones.
D. ojHHMi to ones.
A. o;iHHXi, OAHH ones.
I. o;iHHMH by ones.
P. (061) o;iHHX'b (about) ones.
one, a certain, alone.
Feminine singular.
oiHa one.
ojlHoii of one.
oflHoii to one.
OAHy one.
oah6k) by one.
(o6t>) oah66 (about) one.
Feminine plural.
ojlH'b ones.
ojlHixT. of ones.
ojtHtMT. to ones.
oiHiixi, osnt ones.
ojiH^MH by ones.
(o6i) oiHixi (about) ones.
Defixite and indefinite pronouns. 59
;^pyr'E-;i;pyra each other, one another.
N.G, ;ipyri-jipyra of each other.
D. ;ipjTt-;ipyry to each other.
A. ;ipyri-ip\Ta each other.
I. ,Tpyri%ip\TOMi by each other.
P. ;ipyri-o-jpyri about each other.
To the indefinite pronouns belong also many others,
such as BCflKiu ever}^ one, ntcKOaLKO* some, any,
iiHOu, many a, HHKaKOH, hh o;i,iihi none; but their
use does not present any difficulty at all.
Hmkto and hhhto must always be accompanied bya negative adverb He, Htii):
y iieHa HHqero nibtm. I have nothing.Hhkto Baci Me BHiijt. Nobody saw you.
When HHKTO, hh^to, HHKaKOft, HHKGTopHii and hz
o;i;hh'b are used with a preposition, the preposition is
placed between the hh and the pronoun proper:HE B-B 0J^H6Ml AOMi. In no house.
HH y Koro. To nobody.3T0 HH Ki leiiy He TOxarcH. That serves to nothing.
WORDS.Okcio around. Bpamartcfl to turn.
noKpuBaTt, naKpiixL to cover. npejuieii object, thing.
CM^preHX (he is) mortal. omH6aTi,ca to err.
Teneme course. SHasieHHTo (it is) celebrated.
CBtTT. world. nosHaBaxi, to know.
EXERCISE 33.
Si caM-b noKpHBa.it CTCit 6yMaraMH. Bori> oxeu'E
Bcix-B JiOAeii. CKaaiHTe 9to, noaiajyHCTa, K0My-HH6y;i,&.IIs-B HHqero hc CAtJ[aemL HHHero. Bi. KajK;i,OMi. ceji'h
ecTB itepKOBL. Bt Te^cHie HicKOjbKHxi. M'fecau,eB'i) ohi.
He nciyqiiJi-B hh OAHoro HHCtMa. AnrjinqaHe h (f)paH-
itysH jKj6aT'b Apynb-;i,pyra. Una HyniKHHa SHaMeHHTOno BceMv cB-feTv. il HH qcM-L ^ojite (more) ne 6yAyBaM-L pa3CKa3HBaTI>.
TRANSLATION 84.
I shall soon have the occasion to thank him for
some books which he gave me. Cover the books and
1 It can be declined in the plural only: HicKOJiiiKie, ui-
CKO.TI>KHXI>, a. 8. O.
60 Lesson 17.
papers with something! Some one spoke about that
affair, but nobody beheved him. I myself was in the
city. The most difficult of all things (Tpyji,Hte Bcero)is to know oneself. Do you know the weight of ourearth? These objects belong to herself. I never again
(HHKOFAa eme) spoke with himself. I shall show that to
nobody. Every man is mortal. Nobody can say, that
he never erred.
CONVERSATION.
KoMV npHHajtJreKHTTE. btoti.
^TO roBopHjiH rpeqecKie
4)HJl6cO(|)H?
€!> K^M-B TH 6yji;einb Tjji^Th
ceTOjma BeqepoM'L?6kojio Hero Bpamaerca
seMJifl?
m.M'h BH HaKpHJIH 0X0.11.?
rOBOpiIJIH JIH BM yjKe CI. HH-
MH CaMHMH?Kto MoaieT-B cKaaaTL, ttg owl
HHKorji.a He omadajica?
KaKia CTpaHH Biiji.'fejiH bh?
9x0X1. ji;oM'B npHHaAJieatuT'LMHi caMOMy.
Ohh roBopiijiH : TpyjiHieBcero nosHaBaxB caMoro
ce6fl.
a 6y;i,y ryjiaxt ct Hero ca-
Moro.
3eMJifl BpamaeTca okojio
c6jiHii;a.
Mh HaKpHJiH ero nicKOJiB-
KHMH JHCxaMH 6yMarH.Hixi, a. ein,e He roBopAjn.
HH CB KOMI..
Hhkxo He MOJKexi. cKaaaxB,wro owb HHKorAa He omn-6ajicfl.
^ Bi'a'iiJi^ noTTH Bcro Eb-
pony.
READING EXERCISE.
OxOTa Ha THrpa. I.
B'b cpe;iiHefi Aain cymecxByexi. oc66eHHaa oxoxa na
xfirpoBi.. OxoxHHKH HaMasHBarox-B ;i;peBecHue jucxbji
nxHHBHMi. KJieeMx. h pa36pacHBaroxi. ho ^opori, Txi>
jik)6hx'b xoawxb xHrp-B. Kor^a xarpi. npox6;iHii. ao .ii'm-
KHMi. jjucxBAMi., xo OHu npHJEHnaKTi. K-B 610 JianaMi. H
Mimarox-B euy xoahxb.(TIpodoAOKeHie 6ydet>n.)
cymecTBoi^Ti. to exist.
HaMasHBari. to grease.KJiefi glue, lime,
adna paw.
ocoSeHnafl particular.
paa^pacHBaib to strew.
.iHnKiii gluey.utra&Ti, to prevent.
Adjectives with full termixatioxs. 61
EIGHTEENTH LESSON.
DECLENSION OF ADJECTIYES WITH FULLTERMINATIONS.
Adjectives in Russian maybe divided into two classes :
I. Qualifying adjectives, such as: ^66puR good,
xpa6pEift brave.
II. Possessive adjectives, such as: TleTpoBi, Peter's,
OTii.OB'B of the father.^
Both agree in gender, number and case with the
noun with which they are coupled.
Qualifying adjectives have a tivofold termination:
the full and the apocopated.^The full termination is used when the adjective is
employed attributively, i, e. when it qualifies a substan-
tive which generally follows it: xpa6pHH bohh'b the bravewarrior.
The apocopated or abridged termination is usedwhen the adjective is employed predieatively i. e. after
a verb expressed or understood : bohhi. xpaCpt the warrior
is brave.
Example of hard full terminations.
Masculine: xpaCpufi bohhi. the brave warrior. ^.
N. xpaSptrtt b6hhi>. xpa6pue bohhu.G. xpaoparo BonHa. xp46pHxi. bohhobt,.
D. xpaCpoMV BOHHV. xpaGpHMi. BonHaiii.
A. xpaSparo BOHua. xpaSpuxi. bohhobI).
I. XpafipUMl. BOHHOMl.. XpaCpUMH BOHHaMH.p. (o; xpaGpoMi BOnui. (o) xpa6piiix'b Bonnaxi.
Feminine: ;;66paa sena the good woman.N. ;t6f;paa aeua. ;i66pua aieHu.0. lofjpoft seHH. loepMXi, aern..I>. Kjfjpoti Hteni. ;i66puM'B seHaMi..A. ;i6f>pyio jiceny. ;i66pMX'b xenT..*1. lOOpOK) aCCHOIO. AOfipWMH ffiCHaMH.P. (o, joCpofi acent. (o) ;i66pMX'b aeenaxi..
1 This kind of adjectives is discussed in the next lesson.- See page 18, footnote 1.
3 When accompanied by nouns denoting inanimate objects,the accusative form of the "adjective does not differ from the
nominative, as it has been seen.
62 LE8S0X 18.
Neuter: npiaiHoe atcTO the agreeable place.
N. npiaxHOe Micio. npiaxHwa ntcta.
G. npiflxHaro uicxa. iipiaxHuxi Mtcxi.
D. npiAxHOMy ntcxy. iipiaxHUMt MicxaMi.A. npiflXHoe iitcxo. npi«xHUH sitcxa.
I. npiflxHHM'b M-fecxoMi. npiaxHUMii sitcxaMH.
P. (o) npiflXHOM'b Micxi. (o) npiHiHUXi Micxaxi.
In the same manner may be declined:
H6BHfi r6poji;T> the new town.
orpoMHaw cxpaua the immense region.HHCToe nojie the clean field (level ground).
Adjectives having the accent on the last syllabletake in the nominative singular of the masculine genderthe termination oh
;in other respects, they are declined
according to the models given above.
Such are:
fiojiiifflOH joMB the great house, fiojunoro ^OMa, 6ojibin6My jdMy etc. . .
6ojtinaa pina the great river . . . 6oai,ni6e cejo the great village.
Example of soft full terminations.
Masculine: HCKpsHHin npiaxe-ib the sincere friend.
N. HCKpeHHitt npiaxejB. HCKpenHie npiaxciH.G. HCKpeHHaro npiaxejia. hckpchhhx'b npiaxejieH.D. HCKpeHHCMy npijixciK). HCKpeHHiiMi. npiaxejiaMi.A. HCKpeHHaro npiaxeja. HCKpenHHXii npiflxejefi.
I. HCKpeHHHMi. npiflxejCMi. licKpeHHHMH npiaieaaMH.
P.«(o6i) HCKpeHHeMt npiaxeji. (o6i) HCKpeHuHXi. iipiaxejaxi.
Feminine: Hrpenaa jomajii. the sorrel horse.
N. Hrpenaa jomasb. nrpenia j6ina,iH.
G. Hrpenett .lomaAH. nrpenaxi. .lomajieH.
D. Hrpenett JiomaAH. HrpeniiM'B .\oma^Hu^b.
A. HPpeHiOH) jomaw. nrpeHiixi. .lomaieH.
I. Hrpeneio jiom&Ahio. HrpeuiiMii jouia^bMH.P. (o6i) Hrpeuett .loinajH. (061) Hrpeniixt joma^axi..
Neuter: npesnee ojtajio the former coverlet.
N. np6»Hee ojitajo. npeacHia oaiaia.
G. np^acHaro o^tajia. iipeatHiixi. onMs%.D. npeatHesiy o;tiajy. np^aiHasn o;iia.iaMi.
A. npeainee o;ita.io. iipea;Hia ojita.ia.
I. npesHHJfb ojiijaJOMi. npeaHHMH o;ita.iaMH.
P. (0) npeatHeMi OAia-i*. (0) iipesHHXt oxkk.iax-b.
Such are:
j-fexHifi ACHb the summer day.3HMHaa HOHb the winter night.CHHce h66o the blue sky (plur. of He6o = He6eca).
Adjectives with full terminations. 63
It must be noted, that not all qualifying adjectives
having the nominative singular of the masculine genderterminating in ift, belong to the soft form.
A considerable number of hard adjectives have an
apparent mixed declension for the simple reason that
the law of permutation (page 16) does not permit the
use of H after a guttural or hissing consonant (page 5).
Such is e. g. jerKia, light, which has in the feminine
.lerKaa and in the neuter jerKoe (and not jierKaa, .lerKee).
WORDS.PojiOBa head. VKpacHTb to adorn.
TyaoBHme body, rump. KpacHBaR beautiful.
eaKasHBaTB to punish. Whhhhu long.
ocaiiuaTb to light, to enlighten. BbicoKiii high,ciauie light, splendour. tohkIu narrow, slender.
HOBHH new. KopoTKiB short.
MciojlOH young. crporiri rigorous.6oraTUH rich. cfeBepHuR northern.
6tjHH& poor. npeKpacnuH handsome.
jpeBuiii ancient, former. pijKifl rare.
He^aBHO recently. crapHil old.
iioiHTaTB to adore. hhskIh low.
CH.ia force, strength. nenojlBHatHHH immobile.
npoiOJiaaTi, to continue. npH.ieatHUH diligent.XHaiHHa hut. CHHiii blue.
(j[)ia.iKa violet. MlieHbRifi small, little.
mnpoKiH large, broad.
EXERCISE 35.
Ckojlko jitT^ npo;to.-ia£ajaci> BoiiHa? B'fe;i,HHe Jii)^]^
acHBVT'B B-L Hi'i3K0H xi'iaiHHt. Ha ji.Bop'fe 6hjih npeKpacHHiijiomaAH. 3Bi3;i,ii Co.ifcuieK) MacTBio Heno;i;BU3KHLiii rfeja.
^laTL paSoraeTi. ci. npiLieaiHUMH ;i,OTCpbMH. ^oiepa VKpa-iiiaiOT'i) CBOu CTO.iii CHHHMH (|)iajKaMH. HpHJieatHHe yie-HHKH ji,ocTaBJiflH)Ti> po.TiHTejflM'L MHoro y;i;0B6jrbCTBiii. OrpoM-Hoe^Mope OTji.'fc.ijieTi, EBpony oti. Amcphkh. JI,6<5piia a^ivl
HrpajH CB KHHCK). IlacTyxi. B03BpaTHJiCfl ;i,0M6n co cbohmiMa.ieHLKHMT, CTa;i;0M'B.
TRANSLATION 36.
The widow of the good Peter gave (Aa.ia) the poorman a bit of bread. What is the good child doing in
the large yard? The horse has a beautiful head, a longbody, and high and slender legs. Bad actions are
punished [transl. punish themselves, instr.) with rigorous
64 Lesson 18.
laws. Winter nights [are] often enlightened (ocsimaioTca)
by the aurora borealis [transl. northern light). In the
handsome rooms of the uncle [there are] many rare
things. I know perfectly well your old friend. Heshewed the high room to us with great pleasure.
CONVERSATION.
^iMt BH yKpacHJiH 6ojih- fl yKpacHjii. 6ojiLinyio eom-
inyio KOMHaxy? Haiy cuhhmh o66aMH.
^TO TH nojyimji'B B^epa? Si nojryqHjii> XBoe KopoxKoenncbMO.
Kxo atHBext m> axoMi* 6ojil- Mhofo cxapnx^ h 6'fc;i;HHX'B
niOM'L ^^oMi Ha innpoKofi jio;i,eH acHBexi b-b HCMTb.
yjfflD.'t?
^xo BH BH;i,ijrH Ha <5eperaxTE. Si Biat^t Tani. BHCOKie h
4)paHn;y3CKHX'L piKi.? npeKpacHHe saiiKH.
KaKiixi, HOBHXi. KHHr'L Ha- y^emiKt KynHjrs HOByro
Kyni'i.i'L yTCHHKi)? rpaMMaxHKy h HOByio
Hcxopro.A ^xo OHx. ^wl2a!h cer6;i,Ha Oh-b ^Hxa.i'L o xpadpHxt
B-L HOBHX'B CBOHX'L KHH- Hap6;i,aX'B, aCHBrnHXl. B-B
raxX)? ;i,peBHHX'B BpeMeHax-B.Kxo ji,aji. xe64 axox-L 6ojb- SKeHa do.iBHoro pa66xHHKa
mofl KycoKx. xopomaro ;i,ajia Mni 3xoxx> KycoKx.xji6a? xji46a.
BEADING EXERCISE.
X 6 T a Ha x ri r p a. II.
3BipB cxapdexca BCJi^ecKH ox^ nnxx. H36aBHXBC« h
A^jidi^Th ciijiLHija ;i,BHaceHia. liicxBa npHCxaiox'B k-b HSMyBi> 66jiBnieM'B KOjnmecxBi. Pas-BapeHHiift SBipB Ha-
^HHaexx. HaKOHei^-B Bajraxbca no seM.ii, h bx. KopoxKoe
BpcMa coBepmeHHO noKpHBaexca jihcxbjimh. OBrti saKJieH-
Baioxt eMy rjiasa h yniH. Tor;i;a xHrp-B Hainnaext expam-HO peBixB. OXOXHHKH ySHaiOXX., BX. HCM-B Jl.'fcjIO, BHXO-
^i.ax'B HST* 3aca;i;H h ydnBarox^ SBipa.
cxapaxBCfl to endeavour. HsdaBHiLca to deliver oneself.
BcaiecKH in every way. ;iBHaieHie motion.
npHciaibCH to attach oneself. pasiapeHHUH enraged.BajHTbCH to wallow. peBtxb to roar, to howl.
3ac4,ia ambush. yCnBdib to kill.
ADJKrnVES with .VI'OCOPATKD tekmixations. 65
NINETEENTH LESSON.
DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES WITH APO-COPATED TERMINATIONS.
The apocopated terminations are, what the nameplainly indicates, shortened or mutilated terminationswhich the adjectives take in certain cases alone. ^
As it has already been stated (page 53), the apo-
copated terminations are employed whenever a qualifying
adjective acts as a predicate of a verb.
Their declension would therefore seem quite un-
necessary.^ But they sometimes occur in poetry in-
stead of the full terminations. Besides this, their termi-
nations are adopted hy possessive adjectives. See page 66.
Example of hard apocopated terminations:
xpaSpi, xpaSpa, xpa6po brave.
Masc.
N. xpaCpii.G. (xpa6pa).D. (xpa5py).A. (xpaCpa, xpaSpi).I. (xpaGpHMi).P. (o xpaSpoMi).
Singular.
Fern.
xpa6pa.(xpaopofi).
(xpa6poH).
(xpa6py).
(xpa6poK)).
(o xpaCpoft).
Neut.
xpaopo.(xpa6pa).
(xpa6py).
(xpa6pa).
(xpa6puM'b).
(o xpaSpoMi).
Plural.
N. xpafipH. xpaSpH. xpaCpti.G. (xpaSpHX'b). (xpa6puxi). (xpaOpaxi).D. (xpafJpuM'b). (xpa6pHMi). (xpa6puMi).A. (xpa6puxT.,xpa6pu). (xpaopHx-b, xpa6pH). (xpa6pu).I. (xpaSpHMH). (xpafJpuMH). (xpa6pHMH).I', (o xpaCpuxi,). (o xpaCpuxi). (o xpaSpuxi).
Thus may be declined, for the sake of practice:
;io6pi, so6pa, loGpo good (ji66pHH).
HOBi, HOBa, h6bo new (nOBUti).
HHCT'i., iHcra, MHCTo clean ('iHCTufi).
1 It is derived from the Greek &n6 away, and yoTtxoj I cut.^ In proee, only the nominative forms of each gender and
number are used.
Elemeutiiry Russian Grammar. 5
66
AnJECTIVES WITH APOCOPATED TERMIXATIOXS. 67
A. nOTpoBi AOMi. neipoBH ;ioMa.
I. ncTpoBUMi. ;i6mom'l. nexponnMH aoM^MH.P. (o) iiexpoBOMi. joMt. (o) neipoBHxi ;ioMax^.
6paTHHHa BAOBa the brother's widow.
N. SpaTiiHHa BjoBa. CpaxHHHu bjiobh.
G. CpaTHHIlOH B;I0BU. CpaTHHHHXl BIOBT>.
JX 6paTHHH0H BJlOBt. CpaTHHHUMT. BJlOBaMl).
A. SpaTHHHy BJlOBy. OpaxHHHH BJIOBH.
I. 6paTHHHOI0 BAOBOK). 6paTHIIHHMH BJOBaMH.p. (o) 6paTHHH0H BJOfit. (o) OpaTHHHHXT) BJOBaXl.
lJ[apHi;HHo ce.T6 the Empress' village.
N. HapHUHHo ce.io. IJ,apHn.HHa caia.
G, Llapuu,UHa ceja. Il,apHu,HHHxt ceat.
I). HapHUHHv ce.iy. HapiiuHHUMx. cejaMi>.
A. HapunHHo cejo. HapiinHHa ce.ia.
I. HapimNHUMx. ce.ioML. HapuuuHHMH cejaMH.
1'. (o) HapiiuuHOMi cejt. (o) Il,apHU,uHHXi> ce.iaxi..
Thus in like manner:ilBdHOBb caji. John's garden.
cecTpHHa jouiajib the sister's horse.
;iiBHi;uHO ko.ti.u,6 the girl's ring.
A great number of propor names having the formof possessive adjectives are decHned in the same way.
Such are:
IIaB.ioBi. Pavlov. IlyinKnHi. Pushkin.raxHHHa Gatchina. CKoCe.ieBx. Skobelev.
BopoAHHO Borodino. KopcaKOBi Korsakov.
It must however be remarked that, besides havingno plural inflections, in the prepositional singular theytake the substantival inflection 4, instead of om-b or ofr.
WORDS.iHBomftcHHR picturesque. miiara sword.
jjViHHH diflficult. npoHSHomenie pronunciation.
MjCoKift deep. OKeant Ocean,
loporoii dear, costly. BceraKH nevertheless.JitHHBHH idle, lazy. can6n> shoe.
PkIh narrow. IIepeB6;^'b translation.
.ii.iHHHbJH long., CijHHH poor.
EXERCISE 37.
a HCAOBOJieH'B MOHMI. HOBKMI. Ka(|)TaHOM'L, OHTj CJII'iIU-
KOMi. ysoKt. Mti TenepL ryjifleMi,, noTOMy hto noro^a
npeKi)acHa. Baiii^ nepeBo^'B ohji. Tpy^eH'L. MtcTono-
JiOJKeHielleTepuypraHe JKiiBonncHO. yHeHiiK-L xtni'iBi.. BTOXt
68 Lessox 19.
x.i46'B o^eHB xopom-B, a to bhho oieHt ;i;ypHO. Chh-b
HeTpoBi. Cu.i'b Bqepa Cb npiiiTejiaMH IlBaHOBUMH b-b Bacii-
jiieBOMT. ca;3;y. Fopoji.'B MocKBa ^^peBeHi., ho axa CTOJiuu;a
He xaKt ^peBHa, KaK-B ropoji;!* llapim-B. Bh^t,!, cb araxt6anieH'B npejiecTeHi..
TRANSLATION 38.
The teacher was satisfied with the pupil, becausehe was diligent. In summer [instr.) the days are very
long. This pen is bad. This castle is picturesque. Thewarrior whom you saw on the bridge is very brave.
Have you seen the brother's sword? The pronunciationof the English language is very difficult. The Oceanis very deep. The feathers (Ilepba) which you boughtat your neighbom-'s the merchant are very dear, andnevertheless they are not good. Thy brother is veryidle. The shoes of the teacher are too narrow.
CONVERSATION.
JI,jraHHa JiH 3Ta ;i,op6ra? Bia ;i,op6ra oienb ;i;.iHHHa.
KaKaa sama jiomaAB-'' Moa jroffla^b npeKpacna.BoraxH jih BaniH yieHHKH? H'^t-b, ohh oieHb 6'ibAHH.
3;i,op6B'B JIH Bamx. 6paT'B Mofi 6paT'B xenepB sji.opoBi.,
TenepB? ho ohi, ;i.6jiro 6ujny
66jreH'B.
KaKi, ;i,6poro ctost^ Bamn Moh Hacii ne hobh; ohhHOBHe lacij? oqeHB CTapH.
JI'feHHB'B JIH TenepB 3T0T'B Owb TeHcpB npHJieateHi) ;
MajiBiKKi. iLiH npHjie- HO npeJK;i;e oh-b duji-B
ateni.?^ohchb xlmiie'B.
KaKOBa 3Ta yqemma? 9Ta yieHHU,a npHJieacna.
KaKOBo HHCBMO, KOTopoe BBi Hhcbmo, KOTopoe a nojiy-
Biepa nojiyqHJiH ot-b Ba- ikjit*, oqeHB npiiiTHO.
niero 6aTK)mKH?
READING EXERCISE.
Hacu.
O^HHi) HSi KanpajiOBT. rBapjiiiH $pii;i;pHxa BejHKaroHOCHjiT. qacoByro u.inoiKy, a BMicTO qacoBi. npHBiiaHBaji'B
nyjiBK). KorAa <I>pii,T,pHX'B BejiKKifi, yBH;!,a Kanpajia, ho-
camaro u,in6iKy, ero HpociiJiT. noKaaaTB eMV, tot^b OTBi-
^aji-B, ^To y Hero bm^cto nacoBTb nyjia, ;i;jia HanoMMHama
Degrees of comparison. 69
Toro, HTO OH-L ji,6jraceHi> K'kmjiyjo MiiHyxy 6uTh roTOBt
vMepexL 3a CBoero rocyAapji.— «^to noxBajibHO», CKa-
saji-B Kopojib H ji.a.Ji'b eMV cboi'i nacLi ociinaHHtie 6pHJiiaH-TaMH. «TenepB th MoateiuB Bi'i^'tTL totx ^acT. Kor^a th
jMpeinB 3a MeHH.»
Bt> cpameniH npn P6c6ax't nyjiii y^apHJia bi> qacH
co.i;i,aTa h yna.ia na scmjik), ^-kwh h cnacjia ero jkhshl.
Kanpajii corporal. totobhu ready.HOCH.li. (he) wore. iioxBajibHUH praiseworthy.ittii6<iKa watch-oliain. ocHiianiiHH studded, ornamented.
npHBiisbiBaTB to attach, to fix. cpaateiiie battle.
HocimiK wearinfr. yjiapHTt to blow, to strike.
iianoMHHanie remembrance. yna.ia, (it) fell,
cnacjid (it) saved.
TWENTIETH LESSON.
DEGREES OF COMPARISON.
The comparative is formed in three different ways:1. By changing the termination of tlie positive
preceded by any consonant except a guttural into iiiniiii
for the full, and into 'he for the apocopated termination :
CHJiKHUH strong. CHJibii^flmitt, CMi,Hte stronger.c.ia(5HH weak. cja6f.iimiA, ciaote weaker.
Some adjectives form the apocopated comparativesimply in e changing the preceding consonant:
(JoraTUH rich. CoraTtniiiiii, ooraie richer.
jieuiiiBijii cheap. jieuieBtiiiniH, jieiueBJie cheaper.
rycTOH thick, dark. rycTMraifi, rycT4e(ryiii,e) thicker.^
npocTOH simple. iipocTtHniiH, iip6ni,e simpler.
TBepiufi hard, firm. TBepitfimiii, xnepate harder.MiicTuri pure, clean. MHCxiilmiH, iHUie purer.
2. By clianging the termination of the positive pre-ceded by a guttural consonant (r, k, x) into aHiiiifi for
the full, and e for the apocopated termination, with a
consonantal change:
r.iyfioKiH deep. rjiyfioidttiuitt, rjiyfiaje deeper.crporiH rigorous. CTpoHJaftmitt, crpoace more rigorous.
KptiiKift strong. KpiiiiiiiltiiiiiA, Kptii'ie stronger.
A great number of adjectives in rift, kIh, xifi donot have the full termination of the comparative; whilst
* The form ryme is properly speaking the comparative of the
corresponding adverb rycxo thickly.
70 Lesson 20.
use form their comparatives in
;ia.itn'feftmiH, uLibuie more distant.
;ioji2caHniiH, xojLnie longer.
jpaacafiiniH, jopoae dearer.
CAUx-damiu, O-iHse nearer.
KpaTqaftuiiil, Kopoie shorter.
pijiafimiH, piate rarer,
inHpoiaftmiH, niHpe broader.
Be.iHiaHmiM, 66.ibaie greater.
BucoiaHiniH, Bume higher.HHaiaHuiiH, HHxe lower.
MeHLiuifl, MCHbiiie smaller, less.
MjajmiS, MCiOHie younger.crapuiiH, cxapme older,
.lyimift, jyime better.
xyAuiifi, xyse worse.
others of very frequentdifferent ways:
xajieRiH distant.
;t6jriH long,
joporofi dear.
CjiHSKia near.
KopoTKiu short.
ptjlKifi rare.
fliHpoKiii broad.
Be.iHKiH (Sojiimou) great.BucoKifi high.HH3Kifl low.
Observe also:
MajHH (MeHBiuofi) small.
mo.ioi6h young.crapHH old.
xopoffliH good.
xy;i6H bad.
3. By placing the adverb 66Jiie, more, before the
positive:
paAi pleased.joBKiil clever.
Oojtte pa^i more pleased.66j.'be JOBKia more clever.
the strongest man.the strongest woman,the strongest child.
The superlative of the attributive adjective (full
termination) is also formed in three different ways:
1 . By placing caMuft, the same, before the positive :
C^MUtt CU.1LHHH He.lOBiKI..
c^Mafl CM-ibHaa acena.
C^MOe CHJbHOe JHTH.
2. By using the comparative form in iHUiiH andaftfflifi; but in this case the words hs'b Bcfex-B, of all,
must be understood, as in Enghsh:Poccifl (ecTLj cu.ibH'ittuiee rocy- Kussia is the most poMcrful
aapcTBO Bi CB-fcTi.; monarchy in the world.
3. By prefixing see- or npe- to the positive andHaH- to the comparative:
npCAoophiH. very good, best.
BceiioKopHbiH. very huml3le, humblest.
HaHjyiuiiu. the very best.
The predicative (apocopated) adjective forms its super-lative by adding Bcero or Bcix'L to the comparative:iixoTb jioMt .lyqme Bci^xi. This house is the best of all.
HecTL ;iop6ate Bcerd. Honour is dearest of all.
Degrees of comparison. 71
WORDS.Heae.iH, nijiT. than. jiro surnmer.
aojoTo good. no.ie3HUH useful.
cepe6p6 silver. Bipuaii faithful,
ate-ifoo iron. ;iparon,iHHHH costly.
cpeACTBO means. caxapHHH xpocTHHRi. sugar-cane.KaMeHt Btone. MeTaj.ii> metal.
Tio.ibnaHi. tulip. a.iMa3i diamond.
CKpoMHuii modest. oSHKHoeeHHo usually.
yMHTe.ibHHu,a school-mistress. HecpasHeHHo incomparably.TeM3a the Thames. oceHb autumn.3HMa winter. ceMeHCTBo family.
BecHa spring.
EXERCISE 39.
TeM.3a caMaa (JojiBmaa piKa b'b AHoiH. Ohi. cqacT-
.iiiBifliuiii qe.iOBtKi, bi. CBtxIi. R ropa3;i,o cqacTJiHBie,qiM-B Bu jvMaexe. Moh nepeBo;!,^ ;i,jiHHeH'B, Bam-B ,T,jrHH-
nie, a nepeBo;!,!. Bamero Spaia caMHii ;i;jhhhiih {nepeBOji.'b).
Tboh cecTpa npHjeaiHie Moeii. Becna npiflTHie oceHH m
3HMIJ, HO npiiiTHie Bcix'L — jiixo ^ Poaa HecpaBHeHHo Kpa-ciiB'te ;i.pyriix'B o.B'feTOB'B. B'^AHue jik),t;h ^Ac^o ciacTJiiBte
SoraTHxi,. Bia ;i.aMa cxapme Bainefi cecTpii. Moft CTap-fflifi CHHi. oqeHL npH.ieaieHi..
TRAXSLITIOX 40.
Your house is high, the house of your neighbouris higher, but the house of your friend is the highesthouse in the whole street. To -clay the weather is more
pleasant than yesterday. Gold and silver are costlier
than iron, but iron is more useful than gold and silver.
This wine is worse than water. The morning was beau-
tiful, but the evening was more beautiful. The richest
people are (use the comparative here) not always the
happiest. Simple means are the best [means]. The dogis more faithful than the cat. Stone is harder thanmetal. I am more diligent than thou and he. The cowis more useful than the sheep, the horse is more useful
than the cow, but the most useful of all is the elephant.
COXVERSiTION.
KaKOBun lopo;!,!, Bep.iiiHi.? Bep.iuii'B caMun KpaciiBuri
ropoAt Bt TepMaHiH.4to TBepate ciajiH? AjMaa-L TBepate cxajiH.
* Instead of cctl a dash (—
) is sometimes employed.
72 Lkssok 20.
Kto wsi, Bact cTapiue, bh6jih Banii, CpaT-LV
JlyHmee jih axo bhho?
HpiiiTHoe JIH 61JJ10 BpeMflBaiuero npeSHBaHk Bt
IleTep6yprt ?
KuTopHH Hsi. ropoAOBi) Be-
jHKOJi'fenH'fee, J16h;i;ohi
lijiH Hapi'uK'B?Kto 6uji'h BejiMqaHiUHMi.
repoGMTb j;peBHHX'L spe-iieHi.?
H MOJOJKe ero; a caMHft
M.iaAmiH HS-L Bcero na-
niero ceMencxBa.
Bto bhho xyjKe ;i;pyr6ro.
To BpeMH 6liji6 caMoe upi-ilTHOe B-L MoeS aCH3HH.
napfiatT. ropa3;iiO BejHKO-
jiinH'te Jl6H;i,0Ha.
Ilo MoeMy MHiniK), II,e3api>
6uA'h BejHHaHuiHM'B re-
poeMi. jupeBEHx-L BpeMeHT..
BEADING EXERCISE.
BHHMaHie h cxporocTL Khhsh IIoTeMKHHa.
IIpH ocaAi OiaKOBa KHa3L TpHropm AjieKcaH;ipoBHq'i>
noTeMKHHT), ocMaxpHBaa Bcfe nocTH CBOHXt KapayjOB-b Bt
CTpaHHO xeMHyio hohl, npn xo^io^Hoa noroAt h ch^jkhoh
MfliejiH, npHHiejii, kx> nocTy Oii,Hor6 HHacenepHaro Kann-
xana, h, ne Haxo;i,fl ero xyxi>, yja^amjicR.
Memjij rhwb KanHxan'B ne oacHAaBmiH nocfemeniji
IIoxeMKHHa, Bhimeji^ Ky;i,a-xo, npenopy^a nocxt cbohm'b
TOBapHmanX). Ha o6paxHOMi. nyxii oh^ BcxptnaexcH ex.
KHii3eMX. IIOXeMKHHHMX., KOTM HOCJI'fejl.HiH OKORiIHJIX. BCCL
ocMOxpX) nocxoBx. y O^aKOBa.
«Kxo XH xaKOH?* cnpocHJx. khhsb.
oiR HHJKeHepHHH KaDHXaHl. H. . . .»
«A! 9X0 XH, CKasajii, lloxeMKHHT,, npeax. ^acx. xu HM-B
He 6yAeniB».
CKaaaB-L axH cjiOBa, IIoxeMKHHx. y^ajrHJicfl. H a^h-cxBuxejiBHO Mpe3x. ^acb KaHHxan'B 6ujub y^ajieH-B ox'l
3X0H AO-^aiHOCXH.
ocMaipnBaTi. to inspect.
CTpaiiHo TeMHUH exceptionallydark.
CHixH&H MHT^ih snow-stomi.
Haxojia finding.
aificTBHTejibHO indeed, really.
Kapayji sentry.He oaHMnniiH not expecting,
iipenopyia confiding, entrusting.VAa-ii'iTbCfl to go away.ao.ivKHOCTL charge.
Cardinal numbers. 78
TWENTY FIRST LESSON.
CARDINAL NUMBERS.
ojHHi, ojHa, oiHO (page 58) one. copoKt forty.
;iBa, iBi (page 71) two. naThxacim. fifty.
TpH three. mecTwecflXT. sixty.
Meiiipe four. ccMfciecflTi seventy.iiHTb five. BikeMbiecflTi, eighty.uiecTB six. ;ieBHH6cT0 ninety.ceMb seven. cxo hundred.BoceMB eight. cto o;iHH'b hundred and one.
leBHTb nine. cxo abr hundred and two.
jecaxb ten. jeicxH two hundred.
oiHHHamaxb eleven. xpHCxa three hundred.
jBtHaiuaxb twelve. Mexapecra four hundred.
xpHHa;maxb thirteen. naxbcoxi five hundred,
lexbipuamaxb fourteen. inecxbcoxt six hundred.
iiaxHamaxb fifteen. ceubcoxi seven hundred.
mecxHajuaxb sixteen. BOceMicoxi. eight hundred.
cejiHajIuaxb seventeen. xeBRTbCOTh nine hundred.
BoceMnaauaxb eighteen. xucaia thousand.
;ieBflxnajuaxb nineteen. jBi tuchih two thousand.
IBamaxb twenty. jecflXb XHcaii ten thousand.
jBaiuaxb oiHHi twenty one. cxo ruciiH'b hundred thousand.
ABamaxT. iBa twenty two. Miu.iioHi a million.
TpH;m,axb thirty. Hy.ib nought.
In forming numbers the copula is suppressed:Tucflia BoceMbcoxi. BOcewbAecflXb One thousand eight hundred ond
BOceMb. eighty eight.
All cardinal numbers, with the exception of o^'mt,
;i,Ba, TpH, HCTLipe, copoKi), ;i,eBiiH6cT0, cto, Tucnia and
MBXiioHT,, are dechned like the singular of feminine nounsin h, such as jomaAb (lesson 6), without any regard to
the gender of the noun that follows them.
Examples of the declension of numbers.N. nflxb five. Bocewb eight.G. iiflXH of five. BOCLMH of eight.I), nmii to five. BocbMi'i to eight.A. BBXb five. Bfkejib eight.I. naxbK) by five. BocbMbi) by eight.P. (o) naxH (about) five. (o) BocbMii (about; eight.
N. oaHHHa,'iuaxb eleven.
G. oiHHHajiuaxH of eleven.
D. ojHHHaAuaxH to eleven.
A. OAHHHaAnaxb eleven.
I. OAHHHa^iuaxbio by eleven.
P. (pC-b) oiMHHaj,uaxH (aboat) eleven.
74 Lesson 21.
Declension of ;i;Ba, ipn, qeiiipe.N. jBa (m. and n.) Asi (f.) two. Tpa three.
G. AByxi of two. xpexi of three.
D. ;iByMT. to two. ipeMi to three.
A. jBa, ABi, AByxi two. ipn, ipexi three.
I. ji,Byi\H by two. ipeMH by three.
P. (o) ^Byxi (about) two. (o) xpexi. (about) three.N. HCTiipe four.
G. leTHpexi of four.
D. MeiupeMi to four.
A. qeiupe, Herupexi four.
I. HeTHpBMH by four.
P. (o) ^BTHpexi (about) four.
Declension of copoKi., ;i,eBflH6eT0, cto, ;i,BicTH, etc.
N. COpOKl 40. JlCBflHOCTO 90.
G. copoKa of 40. jieBflHOcra of 90.
D. copoKa to 40. leBflHocia to 90.
A. copoKi 40. ^leBaHocTo 90.
I. copoKa by 40. ;teBaH6cTa by 90.
P. (o) copoKa (about) 40. (o) jiesHHOCTa fabout) 90.
N. CTO 100. JlBtCTH 200.
G. cia of 100. xvyxb coxi of 200.
D. era to 100. ABysn. ciaMi. to 200.
A. CTO 100. McTH> 200.
I. cxa by 100. ARynk CTann by 200.
P. (o) era (about) 100. (o) jteyxi cxaxi (about) 200.
Declension of tucato, ;i;B'fe jucsmu, MH.ijiioH^.
N. THCflHa 1000. jtBi xMCflin 2000.G. THcaHH of 1000. jiB\x-h xMca^i of 2000.D. xHcaii to 1000. ;iByMi TticaiaM'L to 2 000.A. THcany 1000. ABi Tucaini 2000.I. Tiica^bK) (-eio) by 1000. ;iByMa xHcaqajiH by 2000.P. (o) xHca^i (about) 1000. (o) jiByxi xacaHaxx. (about) 2000.
N. MHj.iioH'b a million.
G. MH^LiioHa of a million.
I). MH.uioHy to a million.
A. Mn.uiou'B a uiillion.
I. MH.iJiioHOM'i. by a million.
P. (o) MH-uioHi (about) a million.
Declension of aggregate numbers.N. xiicaMa BoceMxcoxt B6ceMb,iecflXT> Bocesib 1888.
G. Tucaia BoceMbcoxx BocbJinAecaxH bocbmh of 1888.
D. xiicaqa BoceMbcoxx. BOCbMn^ecaTH Bocb.MH to 1888.A. xucana BoccMbcoxx. B6ceMb;iecaxx> Boceiib 1888.
I. Tucaia RoceMbCoxx, BocbMLibjtecaxbio Bocbubib by 1888.
P. (o) lucaia BoceMbCoxT. BocemUecaxH BocbMii (about) 1888.
' In the case of animate beings, the genitive form is em-
ployed according to the general rule.
Cardinal xumbers!. 75
The cardinal numbers ;i,Ba, Tpn, Mexupe, when used
in the nominative or accusative, require the noun or
adjective following to be put in the genitive singular,whereas the subsequent numbers require the genitive
jdiiral:
jBa naca. Two hours (two o'clock).
Tpii .lOiuajH. Three horses.
Hexupe Boja. Four oxen.
TlHTt MacoBi. Five hours.
IIIecTb 6uk6bi. Six oxen.
CsMb ;i66pHxi Ma.ibHHKOBi.. Seven good Vjoys.
BoceMt iipH.ieHCHHxi> x^revL. Eight diligent children.
The qualifying adjective which is placed between
;i,Ba, TpH, qcTiipe and the noun may however indifferentlystand in the nominative or genitive plural, as:
jBi KpacHBHfl cecTpu. Two pretty sisters.
TpH orpoMHUXi KopaCaa. Three immense vessels.
Examples of the declension of cardinal numberscombined with substantives.
N. Aua CTO.ia 2 tables. Tpn KopoBH 3 cows.
G. ABvxi 0X0.1061 of 2 tables. xpexb KopoBi of 3 cows.I). AByMb cxo-iiiMx. to 2 tables. xpeMx. KopoBaMx, to 3 cows.A. ;iBa cxo.ia 2 tables. xpext KopoBX. 3 cows.I. jByMH cxojiaMH with 2 tables. xpejiH KopoBaiiH by 3 cows.P. (o) ;iByxi cxojiaxx, (ab.) 2 tabl. (o) xpexi Koposaxx. (about) 3 cows.
N. nflxb coSaKi 5 dogs. uiecxb le.ioBiKi 6 men.G. iiflXH co(5aKi of 5 dogs. inecxi'i MejioB'feKX. of 6 men.I). naxH coCaKaMi to 5 dogs. luecxH HdOB-feKaMb to 6 men.A. naxb co6a,K'b 5 dogs. luecxb 4e.ioBiKx. 6 men.I. iMXbK) coCaKaMH by 5 dogs. mecxbib 'le.TOBtKaMH by 6 men.P. (o) nnxH coOaKaxx. (ab.) 5 dogs. (o) inecxH nejoB-feKaxx. (ab.) 6 men.
In compound numbers, the noun and adjective agreewith the last numeral, as:
jBajuaxb o;iHHX, py6A%. Twenty one roubles.
IlflTbAecHri. jiBa pij6AH. Fifty two roubles.
CeMbAec«Tb BoccMb jjydAeii. Seventy eight roubles.
A cardinal number used after a noun signifiesabout .... Ex. :
K xajiT, ejiy mi'r.i.iHnroBx> ;;Ba,AU,axb. I gave him oftottt twenty shillings.
N. B. After ojhhi, wa, xpn, qexupe, the substantive yearsis translated by ro;tx., ro^a; but after ii^ixb and the higher numbersby .lixx. (gen. plur. of .lixo summer), as: Ohx. 6ujii bi IleTepfiypr-fc
ABa roAa, a bi MocKai ii;ixb .itxx. — In the genitive case the word.lixx. is always used: AByxi .itxx,, ceMH Jitxx.; whereas in the dative,instr. or prep. rojaMi, ro,iaMH, rojiaxx, are exclusively in use: npn-6aBbxe Ki ceuii ro;iaMx, eme ;iBa ro^a.
76 , Lesson 21.
When the ag:e is stated, the Russians use: Eitherthe dative of the person, and the nominative of the num-ber of years, in which case oTB-poAV, since birth, is
most frequently understood, as:
Milt xenepb xpiunaTi. xpu roia. I am now thirty three years old.
MoeMy fipaxy CKopo 6)fl.eTb jst- My brother will soon be twelve
HaAHart jtit. years old.
Or the nominative of the person and the genitiveof the number of years, as:
Ona jiBajiuaTH Jiixi. She is twenty years old.
WORDS.CocxaBjiflxb to compose, to make. 3a rpaHHueio abroad.jiHCxi a leaf, a sheet of paper. (Jjvhxi. pound.m4c.io oil
; butter. njMi pood {40 Russian pounds).Txo cxoiixx.? what costs? apmani. arsheen (Russian mea-
cyKHO cloth, woolen-cloth. sure = 0,77 yard).
(J)paHK'i. frank. bhcokochhu ro^i leap year.
npoi3;Kaxb to drive, to travel. canxiiMT. centime,
paai) time (with numbers). B0o6iii,e in general, altogether.
npHCjaxt to send. 6fji.eTh make (icith numbers).xoiHHH exact, punctual.
EXERCISE 41.
DiiTLjtecflT'B ;i;Bii Heji.'fejiH,^hjh TpiicTa mecTfc;i,ecarb
naxb ;i,HeH cocTaBJiiiK)Ti> roji,!). 9th HeTEipecia KoneeKi co-
CTaBjiaioT'L TOJiBKO ^CTupe py6.iii. B-l -diowh r6po,i,'I> ot-l
copoKa ;i,o nflTH;i,ecaTii tuch^'b JKiixejien. Bt, oahh'b HactMH npotsatajiH 66.Tfee ;i,B4Ha;i,i].aTH nepcTi.. Ckojbko 9to
cocTaBJi>ieTi> BOo6iii,e? 3to cocxaBJiieT'B Tpiicxa nyjoB'L
]ifi&. (|)yHTa. ^afiTe mh^ apmim'B xopomaro cvKHa. ^.16
CTOHT-B (j)yHT'B Mac.ia Bi. IlapiiiKt? <I'yHT'B Macia ctoht'b
wh llapiiati xpii iuii lexiipe (j)paHKa. Cxo caHxi'iMOBi.
cocxaB.iiiiox'L (})paHK'B. Kx) axiiMX. jBa;;ii,axn xpejix. jHCTaMX.
npHHa;i,jieataxx. eme okojio nflXHa;i,ii,axH jhct6bx>.
TRANSLATION 42.
Twelve months make a year. Four weeks make a
month. Three chickens were in the yard. In our school
[there are] five diligent pupils. We lived (6ii.iH) ten
years in Paris. Twenty four pupils were to-day in the
school. In the month of June (Bx. IiOHi Mt.cjni,t>) [there
are] thirty days. How many years were you abroad?
My aunt has two dogs and five cats, and thy motherhas two cats and five dogs. In your copy-book [there
Cardinal nlmbers. 77
are] still thirty two clean sheets. How many poundsare there] in three poods? In three poods [there are]
a hundred and twenty pounds. How old is your bro-
ther? He is forty years old.
CONVERSATION.
Cko-ilkg rpyni'B ii opixoBi) Ha CTOji jejEaTt ;i;ecflTOK'i>
.le/KaT-L Ha CTO.ii? rpym-L h nojiTopa (pyHxa
op'fexoB'L.
CKo.TbKO y xe^H A^Teft? Y Mena xpn AO^epn h ;i;Ba
cuHa.
Cko.ilko KopoBi,, ^HKOBX,, Y Hact Ha jIBop-fe xpHHa;i,-
.ionia;i,eli h OBeu;^ y BacL u,axb KopoBi, naxs 6h-
Ha jBopi? KOBi), ceMHa;i,u,axb Jioma-
^efi H qexijpe obu^u.
Ckojlko u,epKBeit bi. Moc- Bx. Mockb^ okg.to ;i,eBflXH-.
KBi? coxx. u,epKBea.A cxojbKO jivL Hxx. Bx. lie- Bx> IIexep6ypr'fe HecpaBHen-
xep6yprt? ho MCHie u,epKBeH, ho3a-xo ropasAO 66jilje
ABopu,6Bx>.
Mhofo jh bh nojiyqiLiH R ;i.eHerx. no.iyin'ux. ne
;i,eHerx.? MHoro, mh^ npHCJiajHxo.ibKO ;i,ecaxb pyS.ien.
BEABINi^ EXERCISE.
TpH Bonpoca.— The three questions.
•Ppi'upHxx, Be.Ti'iKifi HM'fejx. ooHKHOBeHie, BCflKin pas-LKaKX. coj^aTx. nocxyna.ix, bx. ero rBap,T,iK), ;i,'fe.iaxb emciijyiomie xpn Bonpoca: «CK6.ibK0 BaMX. jixx.? CKOJibKO
BpCMeHH, KaK-L BH Ha MOeil CiyacSi? .l^OBO.IbHfcl JIU BHBamHMX> aia.iOBaHbeMx> h BauiHMx, cojepjKiiHieMx.?»
—CjyiH.iocb, ^xo OAi'iHX. MOJOjoH co.iAaxx., poarAeHHHH bo
<PpaHu,iH noHieja.ix. nocTyni'ixb na npyccKyio c.iyat6y. Bh^x.ero 3acxaBHJi. npHH>ixb ero HeMe^-ieHHO, ho ohx. coBep-uieHHO He SHajii, HiiMer^Karo asHKa, h ero KanHxanx,,
npex,ynpeAi'iBX, ero, mo Kopo.ib cxaHex-L 3a;i,aBaxb eMV
BonpocH Ha yxoMX> aauK-fe bx. nepBuu paai., Kor;i,a oniero yBi'uHxx., nocofiixoBajix. eMy bx. xo ace BpeMa Bii-
yHHXb HaHsycxb xpn oxBixa, Koxopue ohx. ;i,6jiiKeH'b 6uji'h
c;i,i.iaxb. Bcii^cxBie xoro ohx, BuyiH.ix, hxx, na citAy-KJlU,ia ;i,eHb, H KaKl, XO.ILKO ohx. HOHBI'iJCH bx. CXpOHJ, <PpH-
ApHXx, npH6.iH3HjiCH, »ix66u ;i,onpociixb ero; ho na axoxx,
<8 Lesson 22.
paa^ OHi. CJiy^aHHO naqaji'L co BToporo Bonpoca h cnpo-CHJI'L: «Ck6jILK0 BpeueHH KaKl. BH HaXOAHXeCB Ha MO^H
c;iy3K6'fe?»—
JI,BaOTaTL ojiiHH'b ro;!,!.* OTBixH.nE, coji;iiaT'&.
KopojiL, nopaateHHUH ero m6jio;i,octi>io, KOTopaa hceo noKa-
3HBajia, MTO He irki. AaBHO ohi> hocu.tl MyiuKext, CKasajii.
eMV oieHB yAHBJieHHHH : «Ck6jilko BaMt Jiix-B?* — «OjifiWb
roAX., CMiio AOJioacHXi. BameMy BejiuiecxBy. » <I»piUpHXX.,
eni,e 66jiie y;i.HBJieHHHfi, BOCKiKKHyji-L : «Bu ilih a, mhHaB^pHO noxepiiJiH pa3cy;i,6Kx.». Coji;i,axx., Koxopufi npn-Buji'h 9X0 3a xp^xift Bonpocx., oxb4xhjix» ch yBtpeHHOCXLK) :
«H xo H jtpyroe B^pno, cwhv) ;i,ojioacHxt BameMy BejiiiiecxBy.>
oyat6a service,
cojepffianie treatment.
poacjieHHHH born.
3acTaBHTb to cause.
HeMci-ieHHo immediately.nocoBiTOBaTb to advise.
jiopaateHHKH struck.
cm4k) AO-ioaiHTb please.
aajoeaHte pay.
cjyHHJiocb it happened.BHjtb figure, appearance.iipHH;iTi. to accept.
npcjiyiipe^HTt having informed.
CTpoii rank.
VAHBjeHHUH astonished.
paacyAOKT. reason.
TWENTY SECOND LESSON.
ORDINAL NUMBERS.
UepBHH first.
BTopoH second.
Tpeiiii third.
HexBepTuii fourth.
naxuH fifth.
inecTOH sixth.
ceAwioii seventh.
BOCbMoii eighth.
AeBflTHH ninth.
AeciTbiii tenth.
o^HHHajtuaTuu eleventh.
jiBiHaauaTHH twelfth.
TpHHaAuaxuii thirteenth.
'jeTupHa;iu,aTHri fourteenth.
naxHaAuaTHH fifteenth.
luecxiiaAnaxuH sixteenth.
ceMHajinaxHu seventeenth.
BoceMnaAU,axHH eighteenth.aeBflxiia,in,axHH nineteenth.
ABaauaxuH twentieth.
Ordinal numbers dofrom qualifying adjectives
ABamaxb nepBHH twenty first.
ABaAuaxb Bxopon twenty second.
TpH;iu,axHH thirtieth.
copoROBOH fortieth.
iiflXHAecAxuH fiftieth.
inecxHiecaxBiH sixtieth.
ceMHiecAxHH seventieth.
BOCLMHAec;ixHH eightieth.
;ieBflH6cxuH ninetieth. i
coxHH hundredth,cxo nepBHil 101'*t.
^tByxt-coxuH 200th.
Tpe.\i-coxHH 300th.
HexHp6xi-c6xKfl 400th,
nnxneoxHH 500th.
mecxHCOXHH 600th.
XUCflHHBjfl 1000th.
ABVXT>-XHCfl1HUH 2000th.
CXOXHCflHHHii 100000th,
MH.Tji6HHua 1000000th.
not differ in their declension
having the same terminations.
^CBflT^jiecaxuii is also frequently employed.
Okoixal xl.mbeks.
They agree therefore in gender, number and case with
the noun with which they are used:
IlepBUH ypoKi. First lesson.
Biopaa 'iacTL. Second part.
Observe also the following adverbial expressionsformed with the help of numerals:OAHasaa once. bo nepBHxi firstly.
HBasjH twice. bo BiopHxi secondly.
TpHai,iH thrice. Bt TpeitHxt thirdly.
Tpn paaa three times. bt, leckTux'b tenthly, etc.
CTo past hundred times.
In expressing dates and years the last number
only receives the ordinal form and inflections:
Bi Tucaia ;ieBflTHc6T0Mi> to^v. In the j'ear 1900.
Mapta ;iBa;tu,aTaro xhh. March, the twentieth.
The hours of the day or night are expressed thus :
KoTopuu Mact?CKOJbKO np66H.io HacoBi.?
Blctt. lexBepTufi Maci. \
Bbexi Merupe laca. /
Ha Moiixi nacaxt ce^tMOH Maci>
or ceMb MacoBi.
JI,BajnaTb MHHj'Ti. xpeTLaro.Eme ne np66H.io nexupexi. nacoBi.
Tenepb xpn lexsepxH xpexbaro.
CKopo npo6bexi naxb nacoBi.
Ohi npiijexi, bi lexupe 6e3i
HexBepxH.il iipitxa.ii, Bi. jiCBflXb cb no.xo-
Bl'lHOK).
What o'clock is it?
What o'clock did it strike?
It is striking four o'clock.
According to my watch it is
seven o'clock.
It is twenty minutes past two.It has not yet struck four.
It is now a quarter to three.
It is going to strike five.
He comes at a quarter to four.
I came at half past nine.
JInBapb January.•I'OBpa.ib February.MapT'b March.
Aiipi.ib April.Mafi May.b'jHb June.IkuI) July.
ABPycxi. August.CeHx/i6pb September.OKXiifipb October.
Hoiiopb November.
JeKaopb December.
BocKpeceHbe Sunday.ITojieA'fe.TbHnKi, Monday.BiopnHKi, Tuesday.Cpeja, Cepe;ia Wednesday.^lexBepn, (HexBepxoKX.) Thursday.
WORDS.HaxHima Friday.
Cy666xa Saturday.K.iacci class.
iiaMaxHHKi monument.iiajiiHCb inscription.
c.ii;iyK)iii,iri following,
poju.icfl (he) was born.
5'.Mep'b, CKouHa.ic/i (he) died.
a npii,iy I come.H npitxa-iT) I came, I arrived,
xorja then.
BceMipHHH universal.
6e:?CMepxHUH immortal.
noot^nTb to vanquish.iioHtapT, conflagration.Dacxa Easter.
pa3pyfflHXb to destroy.
80 Lesson- 22.
EXERCISE 43.
Ha naMflTHHK'fe IleTpa BejwKaro H3o6pa3teHa (is en-
graved) CTfe.TiyiomaH HiunHCh: IleTpy nepBOMv EKaTepHHaBTopaa. HMBHa IleTpa nepBaro, <I>pii;i.pHxa Bxoporo h
FeHpHxa ^eTBepxaro CescMepTHW b-b HCTopm. IlepBHH aghlHe;i,-fejiH
—BocKpeceHLe, Bxopon
—noHe;i;'feji>HHKi,, Tpexin
BxopHHKij, qexBepxHfi—
Cepe^a, uAtue — ^exBepr-B,niecxoH — IlflXHHua, ce;i,bM6H
—Cy666xa. Hexpi. Be.iiiKift
uo6'kji}iJi'h (vanquished) Kapjia ;i,B'i>Ha;i,i];axaro, Kopojiii IUbc;!.-
CKaro, npH IIojixaBt bx. xiicaia ceMbcoxx. ;i;eBflxoM'B ro;i,y.
Dacxa BOCXo'iHoii (eastern) i;epKBH 6y;i;exx> nuHi (this year)
nepBaro Anpijia no HOBOMy cxhjik), hjih ;i,eBflXHa;i,u,axaro
Mapxa no cxapoMy.
TRANSLATION 44.
The first month in the year is January, the second
February, the third March, the fourth April, the fifth
May, the sixth June, the seventh July, the eighth August,the ninth September, the tenth October, the eleventh
November, the twelfth December. John is now the
twenty third pupil in the class, and Gregory (FpHropifi)the thirty first. To-day [it is] the fifteenth of May.Schiller (Uliijijiepx.) was born the tenth of November in
the year one thousand seven hundred and fifty nine.
Peter the Great was born the eleventh of July in the
year one thousand six hundred and seventy two, anddied at St. Petersburg the eighth of February in the
year one thousand seven hundred and twenty five in
the fifty third year of his hfe.
CONVERSATION.
Kor;i.a poAH.icfl Bani'b ^pax-L Mofl 6paxx. Bacnjiii po-BacHJiifl? ji.HJica HexiipHa;maxaro
Maa Tucfl^a BoceMLCOX'B
nflxu;i,ecflxaro roAa.
KaKoey HacBcero^iiHaqHejio? Y Hacx> ;i;eBiixoe AeKa6paxiica^a AeBaxbCOx-B nep-Baro r6,T;a.
Kor;i,a yuepx. HMnepaxopi. Ohx. yMepx. mecxb .lixi
A.ieKcaHApx. Tpexifi? xomv Ha3a;i,X); ohx. yMep-BABa;i,u,axaro 0Kxa6pi xii-
caia BOceMbcoxx. ;i,eBfl-
Hocxo lexBepxaro r6ji,a.
Ordinal numbers . 81
Bl. KaixOM-B CTOJ-feTiH atH- MU ^KHBCM-B Bt Ji^BSiJIJlSilOWh
BeMI. MH? CTOjiliH.
SHaeie jih bh, bi. KOxopoM-L ^BawTt ce;i,bM6ro ceHTa-
roAV 6o.iLm6n nojKapt 6pa 1720 toah, nojKap-B
paspyniHjit b-b KoHCTan- paspymHJi'B bi. KoHCTan-
THHoiaojit MHoro ;i,om6b'l? THHOnojit 12000 ji.omob'l.
READING EXERCISE.
y6iMCTB0 II,ap^Biraa /I,HMHTpia.
Ilocji TpeBoacHaro BpeMeHH HBana FposHaro Haciy-nHJO THXoe ii,apcTBOBaHie ero cuHa Geo^opa (1584
—1598).
HoBHH i;apL nopyqnji'B ;ii'fejia npaBJieniii BoiipcKofi J^vM-fe;
a bij 3Toft ;i,yMt nojHOBjiacTHUM'L jihu^omt, cx^jiajica. Bo-
pHCB FoAyHOBi., 6paTi, u,apcKOH cynpyrH Hpi'iHU. YmrhhH oieHB ocTopomHBifi Foji.yHOB'L npaBHjii> rocyAapcTBOMi.TaKt HCKVCHO, ^TO Poccifl noHTH Bce TieTHpHa;i,i],aTHJi'feTHee
Geo^opoBO i;apcTBOBaHie nojiBSOBajiacL cnoKoficxBieM'b BHy-
Tpii H MHpOMI. Cb COcijLUm-Ho Bt 3T0 MHpHoe i;apcTBOBaHie cjiv^hjocb co6uTie,
KOTopoe nocjiyiKHJO noxoMi. hctoihhkom'b 6ojiLmHXT. CMyxtH 6'fe;i.CTBifi A-ia. Poccih. 9e6;i;op'B loanHOBHH'B 6iijit. 6e3-
A^TeHi.; cjiiAOBaiejiLHO npecTOJ!!. nocjii nero .t.ojukgh'b
6uA'h nepeilTH k-b MJia;qneMy Spaiy, IJ,apeBHqy ^HMHTpiio.
Ilocji']b;i,HiL]n atHJix^cb CBoeio MaiepLio bi, y;i,ajieHiH OTt
I],apfl, Bl. ropo^i Yrjinqt. B^apeBH^y 6ujio ;i,eciiTB jiixi.,
Kor^a ero nocTHrjia BHesannaa CMepTB. OAHaaiAH bt>
npasAHM^HUH ACHB OHi. Bijuiejii. Ha ji.Bop'B noHrpaxb ct
CBOHMH cBepcTHHKaMH. Tyti., KaKT. pa3CKa3UBai0TT>, Bjipyri.
no;i,oiiiJiH ipH HejiOBtKa hsi. MejiKHXi. npHABopHMxt hh-
HOBHHKOBi. (BHTaroBCKiH, KaiajiOBT. H BojioxoBi.). Oahhi.HST. EHXi. cnpocHJii. ll,apeBHia! «y xeSn, BocyMpfc, HOBoe
oacep^jiBe?»— «HiT'B CTapoe», oTBiraji'B I^apeBHii,,
uojifiiiB'h rojiOBy. Bi. diy MHHVTy sjiOAtn y^apHJii. ero
HoacoMi, B-B ropjo H 6p6cHJicji 6ijKaTB; ^Boe Apy-rMXT. ;i,ok6h^hjih y6iHCTB0, h xaKace cnlimiiJiH CKpuTBca.
IIpoHsomjio . CTpaiDHoe cMflTenie, 3a3B0HHJiH bi. na-
SaTi.; c61>a{ajiHCL atiiTejiH yrjiH^a, h pacTepsajiH ydiSii,!..
lI,apB nocJiajiTb nicKOJiBKO 6oiipi. hscji'^^obsltl 3to A't-^o;
OHH ;i,0HecjiH, HTO Jl,HMiiTpiH caMt ce6fl saKOjiojit
Bl. npHna;i,K'i'. na^y^eft 6oji:fe3HH, h ^to jiioah o6bh-
HeHHiie Bl. y6iHCTBi, norH6jH hcbheho. Tor^a acHie.ieH
YrjiHia HaKasajiH KaKi. MiiTeatHHKOBi., h MHoraxi. cocjiajiH
Elementary Russian Grammar. 6
82 Lesson 23.
B-B Ch6iipl. 0;i;HaKO Hapo;!,!, ne noB'fepHJ'L 6o)ipaM'B; pa3-HecjiacL MOJBa, ^to y6iHUiH /I^HMHxpiH 6ii.iH no^ociaHH
roAyHOBHMi., KOTopaS caM-B CTpeMHjrcii Kx npecTO.i)'.
xpeBoajHUH agitated.
HaciynHTL to come.nojBSOBaTLCh to profit.
co6HTie event.
Cesn-kren-L childless.
CBepcTHHKi contemporary.
TWENTY THIRD LESSON.ADTERBS.
Russian adverbs are, like those of other languages,divided into different classes according to their meaning ;
there are:
1. Adverbs of quality or manner, as:
TRKl so, thus.
xopomo well.
xyji^Q ill, badly.
CKopo quick, rapidly.
HanpacHO in vain.
HHaie otherwise.
Hap6'iH0 intentionally.
HayraAt at random.
saoAHO by agreement, jointly.
iio-CBoeMy in one's own way.iitniKOMi on foot.
Bepx6Mi on horseback.
2. Adverbs of time, as
ceroAHfl to-day.
Buepa yesterday.
Tpeibflro jiHfl the day before
yesterday.
saBxpa to-morrow.
mcji-b 3aBTpa the day after
morrow.to-
HHHi, reiiepi. at present, now.noajHO late.
yxpoMi in the morning.BeqepoMi in the evening,xox^aci, cefi^aci directly.
npcKAC before, formerly,nocji afterwards.
3. Adverbs of place, as:
3xkcb here.
xaMX. there.
HHrjli nowhere.
Besxb everywhere.ciOAa hither,
xyaa thither.
;i6Ma at home.AOMoii home.H3BHi from without.
oxoBC8);iy from all sides.
oxcK);ia from here.
oxxpa from there.
Majio little.
MHoro much.HicKOJibKO some.
jtoBOjibHo enough.ciHraROMi too, too much,BOBce entirely.
Adverbs of quantity, as:
xaKSie also.
XOJIBKO only, i] |g
noHXH nearly.
BecbMa, oiCHb very, much.
HpesHiafiHO excessively.Hx6-xo somewhat.
Adverbs. 83
5. Adverbs of affirmation, interrogation etc., as:
_ia yes. hhckojlko not at all.
}\i.Tb no. Seat coiiHtHiH undoubtedly.Bb cuMOMT. Ai-ii indeed. KoriaV when?KOneHuo of course. joKOJit? how long?
iipaB^a in truth. ut, KV^a? where?MOHceii OHTL perhaps. OTKvja? whence?
There are also a great many more adverbs that can
easily be learnt by practice and reading.As will be seen, adverbs are for the most part nouns
in the instrumental, and adjectives in the apocopatedterminations of the neuter singular.
Such adverbs in o which are derived from adjec-
tives, have degrees of comparison:Bece.iojoyou.sly. Becejtemore joj-ously. Bctxinecejie most joyously,
xopomo well. .lyiine better .lyqme Bctxi best.
Certain adverbs, too, which denote quantity, place,and time, have likewise degrees of comparison, such as:
MHoro much. 66jie more. 66.iie Bctxi most6.1H3KO near. C.iHse nearer. Bcix'b CiHse nearest,
paiio early. panic earlier. Bcixi. paHbine earliest.
^lajeKo far. . ^a-iie farther. Bcixi aa.ibuie farthest.
iia.io little. Meute less. Bctxi JieHbuie least.
Corresponding to the possessive adjectives are cer-
tain adverbs of manner formed by means of the pre-
position no, as:
no pyccKH in Russian. no He-ioBiibn like a man.110 ;ipyaiecKH as a friend. no satpHHOMV like a beast.
>VORDS.BuHHCTHTb to clean. BapmaBa Warsaw.
3.ieKTpHqecKiH electric. Te.ierpa(f)i telegraph.
iipoH3ouiji6 (it) took place. cTpaniHHH terrible.
iipHOiOHeHie event. Korjia-HHSyAb somewhere.TO-iCTHH big, fat. o^HKHOBeHie habit, custom.
.joaHTbc^ ciiaiL to go to bed. mhofojiiuctbo populousnees.n ytxajb 1 started. KiiTaft China.
npi'iDHaKi mark, token. .lerKOMUCjie lightmindedness.
EXERCISE 45.
SnaMeHfiTHft ^panKJiiHi. HM-fejii, o6MKHOB^Hie roBopiiTB,1T0 TOT-L, KTO pilHO JIOHiHTCfl cuaTB H paHO Bcxaeii, 6yAeT'L
GoraTHMl,, SAOpOBUMl, H YMHLIM'L. i\ nOHTII BOBCC HC BII-
AiiJit ropoAa H.; Kor^a a xy^a npiixa.Tb 6u.ia hoil, a
yfexa.Tb a pano yrpoMi.. Ilocjit aie a. HHKorAa xaM-B He Shji-b.
HHr^i HiT-B xaKoro MHoro.iR),i,cxBa, KaK-L bt. Knxa'li. Mnoro
84 LE8S0K 23.
rOBOpHTL H MajIO JtYMaTB CCTB npH3HaK'& JGrKOMMCJlia.
IIoieMy He BuyqnjiH bh CBoero ypoKa? Y sacB ;i,jm axoro61JJ10 ;i;ob6.ilho BpeMeHH.
TRANSLATION 46.
Your servant cleaned my boots early in the morn-
ing, thinking (;i,yMaa) that I might start for (a OTnpa-BJifliocB BTb ace.) Warsaw. Formerly they knew neither
railways nor electric telegraphs; the latter were invented
only towards the first quarter of our century; the in-
vention of the former took place at about (bi> to ate)
the same time. The Winter Palace (ShmhIh ^Bopen,!,)is extraordinarily large. You speak too rapidly for me.In vain you related to her such terrible events. Did
you [ever] see anywhere such a man? Indeed, he is
very fat! Dress yourself sooner, my children; nowit is late!
CONVERSATION.
KaKi. niiinyT'L MHorie j[¥)]s,vl? MHorie JimjiM nnniyTi. Jiy^mew^wh roBopiiT'b, a .npyrie
HanpoTHB-L roBopaT'B .lys-
ine HiMi. niiQiyTt.
Xopoino JH u.B'fejiH (|>pyK- Jl^a, ohh ri.B'fejiii jtyqme wkwhTOBHfl Aep^Bba? B-B nponiJioM'B ro;i,y.
KaKi. TBOH CpaT'B roBopHT'b TenepB ohtb roBopiiT'B H-fe-
Tenepb no pyecKH? ckojibko Jiyime ntMi, ro;i;'L
TOMy Hasaji,!,.
EcTB jiH KT0-HH6y;i;B ;i;6Ma? Jl^a, nocTyqiiTe tojibko Jie-
roHBKO Bi. ;i;BepB.
KaK'B ;i,6jiro n.apcTBOBaji'L Oh-b i],apcTBOBajii. TpHAii,aTt
HMiiepaxopi, HHKOJiaH I.? ji^tl.
Kor;i,a ohi. Bcxyuiijit na Oh^ BCTyniLTB Ha npecTOJ'B
npecTOJ!!.? Bi. ji,eKa6pi M;fecfln,'fe 1825
ro^a.
H Kor^a OH-B yMep-B? Oh'l yiiepi* b-b ^•^Bpaji'fe
1856 r6ji.a, bo BpeMaKpUMCKOg BOfiHU.
READING EXERCISE.
BopwcL ro;i,yH6B'B.
Ci. KOHiifflOK) Ge6;i,opa loanHOBHqa npcKpaTiijiacB.
jiiHHacTia Bjia;i,HMipa CBaToro na Mockobckom'b npecTOjrfe.
AnvERBS. 85
Meaijy 6oHpaMH 6ijjh MHorie hst. po^a yj'fejii.HLix'B pyc-CKHX-L KHflseft, cjiAOBaTe.ihHO, npiiMue hotomkh B.iaAHMipa
CBflToro, H Ht.KOTopne hstj nnxi. Haia.iH MeqxaTb o uap-cKOMt B'bHii.'fe. Ho Hapoji.'L yace npHBUK-B ki. ynpaBjeniH)
FOAyHOBa; BOeHHOe COCIOBie ,T,BOpiiHTE. H X^T^n dOHpCKHX'B6ujo eMV ^pe;^aHO ;
hhhobhhkh nocTaBJieHHHe hmt, ycep;i,HO
xjionoTajH Bt ero nojbsy. MHiponojiiTT. Iob'b, Cb ero
noMomhK) B03BejeHHHH Bi. caHi. nepnaro pyccKaro nai-
piapxa, npHMO yKaauBaji'L Hap6;i,y na ro;i,yH6Ba. Tor;i;a h
6oiipe, xoTH B-B ,T;yin'fe HeHaBH;i,'li.iH Fo^TiyHOBa, ne ocm^jh-
.IHCb npOTHBOptHl'lTL, H BMicTt Ct MOCKOBCKHMH rpaJK-
;i,aHaMH npe;;jo}KHJH eMv Kopony. XiiTptiH Foji.yHOB'i.
cHaia.ia cA'fe.iaji'B bh;;!., ^to oxKasHBaeTca. MeiK^y t^m^B-B MocKBi co6pa.iHCL BLi6opHHe .iio,t;h hst. Apyriixt ropo-jcjB'B H cocTaBH.iH TaKi, HasHBaeMyK) 3eMCKyK) .T^yiny hjih
Co66p'L, KOTopufi co3HBa.ica oShkhobchho b-l caMHxtBajKHUxi. ciyiaaxi.. SeMCKaa /I,yMa no coBixy naxpiapxaxaKiKe BLi6pa.ia Fo;i,yH6Ba. Ohx. eme nicKOJLKO pas-B
oxKasMBajcii, h HaKOHeu;'L cor.iacHJca, KaKx. 6u ycxynaaMOJLCaMX. itijiaro Hap6;i,a. BnpoqeMX. y cxapHxx, Pycc-KHxx. 6ujio Bx> o6iJHa'ii He B;i,pyrx. npHHHMaxL KaKoe hh-
6y;i,b BUCOKoe M-fecxo i'ijh no^ecxH; npHJimiji xpe6oBajiHAOJKHAaxLca no^o.iie noooHOB'b h npocb6'B.
UapcxBOBanie Bopiica ro;iiyH6Ba 6iJjio Hec^acxjiHBO.
Ohx. mii'h.Th HenaBHcxb k-b HCMy SHaxHHxx, 6oiip'b, ona-
ckjicn xaHHBixx. Ka3HeH, paacujiajx. umioHOBX,, h no hxx,
,'i,0H6caMX> MHornxx. Jno^eH oxnpaBHJix> bx. saxoTCnie. Ta-
Ki'a A'^HCXBifl HaBo;i,HJH cxpaxx. h CMymenie. IIpnxoMx.PocciK) noct.xi'ijH cxpaniHHH r6jTo;i,x. h MopoBoe noBtxpie.
Hap6,i,x. cxaHOBHJicfl 66ji'fce h 66ji'iie Heji,0B6jrbHHMx>, h chh-
xajix, 9XH 6'feAcxBiji naKasanieMx. BojkIhmx. 3a y6i^Hie
ll,apeBHHa /I^HMHxpia.
npenpaTiiTBCH to cease, to finish. ocsiijiHTLCH to dare.
yjt.ihUHH apanaged prince. 3eMCKafl Jlpia Country Councel.noTOMOKi successor. Co(36pt As.sembly.Mo.itfJa supjjlication. vcxynaTb to yield.noK.i(')ni reverence. iio'iecTb di.stinction.
saxoHeiiie banishment. johoci. denunciation.
CMVuieHJe insurrection.
86 Lessox 24.
TWENTY FOURTH LESSON.
PREPOSITIONS. »
Prepositions are divided into separable and in-
separable.The separable prepositions govern the oblique cases
noted below :,
j
1. the Genitive: 6e3i., 6e30 without, ;i,ja for, pa;;Hfor the sake of, ;i,o up to, hsi. out of, oti. away from,
y at, HS-B-sa from behind, Hai-no;!,^ from under;2. the Dative: kI), ko to, towards;3. the Accusative: npo concerning, ^pes-B, ^epea-b
through, across, ckbo3l through ;
4. the Instrumental: heji.'B, Ha;],o over;5. the Prepositional: npH near, in the presence of;
6. the Genitive or Instrumental: MeJKj,y, Meaii> bet-
ween, among;7. the Accusative or Instrumental: aa behind, for,
no;i,'b under, at, npe^i., nepeAi> before;8. the Accusative or Frepositional : bt., bo, in, into,
Ha on, upon, against, o, 061., 660 about;9. the Genitive^ Accusative or Instrumental: cb, co
from, with, together with;10. the Dative, Accusative or Prepositional: no by,
up to, after.
To the class of separable prepositions belong also
certain adverbs of place which govern the genitive case.
Such are: 6jih3i. near to, Bosji beside, n6;i,.Tii along,OKOJio about, npoTHBt opposite to, miimo by, near, cpe;i,fi
in the midst of, Bnepe;i;H in front of, no.iaAii behind, etc.
The inseparable prepositions (prefixes) are: bo3,
B30 or b3 up, BH out, HH3 down, nepe over, pas asunder.
They are used only in compound words and require no
particular case after them; but they alter the meaningof the word to which they are prefixed:
roAHHii suitable. ewrojHufi profitable.Mtna exchange. nepcMiHa alteration.
CTpoHTL to build. ^a^CTpoHTb to disarrange.
' Here only a general view of Russian prepositions is ex-
hibited. The most necessary rules concerning their use have al-
ready been given in the 8ti» lesson.
Prepositions. 87
WORDS.
OT;iHxaTL to rest. liHb shade, shadow.noKasaxbCh to show oneself. nyreraecTBOBaTh to travel.
HHCio number. npe;i.ioa:uTb to offer.
iio.sBoaeHie permission. pascTOiiHie distance.
norpeCi. cellar. npocHTb to beg, to pray.
iio;tos;iHTe wait (you)! fiiraiB to run.
EXERCISE 47.
noj,oatjHTe TOjiLKO o;i,Hy MHHyTy! 3toti. rocno;i,nH'B
MHoro nyieniecTBOBajt : ohi. 6h.ti> b-b TepMaHiH h IlTajin;
xenepL owl BOSBpamaeTcir hsi. Bepjinna. Hepesi, H-fecKO-
.iBKO jHen OHt oinpaBHTca onaxb b-l Mockbv h HuaiHiH-
HoBropoxB. Mu nyTeuiecTBOBa.iH no aieji-SHofi ;i,op6r'fe.
Mr noHTii Kaat^Mn ,i,eHb npoBo;i,H.iH Bnt jOMa, xoth nor6;i;a
6H.ia He oieHL xopoina. k cuiJ.'h.j'h MeHi;i,y moiim'b 6paT0M'BH Moeft cecTpoK). Ha ,T;Bop'fe Hrpa.io MHoatecTBO yieHHKOB'B,M Mon Ma.ieHbKifi upaxi, Cira.!!. Me}K;i,y ;i,pyrHMH xfeTBMii.
TRA>SLATTO> 48.
The general sat beside the king. AVe rested in the
shade under the oak. The enemy showed itself frombehind the mountain. From one town to another, across
rivers and mountains, in many countries one can travel
(nyxemecTByiorL) on railways. The pea- cock belongsto the most beautiful species of birds. In this mo-ment he asks (y) me for a book in order to offer
[it]to
you. The boys went out (BEiniJin) without my permission.From the river up to the house [there are] five versts.
[There] is a ship at some distance from the shore. Thecellar is situated (Hax6;i,HTCfl) under the house.
CONVERSATION.
r^ij ESiXOXVLTCSJ MSB'fecTHHH OhI. Hax6;i;HTCa 6jlH3'b IUa(t»-
PefiHCKiii Bo;i;ona;i,'B ? raysena, MajieHtKaro ro-
po3.a Bt lUBefinapiH.MtMi. c.iyKHTT) yi^Hie ne- Yi^Hie c.iyjKHTi. le.iOB'hKV
jOfiiKy? B-B ciacTiH yKpameHieM-B,a B-B HecMacxiH npH6t-atHmeMX.
KaKi'a ropu OTA'fe.iHiOT'B cb- YpajBCKiii ropH OTA'b.iiiH)Ti>
poneHCKyio PocciK) oti. eBponeficKyio Pocciio orb
Ch6hphV CH6npH,
88 Lessox 24.
C^iiJiajiH .iH BU ycniiXH ^a, ho ;i;o chx-b nop-L aBt pyccKOMt asHKi? Hsyqajii, ero Ses-B yiHTejia
CL noMomtK) rpaMMaxHKHH cJOBapa.
KaKi. BH npiixajiH: bt, Ka- H npiixajra na ji6;i,k'I>, a
pexi IIJH Ha jioAKi? moh TCTKa npiixajia b-e
KapeTfe.
READING EXERCISE.
IOhoctl nexpd, BejiHKaro. I.
Bi> HapcTBOBanie Ge6;i,opa AjieKdiCBHya, Kor;i,a roc-
noACTBOBajia napxiii MHJOc.iaBCKHX'L, Haxajiba KHpiiJijiOBHa
;i,o;iJKHa 6LiJia ho^th y;i,ajiiiTLcfl ot-l ABopa, h aauja. cbCBOHMI) MajieHbKHM'L CMHOM'B BTb nO;i,MOCK6BHOM'B Ceji
IIpeoSpameHCKOMT.. Ho 9to y;i,ajieHie ott, npH;i,B6pHo6aiHSHH npHHecjio IleTpy 6ojihm\¥) nojibay. 06HKH0BeHH0MOCKOBCKie U,ap^BH^H HOJiynawlH ,T,0B6.IbH0 HSHiHeHHOe BOC-
HHTanie. Ohii pocjiH na pyKaxTb MaMOKi h ;i,ii;i,eKi. ;noq-
TH He Buxo,T,ii.iH HSt BHyTpeHHHXT, noKoeBT. ;iiB0pu,a, HTaKHMT. 66pa30M^ npHBHKaJIH Kl. TIIXOH o;i,Hoo6pa3HOH
aCII3HH, Ma. Jl.iTCKHX'b Hrp-B K-b HHM'b npHCTaB.lHJIHCb
CBepCTHHKH HSl. COCJIOBifl 60}ip'L H npH;i,B6pHb[XI. HiIH0B^;
rpaMOTt Hxt yqiijiH MonaxH iijih ;],b>iKH. IlexpTb nanpoTHBi.
poci) Ha CBo66;i,'fe, na ^hctom-b cejLCKOM'b B63;i;yx'fe. Emj'
Ha6pajiH TOBapHui,eft hst. ;i;'feTeH npH^T^BopHUxi. cjiyatiiTejieH,
H OHi. ^10611.11. HrpaTb CB HHMH BT. cojiAaTH. Ha;i;o6HO
saM'feTHTb, WTO ;i,i;ii'b h OTeut ero ne Ma.io 3a6oTH.iHCb odx
yjiy^nieniH pyccKaro BOHCKa, h naHHSiajH b-b cbok) ciyat-
6j HHOCTpaHHHX'b o(i)Hii,epoBi), KOTopue ;i;ojiaiHM 6u.ih
o6yHaTb PyccKHxi) eBponeficKOMy BoeHHOMy HCKVccxBy; na-
6paHHue jtJia 9Toro hojkh nojiyqajH HasBanie cojiddmcKuoch.
II Hxt o6pa3u,y IleTpy h3'l cboiixi. TOBapnmeH ycxpoHJiT.MajieHbKoe bohcko, Koxopoe nasHBajiocb nomibmnuMh; bi.
nocji'b;i,cTBiH hsI) Hero o6pa30Ba.'iHCb ;i,Ba nepBue rBap-
jii^HCKie nojiKa: npeo6paaceHCKin h CeMCHOBCKia. KpoMtToro Ha HepeacjiaBCKOM'B 63ept IleTpi, nocxpoHJi. nt-
CKO.lbKO Me-lKHXl. Cy.T.OB'L, H COCTaBHJIt HS-L HHX-B HOT^felH-
HUH (})JI0T'L. (KohH^ 6ydam.)H3HiaieHUbiH effeminated. MUMKa nurse, child nurse.
BocuHTaHie education. AflAi>Ka keeper, assistant.
npHCTaBJiaTi.Cfl to be appointed. cocjoBie condition.
rpaMora reading and writing. ;ttflKTj deacon.
HaCpaxi to choose. aaSoiHTBCfl to occupy oneself.
HaiiBMaTb to hire. no.iKi regiment.noTtraiiufi for pleasure, amusing. MejiKiii little, fine.
Conjunctions and interjections. 89
TWENTY FIFTH LESSON.
CONJUNCTIONS AND INTERJECTIONS.
The conjiinctious most frequently used in Russian
are the following:
a and, but. iipaBja truly.
6y;iT0, 6\XT0 6u as if. nycKaii or iiycTB let.
EnpoHCMi as for the rest. cao.ib whatever.
ja and, but. c.it;iOBaTe.ii>HO consequently,Aase even. laKate also.
Aaou in order that. to then.
H-JH Toro 1T0 6h because. Toro pa^a therefore.
ese.iu, ecTH if. T6;Ke too.
eine again, still, yet. to-ibko only, merely.JKC (ait) then, also. xotm (xotl) although.H and, also. xoTa oh even though.h6o because. mto that.
H.IH (H.ib) or. HTOOH (hto6i) in order that.
HTaKfc therefore. lijit than (compar.J.KaK'i. as, when. .innib just, as soon as.
KUKi-To as, for instance. ue to.ibko ... ho h not only . . .
Korjd when, whenever. but also.
JH (.It) if, whether (interrog.J. Heaie.iH than.
jhSo either, or. itiii . . . li-Mi the more . . . the
HH ... HH neither . . . nor. more.
HO but. H . . . H both . . . and.
o;iHaKO but, however. to ... to sometimes . . . some-iioceMv then. times.
noTOMj- 1T0 because.
The conjunction wr66u or ^1061., when used de-
pendently is followed by the infinitive, as:
I'iMiiepaTopT. Kapjit V. oTKasa.iCH The Emperor Charles V. abdi-
OTi BcixT. KopoHt, C't tIjml cated all his crowns, in order
HTo6t OK^HVHTb JHH Bi MO- that he might end his daysHacTupcKOMb ye;iHueHiH. in the solitude of a cloister.
The principal interjections are:
BOTi.! boh'b! see there, look!
ypa! ra! express joy.axt! ox-b! yBii! axxii! express pain,ail ! yxi. ! oh ! express fear.
TL4)y! expresses aversion,
ycj)!.! expresses fatigue.ctl! tcl! to impose silence.
9h! reii! hi!
Hy! HyjKe! come on!
90 Lesson 25.
Ha! there you have.
sanjibl what a pity!
npo%! away!WORDS.
nocixHTB to visit, to see. a Mori I could.
HanHcaih to write. CKynofi avaricious.
xoHCTi (he) will, desires. xothtb you will, desire.
npHHHMaxi, to accept. npejJoxeHie proposal.
6.iarop6jHHH noble. ropiocii, pride.
yjtepxHBaTb to refrain, to stop. iBaHCTBo vanity.
EXERCISE 49.
Bjarop6;i,Haii r6p;i;ocTi. nacio vKpaniaeT'L qejiOBiiKa hnacTO y;i,ep3KHBaeT'& ero oti. MHorax^ nopoKOBi., ho qBan-
CTBO He TOJiBKO CM^nfflo, HO H Hepi^KO Bpe;i,HT'B HaM-B HaHameM-B seMHOMi. nonpHni.'h, h6o oho ocjiinjiaex-B (it dazzles)HacB xaKi., ^TO MH He bh;i;hmi. cbohxi. nopoKOBi) h ,T,yp-
hux'b npHBuioKTb. r6p;i,ocTB Moatex'B bi. hhuxi. ciyqajixt6htb ;i;o6po;i,4TejiBio, Tor;i,a KaK^ HBancTBO Bcer;i,a nopoE-B.^cjiH CKynoH OTKasHBaeTi, ce6i bi. no.iesHOMi. h nyacHOM-B,^TO ewy jtocTynHO (accessible) no ero cocTOiiHiK). to ero
CKynocTB ji.'fejiaeTca rjiynocTBio.
TRANSLATION 50.
Although he was iu town, he did not visit us. I
could not write the exercise, because I had no dictionary.He is rich, but he is very^ avaricious. [Either] thou or
he must {ji,6jisiewb) remain at home to-day. They speaksometimes in the (na 2^^'f'P-) Russian, sometimes in the
English, but never in the German language {plur. in
Rw>s.). Let him do what he desires; that is not myaffair. AVhat does this boy desire? He desires some-
times one [thing], sometimes another. If you have not
them, then I shall give them to you (a BaM-B ji,SLWh). Doyou desire [them]? I thank you; [it is] with pleasure
[that] I accept your proposal.
CONVERSATION.
Bh cer6;i,Ha ne saBTpaKajiH, H npaB;i;a ne saBTpaKa.i'B,
pasBt BU He roJiOAHH? ho a xaKi. ycTa.i'B ott.
CBoero oyTemecTBifl ,hto
BOBce He HyBCTByio r6.T0,T,a.
He xoTilxe jih bh bijhhtb Bjiaro;i,apK) Bacx>, a Coibct
CTaKani. xcjio^naro ni'iBa? npocTy;i,HTBca, ecjiH aBiJHBK) xo.ioAHaro ni'iBa.
CONJUSCTIOXS AND IXTERJECTIOXS. 91
Oiiero TaK-B x6.ioj;ho b-b Jl ne Beji'ii.TB tohhtb.
Banieft KOMHaxi?Bh HHqero He cjHxa.iH o6t> H a xaKace 061. btom-b hh-
3T0MI)? qero ne c.iHxaji., xoth a^H.TL BTb CaMOfl KOMHaT't.
^o.iro .iH MHi eme at^axL Htxi., BaMX. dojie 3K,T,axB
Bamero 6pc4xa? ne hvjkho, a. eny CKassy,qxo BH ;i,6jiro 6ujh 3,i,'feci>
H iK;iiajiH ero.
Bi'u'fe.TH JiH BH cer6;i,HH il ne BH^ii.ix. hh I^apn hh
Itapa H Hamy j66pyK), IJ,apHii,H; Kor,T;a a npH-
joupo;i,'fexe.iLHyK)L],apimy? niejix., 6ujro yace nos^HO.
READING EXERCISE.
IDhoctl Ilexpa Be.iHKaro. II.
H3X> HHCJia noxiuiHHxx, coj;i,axx. HtKOxopne aBiiJHCB
noxoM-B rjaBHUMH cno,T;BnacHHKaMH Ilexposa u;apcxBOBaHia,
HanpHM-fepx. MeHBniHKOBx.. KHHJKHoe yq^Hie lOHaro Ilexpaiirjo jOBOJiBHO njioxo. ^BaKTb 36xoBX,, npHCxaB.TreHHHft kx.
HeMV ;i;H;i;r,KOH) h HacxaBHHKOMx., caMx. 3Hajix. o^eHB HeM-
Horo, H npHXOMXi JiK)6iiJix> BiinHXB, Ho Eexpx. naiiiejix.
cedt yMHxe.iefi M^/K^y HHOCxpanitaMH.
HHOCxpaHii,H Ha^a.iH ce.iiixBca bx. MocKBi eme co
BpeMCHx. HBana III; xo 6lijh Kynij;FJ, paanne Macxepa h
peMecjeHHKH, npH^BopHHe AOKXopa h anxeKapn; a npnMHxaiLTfe 9e(),T;opoBHq'fc h AjeKcfei MMxafLiOEHqi npiixa-jii MH(3rie HHOseMHue ocftHn^pH h nocxynujiH bx. pyccKyio
cjyH{6y. Bet. 3xh HH03eMU,H ex, hxx. ceM&aMH 6ijjh no-
fe.ieHij BX. 0(,'(36on HliMenKoii cjo6o,T,'fe na 6epery pyHBHKOKVH, nOieMV MoCKBHXHHe H Ha3HBa.lH Hf.MenKyK) cio-
6oxy JiOKye.m. Tyxt HH03eMi],u HM'fe.TH cboh c66cxBeHHHa
HepKBH (khPKh), COXpaHH.IH CBOH oOUHaH H B006lll,e JKl'l.IH
MeacAy co66k) ,T,pyHCHO h B^ce.xo. Ilexpy oneHB noHpjiBH-.lacB Becejaa acHSHB bx. HIiMeuKoft, c.To6oA'fe; ohx. nacxo
noctma.ix. ee h no3HaK6MH.Tca ex. h'I.koxophmh 0(|)Hu;epaMH
H MacxepanH; ohi'i-xo noMorjii'i eMy ody^iuxB noxiumoeBOHCKO H TCXpOHXB MaJieHBKifi ([)JIOTX.. Hpe3HqaflH0 .110-
<j03HaxejiBHUH, OAapenHHfl HeoduKHOBenHOK) naMaxLio, ohx.
c"B HcaAHoexBK) cjyma.TX. hxx. pascKaau h or)x.aeHeHia, h
Bi^iJix,, KaK-B .Ta.icKo EBponeHuu npeBoex6,T,axx. PyccKHxx.CBOHMx. oupasoBanieMX.. H3x. HH03eMHUxx. 0({)Hi;ep0Bx. me-
HeBeux. .lefftopxT. c;;ijiajiea hoxomx, nepBUMX. .iioCi'imucm'b
H jpyroMx, Ilexpa.
92 Lesson 26.
TWENTY SIXTH LESSON.
ASPECTS OF THE VERB.A feature peculiar to the Slavonic languages is the
subdivision of verbs into various aspects. These aspectsare different forms of one and the same verb with regardto the time required for the performance of an action.
The Russian verb has four aspects viz. four dif-
ferent conjugations, which fact amply atones for the
apparent poverty of moods and tenses it exhibits at
first sight.These four aspects are called : imperfective, perfective,
semelfactive and iterative.
The imperfective aspect generally ends in tl pre-ceded by any of the vowels a, e, h, o, y, h, % a. It
denotes that the action has not altogether ceased, or
that it will not finish; ciyH^TB to knock, oh-l CTyqiajr-B
he was knocking.The perfective aspect shows that the action
has been quite completed, or that it will definitely cease.
The termination of this aspect is likewise tb preceded
by one of the above vowels;but it is easily recognized
either by a prepositional prefix or a quite different (ir-
regular) form: nocxyq^TB to knock; oe-l nocxyqaji'L he
knocked; oh-l nocxyiHT'B he will have knocked.^
The semelfactive aspect which shows that the
action has taken place, or will take place, once and
rapidly, ends in HyTt: cxyKHyxt to knock, owb CTVKHyj'bhe knocked (for that time only, and then no more), owh
CTyKHeT'L he will soon knock, he is going to knock.
The iterative aspect, denoting that the action has
taken place several times, ends in HBaib and HBaxL:
nocxyKHBaxB to knock ^; owh nocTyKHBa.TB he used to
knock, he often knocked.
It must be observed that only a few verbs have
all four aspects. In this respect they are nearly all
defective. Nor does the distinction of the aspects em-
> The present form of the perfective aspect corresponds to
the 2ud future of English verbs.2 Not all verbs ending thus are of the iterative aspect; their
number is very small.
Aspects of the verb. 93
brace the whole conjugation: the past tense alone ex-
hibits all four aspects, but the future has no iterative
aspect, whereas the present admits of no distinction of
aspects at all.
The wanting aspects are however easily expressed
having recourse to a circumlocution, as in EngHshwhenever a necessity arises. Let us take for instance
the verb qHTaiL:
OHi TOJhKO pa3T> UHTOJi.. He read only once.
OHi. MaCTO 6y;teTi ^HiaTt. He will often read.
Thus are expressed the ideas conveyed by the pasttense of the semelfactive aspect and the future of the
iterative aspect of iMxaTL, which are both wanting.
The proper use of the aspects can only be learnt
by practice.
WORDS.Typuifl Turkey. .TKOHTb to love.
CBHiiHHa pork. BpaMi medical man.
ii:!/KapnTi> to roast. Bapuri. to prepare.
/KapKoe roast meat. rojiiHft good, suitable.
iipMapKa fair, annual market. Benrpia Hungary.iianacaTt to write. IllBenin Sweden.
MaxepHKB continent. HopBeria Norway.
EXERCISE 51.
HamimeTe-JiH bu nHCbMo b-b Poccih)? H. yace na-
nHcajiTE, 3T0 HHCLMO, Tcnept K HanHiuy hhcbmo CBOCMy
6paTy, KOTopLift BecLMa ;i,aBH6 acHBeT'L bi. CaHKTneTep6ypr'fc.
OcTpoB'B JH IIlBei],ia cl HopBerieio? HtT-B, oS-fe 3th cxpaHiicocTaBjihiOT'B nciyocTpoBi. H coejiiHHeHii cb MaiepHKOM-B.
rOBOpiIJIH JlU BH CB HMnepaTopoM'B BcepocciHCKHM'B (of all
the Russias)? R-kvb, a cb hhm'B He roBopHJ'B, a. ero
HHKOr;i,a He BHAiJU.. r;;^ KynHJiH bu cboii ^lacii? j^
KynH.i'B Hxi. Bi. MocKBi, Kor^a 6biji'b TaM-B b-b nepBuft
paa-B. Hama KvxapKa otjiumho Bapi'iTi, cynB. CKajKHxe
cjiyri, ^ToO-B OHi. MHi npHnecB CBHHHHy, a o^chb rojOAeH-B.
TRANSLATION 52.
Were you already in Turkey? Does your father
hke pork? Go (Cxo;;HTe), please to the medical man,and tell him that my sister is ill. Our cook under-
stands better [how] to make soup than to roast the roast-
meat. Did our children already take a walk? No, they
94 Lkssox 26.
EH
5 o
§ i JHH ^ ^ O
EH % ^^a
l-H
511
§
l-s
o
« q
a r tP -c Hg g s g s
• CU c3 5^ <D e3
S cs m =S c« mw S M 5 IS! W
r- e^ S g
"
^ a K a a wt>S Eh O S W O
•>, tr >, »^ ST >-,
>;.g« g g "
o tP ^ •a^ a w a a wb? H O S « O
es « S a m s i
« s w s s w
a a a 3 wb3 S o s a o
. ta »=; S a f=;
tn >-> a b" >-» at^ a w w a Kas w •t'. 5^ w ^>-^
«j tP ^ *a^ a a a a ae? Eh o s m o
. tH f=; E3 s w
g g"= S g «
«cs a a a ^g
6S H O S M O
. tP ^ a a ®
>-g" g g "
"^
a a a a aa; S o a a o
ASPKCTH OF THE VERB. 95
•^~~
; 26.
did not yet take a walk, they played in the yard withthe son of our good neighbour. I bought yesterday[sorne] paper; but it is not good; I must (a ji.oJiaceHT,
ce6i) buy to-day [some] better {genctive). Did these girls
weep? Did you already see the fair of Nizhny-Novgorod(HHaterop(3;i;cKyH) apMapKy)? I often saw the fair of Frank-fort. Will you not buy an estate in Hungary? No, I
shall not buy (Kynjiio) an estate in Hungary, I boughta house in Vienna (bi. Btirfe).
READING EXERCISE.
IlyTem^CTBie Ilexp^ BejiiiKaro sa rpaHHnj.
nexpTb saxoTiju. BuyiHTLca HCKyccxBy CTpoirn. 6ojibinie
Kopa6.iH H nocMOTpiTB MopcKia CHJiH eBponeJicKHX'B jiep-
ataBt. Ci. 9T0H n.i.iLK) oht. npe;i;npHHiiji'b ;i;'fe.io, ;i,0T6.Tfe
HecjiuxaHHoe ;i;jifl pyccKHXi.; l|apt cant noixaji) bi. ^ly-
atlH SeMJIH H npHTOMl. 663^ BCilKGH niimHOCTH; nojit
HMeHeM-B npocToro ji,BopHHiiHa Ilexpa MHxafi.iOBa OffL
npHCOeAHHIOCfl KX, HHOCXpaHHLIMX, JI,BOpaMX.. r.iaBOH) 3Xoro
nocojiLCXBa 6hji'b jiK)6HMei];'L ero Je(|)6px^.
npofeataa no TepMaHiH, nexpT* ycepAHO ocMaxpHBajx,
ropo;i;a, KpinocxH, saBO^H, (|)a6pHKH h x. n. OcxaBHBx,
Meji;j[eHH0 no;i;BHraBTneeca noc6jri.cxBO, ohi. cb HiKOxopHMHMOJio;i.uMH jiiOAtMH notxajT. Bnepe;!.!. bx> rojjiaHAiK), KoxopaacjiaBHJiacL xor^a cbohmx. (|)ji6xom'l h o6mi'ipHOK) MopcKoio
xoproBJieio. TmaxejibHO CKpHBaa CBoe ima, ohx. HaAt-TBKoexiOMx, rojiJiaH,T;cKaro njioxHHKa, x. e. (jjpnaoByK) Kvpx-
Ky, H nocejiHjrcfl bx> r6po;i;1i Capji.aM'fe bt. ;i,OMiiKi o^Horo
Eysneixa, h ex. xonopoMX. bi. pyK-fe npuHflJca pa66xaxi, na
KopaSejiBHoft Bep(f)H. Ho Kor^a Capj.aMii,u yanajiH, hxo
3X0XX. BHCOKin, KpaCl'lBHft nJOXHHKI. HHKXO HHOfi
KaK-B pyccKiii LI^apL, ohh HaiajiH co6HpaxLca xojinaMH,
qxo6x. Ha Hero nocMOxp'fexB. Ilexpy HacKyqnao xaKoe .110-
6onuxcxBO; ohb yfexa^ix. bx. AMCxep;i,aMX., h npo;i.ojjKajx.
SA'fecB yiHXfcCfl Kopa6jiecxpoeHiK). IToxom'b ohx» no6HBa.ix.
BT) JI6H;i;oH'fe; oxxy;i;a noixajix. bx. Btny; ho xyxx. yciH-xajix. HOBOMX. B03Myni;eHiH cxp-fejiBitOBX. h nocniniHO
BOpOXHJICa BX> MOCKBY.
Cxp'hjiBu;u 6ujiH ycMHpeHU ;iiO npiiaja Hapa h rjiaBHHe
sa^immHKH KaaneHu; ho Ilexpx. BiU't-^'B ^rro cxpijibmi cb
HenaBHCXBio CMOxpaxx. na xi npeo6pa30BaHia, KOXopLia
FOKMATIOX OF THE PUKSKNT, PAST AND FUTURE. 97
OH-L Haqa.i'B BBo;iHTb bi, Poccih; no3TOMy oh-b npoHS-BCJii. CTporoe c.Tfeji,CTBie o 6yHTi, h KaaHHjTb emeMHOrHX-B CTpijLI^OB'B ;
a nOTOMl. COBC'feM'B OTM'liHILTB CTpt-.lei^iiie nojiKii.
TWENTY SEVENTH LESSON.
FORMATION OF THE PRESENT, PAST ANDFUTURE.
"With regard to their inflection, Russian regularverbs had been provisorily divided into two conjugations
(10. lesson). But this division, which will no doubthave proved very advantageous from a practical pointof view, must now be given up as unnecessary andunscientific.
Besides what has already been said concerning regularverbs, there are a few other rules and exceptions. Butto assist learners without embarassing them, only those
rules will be given here which are the most importantand admit of the least number of exceptions. The rest
easily learnt by practice and analogy.
Formation of the present.
Some verbs in axb preceded by a consonant, or in
nib preceded by a vowel, lose their a or a throughouttheir present:laaxj, to thaw. n Taw, xu ideuii, . . . ohh TawTt.i
ciflTL to sow. H ctio, TU cieuib . . .
Verbs in axL preceded by a labial (6, b, m, n, (|))
insert ;i before the inflections of the present; whereasthose in htl (and also a few in axB) have the insertion
of ji in the first person alone:
jipejiaTb to slumber. « ipeMJiib, th ;tpe.\ijieuii> . . .
jikjChtl to love, to like. fl .iri6jik), tu jik)6huil . . .
ToiiHTb to heat. a toimk), th tOiihuii. . . .
MCpTBHTL to kill. H MepiUBJUO, TU MCpTBHUIL . . .
cnaxL to sleep. a ciijih), xh cnnuih . . .
Observe in Mepxeiixi. the lu, instead of x in the first person.
' The third person plural has the same vowel as the in-
flection of the first person singular; the other jjersons have thesame vowel which is exhibited Ijy the second person singular:OUT, xaexL, mu xaeMi., bu xaexe.
Klementary Russian Grammar. 7
98 Lesson- 27.
The consonants;i., 3, k, c, t, ct, ck, x which precede
the termmation ait, are very frequently changed for jk,
1, m, m, throughout the present:jh34tb to lick. a jiHsy, th JiHsenib . . .
OHKaTB to call. H K.lHHy, TH KJU4eini> . . .
Toniaxi. to tread. a xonny, tu TonHeiub . . .
iiHcaTb to write. n iiHuiy, th nnmenib . . .
HCKaTb to seek. n Hiuy, th nmemb . . .
This change is restricted to the first person in those
verbs which end in iTL and htl :
BepTtTL to turn. a Bepiy, th BepxHini. . . .
CHA^Ti. to sit. a CH»y, th chihuii. . . .
BHciTb to hang. a BHuiy, tu BHCHinb . . .
KpyxHTb to twist. a Kpyiy, th KpyTHoib . . .
jBCTHTb to flatter. a .Tbmy, th jbCTHuib . . .
Most verbs ending in eBaiL and OBaxB undergo the
following contraction:
ToproaaTb to trade. a Topryio, th Topryemb . . .
ropeBaTb to be afflicted. a ropibio, th ropibeinb . . .
Verbs in epcTL are likewise liable to contraction:
TepeTb to rub. a Tpy, th Tpenib . . .
MepcTb to die. a Mpy, th Mpemb . . .
Formation of the past.
The form of the past is properly an ancient par-
ticiple past with an active signification. H (ecMi>) jik)6hji'B
= I (am he that has) loved, a (ecML) JiH)6iija = I (amshe that has) loved. The distinction of the three gendersbecomes thus evident.
Those verbs which in the formation of the past
depart from the general rule will be ranged among the
irregular ones (29. and 30. lesson).
A few regular verbs in epexb and nyrB undergohowever a contraction in the masculine singular:
ynepeTb to die. rn. vMepi, f. ystep-ia, n. yMepjo.
coxHyTb to dry. » coxt>, » c6x.ia, » coxjo.
CyxnyTb to spring. » 6yxi, » 6yx.ia, » Cyxjio.
',. raSnyTb to perish. » rH6'b, » niS.ia, » ru6jio.
Formation of the future.
Instead of 6y;iiy, 6y;i.enii> . . . the present of ciaTB,
to become, is sometimes employed to express the future.
This is generally the case, when the Russian future
corresponds to the English to he going:
Formation of the present, past and future.
n cxaiiy DaBTpaKaTi.TU CTaiieuiL rOBOpHTb.
I am going to breakfast.
Thou art going to speak.
CiaiKift sweet.
KaKOBi what sort of, how.Aiir.iH'iaHMH'b Englishman.•lecTb honour.
cxpaHHUH extraordinary.ocxaBarbca to remain.
WORDS.oCcTOiiTejbCTBo circumstance.
oiiHcanie description.
iiepBOil noMTOK) by return of post.noHxeHie respect.cieienie concurrence.
noKopHHfi humble.
EXERCISE 53.
.lK)6Hnib JIH TH CJlAjl^KlE BHHa? il OieHB jik)6jik)
ciaAKk Bi'ma. KaKOBO sji^opoBLe Baniero 6paTa? OfbVMepi. yate ;i,aBH6. Bh cniiTe, KaKi. niaaeiCH, moh ;i;pyrB.
KaKVK) KHiiry bu xenepb KA^nHxe? R Kjujii) onHcanie
PocciH 3HaMeHHTaro aHrjHqaHHHaMaKeHSHyojijieca (Macken-zie AVallace). K Bant cxany nncaTb nepBOH no^Toro. Ona
yMcp.ia npH CTpaHHOMi. CTeieHin o6cTOiiTejiLCTBT.. R xenepB
CHacy, r;i,t Biepa CH;i,i.rr. anrjiHiaHHH'L. HecTB HM-feio ocia-
BaxLCH, ch oydoKHM'L^noHTeHieMi., Bami. noKopHHH cjiyra.
TRANSLATION 54.
I buy a book, and thou buyest [some] paper. Whatis the peasant doing now? Where doest thou sit, mychild? I sit on the table. Doest thou sleep? 1 do not
sleep, I slumber. Who shakes the table? We shakeit. They write [some] letters. His aunt died, when hewas in Russia. I am going to write to him. I like
black Ijread. The hunter kills the old wolf. Do youlike sweet wines? No, I do not like sweet wines.
CONVERSATION.
Ilrpaexe jih bh bx, Kapxu?
H saq'iiMi. ate, ecjiH BaMx.
Hrpaxir He HpaBHXca?ofixHBexX) .JIH Bamx. ;i,pyrx.
ein,e y sacx.?
06'li;i,ajiH .iH BU yaie?
il He JiR36jiib Hrpaxb bx.
Kapxu, HO HHor,xa n h-
rpiiH).
il Hrpaio qxcd-b ;i;'fejiaxb ^py-ri'iMx. y^OBOjibcxBie.
Ohx. 66jiibe ne jkhbcxx, yMCHH
;ohx> HtHBcixx. xeoepb
Ha yjiHuii MApa.Mu Bacx. jK,T,ajiH ,t,o ceMii
lacoBx. ex. HexBepxbK), hxaivx. KaKT. BH HenpH-xoAiiJiH ,
MU noo6t.;i,ajiH
oea-b Bac'b.
7*
100 Lesson 27.
Mhofo jih BaniTb ^pax-L 3a- ^a, ohi. eio mhofo 3aHHMa-HHMaeTCfl MySHKOH)? eTCa, HO He CTOJIbKO,
CKOJIbKO 6lI ohi. XOTtjIl..
Hto bh ;i,i>jiajiH cer6;i,Hfl bi. Mu jikjihcl h hotomte. mhniKOjiiV HrpajiH; mu ne hhtIih,
noTOMv HTO y Hact ne 6hi-
jio BpesieHH.
BEADING EXERCISE.
Han^Jio IIeTep6ypra.
Me3K;i;y ycTLAMH HeBti jiemiTh niiCKOjLKO octpobobt,.OhH 6uJIH nOKpiiTEI JI^COMI. HJIH KyCTapHHKOMl. h npHCBoea HHSMeHHOH noBepxHOCTH Hepi^KO saTonjifl.iHCb bo-
;i;6h), HaroHjieMOK) B^TpoMi, ci. Mopa. Tor;i;a bi> 3toh
nycTUHHOH M^CTHOCTH BCTptqajiHCB TOJiLKO pH6aqbn xii-
aeHHM; a Henoji,ajieKy na 6epery Hesii Haxo;i,H.iacb inBe;i;-
Kaa KpinocTb HieHinaHu,!.. IleTpi. jihhho 83)1.11. ee h
BCJi'^A'b saT^M-b dSiJiomiji'h c66cTBeHHyEO Kpinocxu^y na
oji.HOM'b H31. ocTpoBOBi. HcBCKaro ycTbfl (1703). Bi Heft
6ujisi nocxpoeHa ii,6pK0Bb bo ima. anocTOJOBi, IleTpa h
IlaBJia, OTiero canaa Kpinocma HasBana IleTponaBJiOB-CKOH). Ils-b 6jIHaCHHX'b pVCCKHXI. odjiaCTCH Bli3BaH0 CH);i.a
MHOrO nJIOTHHEOBT. H KaMeHbmHKOBl.; HMl. noMora.iH COJI-
;i,aTH; IleTp'L caia-b pacnopiimajcji pa^oxaMH h atHJii. TyrbBT. JI.epeBilHHOM'b ;i,6MHKife COCTOHBUieM'b H31. AByXl. KOM-
HaT-b (ohi. coxpaHaexca xenepb no;i,i. KaMeHHUMi. nas'fecoM'b
H HasHBaeTCii «J^0MHK'b Dexpa BejHKaro»). BcKop'fe bok-
pyr'b ;i;oMHKa BOSHHR-b u.tjiUH ropo;!.!., IlemepOypvb, KVAanoTOMi. Il,apb nepenecb cbok) CT0JHii,y. Bi. to sKe BpeMHOHI. OCHOBiilT. Ha piiK^ CBIipH Bep{|)b MS. HOCTpOHKH Cy-
AOBT.; OTCK);i,a Jla.iiOJKCKHM'b 63epoMTE, H HiBOK) OHii cny-cKOHCb Bi. «^HHCKifi sajiHB'b. TaKHMi. 66pa30M'b neipi.Haiaji-b rpoMHTb lIlBejiiOB'b h na Mopi.
HHSJioacHB'b AfirycTa II, Kapjii. XII Kopojib IUbca-
ckIh, B03Bejii. Ha nojibCKift npecTOJi. CTaHHCiaBa JTemim-
CKaro, H CHOBa o6paTHjica npoTHBi. IleTpa; ho 6u.m yate
n63,T,HO. CjiOBil CKasaHHua IleTpoM'b nocjit HapBCKaro no-
paateHia, HcnojHHJHCb Ha A'fej'fe: «inBeAH, roBopHjn. oh-b,
MoateTL 6HTb, nodbioTt naci. h eme ne paST.! ho y khxt.
ate Hay^HMCfl mu no6iat;i;aTb hx-b caMnx-B.*
Formation of thk impekative, gerunds and participles. 101
TWENTY EIGHTH LESSON.
FORMATION OF THE IMPERATIVE, GERUNDSAND PARTICIPLES.
(Passive and impersonal verbs.)
Formation of the imperative.
This mood has onlj'- the second person of both
numbers. Their terminations, when accented,
are
H, HTe; when unaccented they are ft, fiie if preceded
by a vowel, l, ltc if preceded by a consonant.
The wanting third person of both numbers maybe expressed by means of nycTL (let) followed by the
present. The first person of the plural is supplied bythe indicative present.
We have thus a Russian imperative just as com-
plete as in English:roBopii, CTyHH, Bf>pi>. speak, knock, believe (thou)!
iiycTb OH-b roBopHT'i., etc. let him speak, etc.
roBopHMt, CTyiHM'b, nipHMT.. let us speak, knock, believe.
roBopHTe, CTyiHie, B-fepbte. speak, knock, believe (you)!
iiycTb OHH roBopflTT>, etc. let them speak, etc.
Sometimes Te is added to the first person plural,and the particle ;i;a is employed before the third personof both numbers, to express the imperative:cryHHMTe. let us knock,
jia CTyMHTij. let him knock.
j;a CTyMaT'b. let them knock.
The infinitive is also sometimes employed instead
of the imperative, both positive and negative:
CTyiaTb! knock!
I'OBopHTb! speak!lie BtpHTb! do not believe!
Formation of gerunds.In Russian, there is a gerund present and a gerund
past. The termination of the former is a, n or yqH, K)hh
preceded by the vowel which occurs before the inflection
of the third person plural of the present of the same verb:
HHTa«, 'iiiTHBOMH. in reading.iiHiiia, iiHiiiyiH. in writinji.
The terminations of the gerund past are bi. or buih:
qHxaBi,, MHTaBinH. having read.
HHcaBi, iiHcaBiiiH. having written.
102 Lesson 28.
It must be observed that the terminations a, a andB'B are generally preferred in writing, whilst in collo-
quial language yqw, to^h and bhih are most generallyin use.
It need not be added that gerunds are invariable,whereas participles are declined like adjectives.
Formation of participles.
The active participle present ends in mift (maa,
mee) preceded by the same vowel which occurs before
the termination ti> of the third person plural in the
present of the same verb :
MHxaiomiH, -luaa, -mee. (he, she, it) that is reading.
iiHraymifi, -m,aii, -m.ee. (he, she, it) that is writing.
The active participle past ends in Binifi (Buiaa,
Bmee) :
HHTaBiuiH, -Bniafl, Buiee. (he, she, it) tliat has read.
iiHcaBiniH, -Bma«, -Buiee, (he, she, it) that has written.
The passive participle present ends in mm or
Wb preceded by the same vowel occurring in the first
person plural of the present. The former is the full,
the latter is the apocopated termination:
HHTaeMHH or HHTaeMi. that is being read.
xBajiHMuii or xcajiHMi. that is being praised.
The apocopated form of the passive participle pre-sent is sometimes combined with the verb 6htb (ex-
pressed or understood) to form the xyassive conjugation:
a XBajiHMi. I am praised.TH XBa-iUMt, etc. thou art praised, etc.
In the present this mode of forming the passivevoice, is now rather obsolete. It is usual to convertthe passive into an active form:
Mena XBa-iari.. They praise me.TeCa xBLiHTb, etc. Thej' i)rai8e thee, etc.
The passive participle past ends in hhuh or rt>
preceded by the same vowel which occurs before thetermination of the infinitive:
iiHcaHHHH, iiHcaHi Written.
HHTaHHuu, 'iiixaHB read.
Some verbs, for the most part irregular (29. and30. lesson) have in their passive participle past the ter-
I
FOUMATIOX OF TilE IMFEKATIVE, (iKIlUNDS AND PAKTICIIM.ES. 103
mination tlih. A few others have eHHUfl, whilst their
infinitive ends in htl or aTL. Such are:
xBa.ienHHu praised. from xBajiHTb.
HouieuHuil carried. » hochti..
3a6BeHiiiiM forgotten. » aaCuBaxb.
npoiueuHUH forgiven. » iipomaxb.
Besidesthe impersonal verbs denoting meteorologicalfacts and others common to other languages, such as
MopoaH'TL it freezes, TaeTi> it thaws, Kaaceica it appears,and so on, there are in Russian a great number of
impc'rso7ial expressions formed by apocopated neuter ad-
jectives preceded by the verb 6wtl which in the presentis nearly always understood, such as:
HyajHO it is necessary. jtocxaToqno it suffices.
MOJKHO it is possible. iipnjiHiHO it becomes.HeBoaMOHvHo it is impossible. acHO it is evident.
WORDS.OSnxaxb to inhabit. iMEHexa planet.co.iHeMHUH solar. CHCxcMa system.HapoAT. nation, people. yBaaiaxt to respect.
pa,iOBaxt to rejoice. BHHManie attention,
no onuxy by experience. H:jBicxH0 it is known.acHBoxHHH animal. pacxeflie plant.MHCo meat. xoBapu goods.
EXERCISE 55.
ECTL -/KHBOTHLJil, nHTaiOm,iiICiI TOjlbKO pacTCHiaMH, HaiHBOTHUli IIHTiilOmiHCH TOJILKO MHCOM'L. HeJIOR-feKy, rOBOp>i-
mcMV BcerAa npaB;i,y, Bci BipiTT-L. YqeHiiKi., .lynme Bctx-L
paHCKasUBaBluift HCTOpJR), CUJIT. KapjI-B IlBaHOBHMt. To-
Bapu, cji.iaHHue wh AnrjiH, caMue Jiyquiie. He roBopaHH cjiOBa, HaiuH ;i,66pHe cji\th A'fe-'iaiOT'i., lero mu acejiaeMi).
HeMHoro OT,T,oxHyBmH, mu npo.i.ojiacajiH cBoe nyieuiecxBie.
()ji{H,'I,iH OTT, BaCTb HHCbMa, K He SHaJIT. HTO ;i,'kiiaTL.
TRANSLATION 56.1
The earth inhabited by us is a planet belongingto the solar system. Men speaking one language {instr.)
form one nation. A man that does not respect (not
respecting) the laws does not even respect God. WindoAvsornamented with flowers delight us. Pupils not listeningwith attention know little. It is difficult to believe peoplewho chatter much. By experience it is known that
104 Lesson 28.
people that have incessantly wished (to themselves) some-
thing new, were unhappy.
COSYERSATION.K^Mi) o6HTaeMa ^ana Ba-
mero ;i;a;i,H.
CKaacHTe MHt, noatajiyHCTa,Koro noctmaeT'L Bami.
ApyiT>?
3aKpuTH jiH Tanace OKHa'
Hto j^ijia.iH MajTbiHKH no-
cjii o6ii;i,aV
KaKOBt 6u.Ti'h rjiaBHtMiuiu
HCToiHHKX o6oraiii;eHiH
Pima?
IIoHeMy KHpniSM 6oflTca Kaji-
MliKOB'b ?
B'B Heii Tenept asHBerB moh
cecTpa.Ohte. nocimaerB tojiijKo ^6-
6pHX'b jiFOAeft , noTOMV^TO OHl. 3HaeTL nocjo-
BHiiy, KOTopaa oaci'irB :
CKaacii mh^ cl ntwh tu
SHaKOMi., H a 1664 cKajKv,
KTO TH.
H-hxt OHH eme OTKpUTM,xoTii a Beji'BJi'& hxi. 3a-
KpyTB.MajMHKH nocj'fe o^tjiia 6i-
ra.iH no nciAMi,.
IlepBOHaMajiLHUH h rjiaBHifi-
mifi HCToiHHK'B o6ora-
menia Pima 6iiJia BoflHa,
;i.ocTaBji)iBiuaa orpoMHuaK0HTpH6yii,iH c'L 3aBoe-
BaHHUXT. cipaHi..
KHprH3BI 6OHTCSI Ka.lMHKOB'L,
B^pa CKa3KaMi., hto Kaji-
MUKH taaTi, qejOBliie-
CKOe MHCO.
READING EXERCISE.
noO'l^ji.a npH nojiTdfit.
Bwh IFojiBmH Kapjii. ;i;BHHyjica b^ Majiopocciio. Ma-
3ena, reTMaHi. MajiopoccincKift, 6uji'b xiiTpan qecT0JH)6H-
BUH CTapiiK-B H yMtjii) 3ac.iya;HTL Aoaipie ITexpa ;a -Meat;!?
TiMi. CHOci'ijica ct ero BparaMH h xoxijT. onaTi, Bopou'iTb
Ma.iopocciio bt. nojitcKoe noAAancTBO. Tmeino HtHOTopLie;i,0H0CHJiH i],apR), HTO rexMaH'L 3aMiiuiJiaji'L H3M'feHy. He-
sa^ojiro ji,o HamecTBia Kap.-ia cA'fe.iaHi. Cu.tl hobuh aohoclOJ.HHMTb HS-L MajiopocciHCKHX'& CTapiUHHt, KoMy6eeM'L ;
HO
nexpi, He noB'fepH.i'L KoHvOeio h ero T0BapH^^y hojikob-
HHKy HcKpi, H BH;i,a.iT) oSoHx-L reTMany; a tott. Bcii-TL
HMi, 0Tpy6nTb rojOBH. B^pyri. k-b Be.iiiKOMy CBoeMV y^n-B.ieniK) uapB ysnacT-B, hto Masena coeAHHi'i.ica cb Kap-
Irregular verbs. 105
J0M1. H npnisHBaeTi, ki, BoacTaHijo bcbo Majopocciro. HeTpi.ceflHacB Beji-ii. BiJupaiL ;i,pyr6ro reTMana, a Maaeny, KaKi.
HSM'tHHHKa, npej,aTL u,epK6BH0My npoK.iflTiio, Ma.iopocciaocTtuacb BipHOH) u,apKJ. Kap.TL oca;i,iLii. Ilo.iTaBy; ho
CK);i;a >iBH.ica lleip-L cb CBoeft apsiien, vHte saKa.ieHHoft bt.
noxoAaxt h 6iiTBaxT., h ahj'l mBe;i,aMT> pliuiiiTe.iBHoe cpa-
aienie (27. Ivmn 1709 r,), IIpeAi> Si'itboh) OHt OT;i,a.Ti>
npHKasi. BofiCKy, r;!,^ yKaauBajt coj^aTaMi) Ha to, ^ito
npHiuej'B lacL pimi'iTL cy^Loy OTe^ecTBa. «A o IleTpi,
roBopiLiocb wb npHKast, B'fe.i.aHTe hto eMV jkhshb He jo-
pora, jKi'ua 6h tojlko Poccih bo ciaBi h 6jaro;i,eHCTBiH.»—KapjiT) XII Ho^iLK) noAtixaji'L ki> pyccKOMy jarepio,
iT66fci ocMOxpiTb ero. ^opororo ohi> BCTpixH-ii. ntcKOJb-
KO KaaaKOB-b, KoxopLie chokohho cH;^i.iH BOKpyr^ orHii;
Kopojb HeyTepniji-b, BHCTpt.iH.i-b h noBajiLiT. o;i,Hor6 hs-b
HMxi.; ocTajbHue KaaaKii bckohilth h OTBixH.iH pyateii-
HHMH BiicTpi.iaMH; KapjiT. no.iyiujii. pany b-b Hory.(KoueiiTo 6y^em^.)
TWENTY NINTH LESSON.
IRREGULAR VERBSWITH A REGULAR INFINITIVE TERMINATION.
The so called irregular verbs are in Russian less
numerous, and easier to be learnt than in many modern
languages. They amount to 65 in all, and their ano-
malies are generally restricted to the present, imperativeand passive participle past.
To facilitate their study the}- are exhibited here
according to analogy andgraduated difficulty, and ageneral
alphabetical list of them is appended to the 30^^ lesson.
They have also been divided into two groups accordingto their regular or irregular infinitive termination.
The seven following undergo vowel change in
the present and imperative. Tho.se of them, which are
used in the participle pa.st, form it in tuh (instead of
HHufi). Their past being regularly formed, it will not
be iiiven:
1.
106 Lesson 29.
4. KpuTb to cover a KpoK), th Kpoeuii, . . . Kpoii KpuTHfi.6. MUTB to wash H MOK), TH MOemi, . . . MOH MMTHti.
6. HUTb to ache a hok), tu HoeiiiL . . . hoh wanting.7. puTb to dig H poK), TU poeniL . . . pen prixEifi.
The five following undergo both vowel and con-
sonantal modifications in the present and imperative.Their past tense and participle past are regular, but the
latter is also given to prevent the learner from beingmislead by false analogy:8. (3;^ATb) to build (a 3H2;;i,y) th 3vimxemh . . . shsah SAauHHH.9. .iraTb to tell lies a Jiry, th jiaceiuL . . . .irn (jraHHHfi).
10. caaxb to send a m.iio, th iu.iemi> . . . uuh cjaHunn.11. CTaaxb to spread a crejib, th cxe-ieinb . . . crejiH cxjaHHHH.
12. TKRTb to weave a tkj', th TKerab . . . tkh TEaHHuii.
The four follow^ng undergo vowel insertion in the
present and imperative:13. OpaTb to take a 6epy, th Cepemt . . . 6epH 6paHHHfi.14. rnaxb to drive a roHib, tu roHeiub . . . tohh (rHaHHHH).15. ;i,paTb to tear a ,iepy, th ,ieperab . . . ^epn .^paHHuii.16. SBaTb to call a sobv, tu soBenib . . . 3obh .SBaHHUH.
The six following insert a consonant in the presentand imperative:17. acHTb to live a aiiiBy, tu acHBeinb . . . ainsH (atHTuS).18. nJbiTb to swim a iijiubv, tu n.iuBemb . . . iuhbh wanting.19. ciUTb to bereputed a ciuBy, th cJiuBerab . . . ciubh wanting.20. xaTb to press a atJiy, th atMeuib . . . atsiH acaTufi.
21. acaxb to reap a acHy, tu atHeinb . . . jkhh xaruu.22. ^tTb to put away a ^iHyS th Aineuib . . . A^Hb j4thh.
The four following exhibit several irregularities in
their present:23. xoxixb to desire (will): a xoiy, tu xoieuib, ohi xoieri, mh
XOTHMl, BH XOTHTe, OHH XOTaTl.
24. 6']&xdTb to run: a 6try, tu fiiacuiub, oiii. 6i/KiiTi, mh SiKHMi,Bu CiajHTe, oin'i fiiryTi..
25. j^axb to give: a jaMi'^ th aarab, owb ;iacTi, mh ;^aAHMb, bu jta-
AHTe, OHH jiajiyTT).
26. The verb txaxb to drive, to ride, to travel, to go, is quite
irregular and defective. Its wanting tenses are supplied bysome circumlocutions.
Present : a t^y, tu 4;ieuib, oHi iiieTi, mh i^eMi, bu tjiexe, OHii t^iVTi.
Past: a ixa.ib, etc.
Future: a (no)ijiy, th (no)iaeiub, etc.
Imperative: (no)43Kafi or ia^H.
' This present has a future signification.- This present has a future signification. The present of
to give is rendered by a ^aib, tu ji,aemb, etc. from Aafiaxb.
Irregular verbs. 107
WORDS.IIopTHofi tailor, .lyrt meadow.awMeiib barley. HepenHU,a slate.
Kpuma roof. 'lati tea.
cojoMa straw. K6(|)e coffee.
cepxyKT. surtout, overcoat. jiicrt plate, sheet.
EXERCISE 57.
HTOBHCTaHexe dhtl: nan, K6({)e, niiBO ilih bhho? ^anxeMHii CTRKaHi. xopomaro niiBa. Yjyh bm xenepB atHBeie?
K jkhbv Bi. ^nepeBHi. H31. Kanoro cyKHa oht. iuLeTi>
BaMi. cepTYKi.? Owb uibeTi, ero Hst .ly^maro anrjiiHCKaro
cyKHa. KaKT, Baci. soByTi,? MeHii 30ByrB rieTpoM'B.
KpuuiH HaniHxi) ;i;om6b'l mh KpoeMi. TenepL ^iepennu,aMHH ateji'i>3HHMH jiHCTaMH, a npe}K,T,e mli hxi. KpHjm cojio-
MOK). JIk);i,h, o6HKHOBeHHO ntioinie bhho, ne jii66ht'l iihtb
Bo^y.TRANSLATION 58.
My tailor sews very badly. Where do you drive
the horses? We drive them to the meadow. The peasantsare nowso wing (now sow) the barley in the fields. Drink,if you wish. The nightingale sings and the wolf howls.
Thy brother lives in St. Petersburg and is reputed [to be]a rich man {instr.). He desires to sleep and I desire to
play. Children, never tell lies! Do j^ou not know what
tliey call this man? With what do we now cover ourhouses? We cover them sometimes with slates andsometimes with iron sheets.
CONVERSATION.
Ha ck6.ilko BpeiieHH BI.1 ,Tia- K ji.ajii. hxi. juslml tojilko
Ml MH'b 3TM KHlirH? Ha XpH HeA'LlH-
J,.iH Koro TH BTO c;i.'Iijia.T&, R c;i,']ua.iT. 3to ji^jia MoeroMoe ;i,HT>i? jK)6e3Haro OTu,a.
r>o CKOJILKO BpeMeHH npoi3- yxo npocTpaHCTBO npofeffia-iKaioT'i. npocTpjiHCTBO GTi. lOT'L TcnepL Bt ceMHa^i,-
neTep6ypra, ;;o MocKBii? i;aTB ^acoBt.r;i,t BLi BCTp'iiTHjm CBoero il BCTpiiTHJi'b ero y ;i,Bep^H
npiiixejii? p:o(I)e{'iHH.
()TKy;i,a BuOiacajia co6aKa? Ona Bij6'l>JKaja h3'liioai.
KycTa.KaKi, Bu nona.JiH H3^f. r6po;i,a il Hepelixajit ipea-B p^Ky
Ha aiy CTopony piKii? bi. ji6ji,k'L.
108 Lkssox 30.
Ha KaKofi pini jigskhti. J^pesAeHi, .leaciiTi. na ptKli
JI.pesAeH'B? B.iLeii.
YBHaty jiH a Baci. ein,e ;iio HaB^pHO ne Mory BaMi.
Baiuero OT'L^SAa? o6'fein;aTb axoro.
READING EXERCISE.
no6'l^;i,a npH IIo.iTdB']^.
CKoHe^^^.)
IToaTOMy bo BpeMa nojixaBCKOH 6iiTBH KopojiB He MortcicTB Ha KOHH H npHHiiTB Bi. HBH jiHHHoe yiacxie; ero
BOSiiJiH Bi> KOjiHCKi HO pii;i,aMi. BoiiCKa. Bon npH IIo.i-
xaB'Ii 6fciJi'B oieHL vnopeHX,. Ilexpx., Bt npocxoMi. cst-
xjioaejienoMTb MyHj^Hpi, na rni/i.OM'L KOH'i Besji^'k pacnopn-atajicji jiHHHO no^i,!. HenpiaxejiLCKHM'b orneMi.. Ero xpey-rojiLHaa lUJiiina 6HJia npocxpijieHa nyjieH). ,
HaKonem.niBeji,ii 6iijiH cjiomjighu h o6paxHJiHci. bx. 6trcxB0. 116-
CJii 6hxbh i],apL nosBaji-B kx. CBoeMv, cxojiy njiiHEHXt
fflBeACKHxx. renepajiOBx. h bo speMa o6i>ji,a npoBoarjiacHJi'Lxocxx. 3a fflB6;i,0BX. KaKi> 3a cbohxx> yiiixejieft bx. bochhomi
HCKyccxBi. Kapjix. cx> neMHorHMH jhoabmii yotacajix* b-b
Typu,iio H BCJi apMia ero no-ioaciijia opyatie.XIojicxaBCKOK) no6^i;i,oio MorymecxBO inBen,iH 6ujio
yHHqxojKCHO, H pyccKie npo,T.o.iacajiH^
cboh saBoeBaniii na
6eperax'B BajixincKaro Mopa. Ho Kapjiy y^ajrocb B036y-;i,HXL xypei];Karo cyjixana kb BOHHt. ex, Poccien; nexpT>nomejix. na xypoKx*; rocno^apH npaBOCJiaBHoft MojiAaBiHH BajiaxiH o6'feiii,ajiH B03cxaxb np6xHBx> xypeii,Karo I'lra h
COe^HHllXL CBOH BOHCKa cx. pyccKHMH. Bx. HaAeJKi'Ii Ha
3xy noMomb llexpx> Bcxynii.ix, bx, MojiAaBiio ex, 40000BOHCKa. Ho Kx, HCMy npHCoejiiHHHJicji xojibKO MOJ»;i;aBCKifl
rocnojtapb KanxeMJipx, cx, He3HaiHxe.ibHHMH ci'i.iaMH; a
BajiaxcKifi rocno;i,apL BpaHKOBcaH-L, ycjiuxaBx, o npH6jiHiKeHiH6ojibiu6ro xypeii,Karo BOHCKa, ne pimilica no;i,HflXb BoacTanie.
THIRTIETH LESSON.
IRREGULAR TERES WITH AN IRREGULARINFINITIVE TERMINATION.
Most verbs having the infinitive termination qb are
liable to consonantal change in the present, imperativeand participle past.
Irregular verbs. 109
All of them are contracted in the past; and the
masculine form of this tense does not even take the
characteristic inflection ji..
They are fourteen in number:27. Cepeqi. to preserve.
— Pres. a Cepery, tm 6epeacerai. . . . ohh
oeperyxi.. Past a 6eperi, -rjia, -rjio. Imp. 6eperH. Part. 6e-
pexeHHUH.'2^. MOHB to be able (can, may).
— Pres. h Mory, th Moaceiub . . .
oHii Moryxi). Past a Mor-b, -r.ia, -r.io. Imp. mofh (rarely used).The participle is wanting.
29. sanpa^b to put (the horses) to. — h aanpary, th itanpii-
Meuib . . . OHH aaiiparyTT,. Past h aanpert, -rja, -r.io. Imp.3anparH. Part. saripaaieHHUH.
cxep^iB to guard.— Pres. a ciepery, th CTepeHteuib . . . ohh
cxeperyn.. Past a cxeperi, -r.ia, -r.i6. Imp. cxeperH. Part.
CTepejKenHufi.
31. CTpHMb to shear. — Pres. a CTpnry, tu cxpHaceuib . . . ohh
cxpHryxt. Past a cxpHri, -r.Ta, -r.io. Imp. crpHrii. Part. CTpn-aceHHHH.
32. .leib to lie. — Fut. a Jiary, tu .TaHieuii. . . . ohi'i .i;iryTi. Pasta .lert, -r.m, -rjo. Imp. .Tflrt. The part, is wanting.
33. BJe^B to draw. — Pres. a BJieKy, th B.ieHemi, . . . ohh B-iCKyTt.Past a B.ieKi, -oa, -kjio. Imp. B.i;eKH. Part. B.jeHeHnHH.
34. BOJOiib to train. — Pres. a Bo.iOKy, th BOJioqeiHt . . . ohh bojo-
Kj-Tb. Past a bo.i6ki, -KJia, -kjo. Imp. bojokh. Part, bo.io-
'leHHHJi.
35. neib to bake. — Pres. a neny, tu neienib . . . ohh iieKyri.Past a wen'b, -K.ia, -kjio. Imp. hckh. Part. neMeHHHii.
n6qbCfl or neiii,HCb to be anxious. — Pres. a ncKycb, th ne-
Heuibca . . . OHH iieKyTCfl. Past a hckch, -KJiacb, -KJiocb. Imp.iieKHCb. The part, is wanting.
37. ctqb to whip, to hew. — Pres. a ciKv, th ciiemb . . . ohh ct-
KyTb. Past a ctKi, -KJia, -k.i6. Imp. cj^kh. Part. ctHeHKHn.
xeib to flow. — Pres. a Teny, th Tenemb . . . ohh Teityrb. Pasta TeKi, -Kjia, -k.io. Imp. TeKi'i. Part, wanting.
89. T0.l6<ib to pound. — Pres. a To.iKy, th To.iieuib . . . ohh toji-
KyTi. Past a tojoki, -oa, -k.i6. Imp. tojkh. Part. TOJiieHHHH.
40. xeHh to burn, — Pres. a xty, th ataieuib . . . ohh acryrT.. Pasta aceri, -rjia, -r.io. Imp. airii. Part. a;a;eHHUH.
The four following ending in 3Tb or 3Tii are con-
jugated as follows:
41. BCSTb or BesTii to lead, to drive. — Pres. a Beay, tu Beneun. . . .
OHH BortyTb. Past a Be.iT., -3.ia, -.xio. Imp. Be.m. Part. Be;ieHHUH.
42. rpusTb to gnaw. — Pres. a rpuriy, tu rpuaeiiu. . . . ohh rpu-
3yTi>. Past a rpu-iii, -;ua, -yjo. Imp. rpurjH. Part. rpuaeHHuii.
110 Lesson- 30.
43. Ji'lbsTb to climb. — Pres. a .itsy, th .Tfesenib . . . ohh jt:tyTi.Past, a .ii:!i, -3.ia, -3Jio. Imp. jiisb. Part wanting.
44. no.i3TU to creep.— Pres. a nojiay, th nojserai. . . . oiih nojsyxi.
Past a noJi3-b, -33k, -jo. Imp. no.i3H. Part, wanting.
Eighteen verbs ending in ctl or cth exhibit the
following anomalies:
45. BecTb or Becxn to lead, to guide.— Pres. a bca}', th Beaeiiib
. . . OHH BBAyTi). Past a Be.ii, -.jk, -.16. Imp. bcah. Part. Be-
AenHHH.
46. (JaiocTH to observe, to keep.— Pres. h 6.iki^)-, th 6ji»jeinb . . .
OHH 6.iioiyT'L. Past h S.iioji., -jia, -.16. Imp. Gjioah. Part. S.ikj-
AeHHHH.
47. 6pecTb or 6pecTH to ramble, to train. — Pres. « 6peAy, th
fipejteiuL . . . OHH 6pe;iyTi. Past a Cpe.!!., -aa, -Jio. Imi3, 6peAu.The part, is wanting.
48. K^iacTb to lay.— Pres. a Kjajiy, th KJiaAenib, ouh K.ia;iyTi. Pa^t
a oa.Tb, -aa, -.16. Imp. KJia^H. Part. K.Ta;ieHHUH.
49. npaCTb to spin.— Pres. a n^a^y, th iipaAeiub . . . ohh npsxyTh.
Past a iipajii, -Jia, -.16. Imp. npujiH. Part. Ilpfl;^eHHHft.
50. nacTb to fall. — Fut. a iiaAV, th iia,neHib . . . ohh najiyTi. Past« na-ib, -.la, -.lo. Imp. iiajii'i. Part, wanting.
51. rnecTt or rnecTik to press.— Pres. n rneTy-, th rHeremb . . .
OHM THeTyTT.. The past is not in use. Jmp. ruerH. Part, rae-
TeHHHH.
52. MecTii to sweep. Pres. a weTy, th sieTemb . . . ohh MeryTi.Past H Me.ii), -jia, -jo. Imp. Jieri'i. Part. MCTeaHHii.
53. naecTb or naecxu to plait, to chatter. — Pres. a njery, th hjig-
Teuib . . . OHH iijCTyTT). Past a nj^jn, -;ia, -.lo. Imp. njierii.
Part. iiJieTeHHHii.
54. n.B'hcTb or HBtcTH to bloom, to flower. — Pres. a usiTy, th
UBtTemb . . . OHii uBiTVTi. Past a UBt.!!, -.ia, -.10. Imp. i^ntTA.
Part. UBiTCHKHH.
55. qecTb to repute, to think. — Pres. a HTy, th iTeuib . . . oh6
»iTyTi. Past a Me.ii, <j.ia, h.io. Imp. 'ith. Part. iTeHnnii.
56. rpecTb or rpecTik (rpe6cTH) to row. — Pres. a rpe6y, th rpe-fieuib . . . OHH rpeCyri. Past a rpe6i, -63k, -636. Imp. rpe6H.Part. rpe6eHHHH.
57. CKpecTb or CKpecTH to scrape.— Pres. a CKpe6y, th CKpe6euib
. . . oHi'i CKpcGyri,. Past a CKpe6i, -6jia, -Cio. Imp. CKpeCu.Part. CKpef)enHHii.
68. EaacTb to curse. — Pres. a K-iany, th K.iaHenib . . . ohh K.iaHyxi,.
Past a K.ia.ii, -.la, -30. Imp. K.iaHH. Part. oaTHH.
59. HecTH to carry.— Pres. a Hecy, th neceiDb . . . ohh Hecyii.
Past a Heci, -cja, -cto. Imp. necH. Part. neceHHafi.
60. nacTi'i to pasture.— Pres. a nacy, th naceiub . . . ohh nacyii.
Past a naci, -C3&, -C30. Imp. nacH. Part. naceHHHH.
Ikkkgular verbs. Ill
61. T|)flCTH to ehake. — Pres. a xpncy, th xpacemb . . . OHii xpa-
cyTT>. Past a r^acb, -cia, -cio. Imp. xpacH. Part. xpaceHHHH.
62. pacTH to grow. — Pres. h pacxy, xh pacxemt . . . ohh paciyii..Past a pocT., -cia, -c.io. Imp. pacxH. Part. paiueHHuB.
The three following verbs are quite irregular:
63. HTTH to go.— Pres, h Hiy, xh ii;;efflB, oHt njexi, mh H^esii,
BH H;iexe, ohh Hjtyxi. Past h me.ii, in-ia, niJO. Fut. a 6y;iy hxxh,
HH 6j,^enii, HXTH, etc. but also n iioH,iy, xh nofijieuifc, etc. Imp. uau.
The participle pa.st H;^eHHUH is seldom used.
64. tCTb to eat. — Pres. h isix., xh imb, oht. icxi., mn 'feJ^HML, bh
feaiixe, OHH ijaxt. Past a 'Lit,, t-ia, ijio. Imp. inib. Part.
iAOMHH.
65. (y)iUH6HTb to hurt. — Pres. h (y)inH6y, xh (y)mH6eiBb . . . ohh
(y)mH6yx^. Past a (y)iiiH6i>, -C.ia, -6.to. The future is wanting,
imp. (yjuinCH. Part. ymH6.ieHHHft.
The verbs j^ixt, jiaxB, nacTb, aud jreib, are the per-fective aspects of the regular vefbs j^iBaxL, ;;aBaTb, na-
;i,aTi> and JoatiiTLCJi. Thus the inflections;i,']kHy, ji.aM'B,
na;i,y, and jihtj, are future tenses, because the perfective
aspect has not the present tense (page 74).
WORDS.
BujiecxH to sweep (perf. asp.). na noKast for show.
cxa,io herd. BHroHi. pasture, pasturage.coo6in,axb to inform. .'jaBipaKaxb to breakfast.
MHt Bce paBuo it is the same to me. oiiaib again.
KyponaxKa partridge. na oxoxy (to go) sporting.
EXERCISE 59.
Kor;i,a a SAopoB-B, Ji He Bcer^a 6epery CBoe 3;i,op6BBe.
Bpax'L Mwk coo6iii,aexi> bX) cbohxx. niici.Maxx., hxo ohx>
cjiHBexx, BO BceMx, ropoji.'ii 3a 6^euh HCKycHaro HejiOBiKa.
-H j;iry 3A'I'>cl, ;;pyrx> MOft, a xh JiiJKeuib xaM^, ho r^tjinyaoT'h nauix. oxeu,!.? BecHOio a. oxoxho i^y ^epe3x. .lici.,
Kor;i,a npHp6;i;a nojina acH3HH. Oxneciixe, noatajiyftcxa, 3X0
DMCLMo Ha noHxy. Hxo BU xoxHxe cer6;i,Hii 3aBxpaKaxb?Mnt Bce paBHo, ;i,aHxe Mni, ^ixo y sacx. ecxb xopomaro. >'
Hacb oxjiHHHaii MOjioAaa KyponaxKa; a saBxpa a. on>ixb noi,T,y
Ha oxoxy.
TRANSLATION 60.
A healthy man often does not care [for] his health.
What is the servant doing? He guards and shears the
112 Lesson 30.
sheep {pltir). Didst thou sweep my room? I will sweepit immediately {perf. asp.). Where doest thou go? I
go home. Where doest thou bring these books? Wheredoest thou drive thy horse? In the streets they drive
an elephant for show. The shepherd feeds (pastures)the herd on the pasturage before the town. In the
towns they often sweep the streets. To-morrow I shall
go sporting with my friend. Give your friend a sheet
of writing paper.
READIKG EXERCISE.
Cen^HCTBO Ilexpa BeaiiKaro.
IleTpi. BejHKifi ^hji-b jKenaxTE. ,T,Ba pasa. EepByioCBOK) cynpyry, Ebjigkih) JlynoxHHy, ohi. ssiK.imHUJi'b b-b
MOHacTupL, H BnocjiiiCTBiH BCTyniLTB B'L SpaKi. CB npB-
KpacHOH nji'feHHHu.efi EKaTepi'iHOH). PaacKasLiBaiOTi., ixo
EKaxepHHa poAHjracb bt, (J'fe.T.HGMi. .ihtobckomi, ceMeficTB-fe
CKaBpoHCKHx-B H HasuBajacb npejK^e MapToio. Bx. ;i;'feT-
CBli CBoeMi. OHa nocTyniLia bt. .t.om-b jiioTepaHCKaro nacxopa,
FjnoKa, B'L .laxoBCKOMi. ropo^'fe MapieH6ypr'fe. Bo BpeMaBofiHu Hexpa ch fflBe;i,aMH, MapieH6ypr'j> 6u.r& oca3K;;eH'L
pyCCKHMH. FjnOKt CO BCtM-L CeMeiiCXBOMT. CBOl'lM'L H Cb,
MapxoK) Biimejii. hs-b r6po;i,a h oxja.ica bt. n.TiHT. (|)e.iB;i,-
Mapma.iy KlepeMexeBy. IlexpT. ciyqaHHO vBiui-ix. mo.io-
AVK) nji^EHHuy oxjiHHaBTuyioc'ii Kpacoxofi h jkhbumt. xa-
paKxepoMT.. i],apB hojigOhjit. ee h Bcxynn.iT. ct, neio b-b
6paKT>. EKaxepima Bja^ijia saM^qaxe-TBHUMT. yMtHbeM'B
yro3K;i,axB rocyAapio, a oht. jio KOHUia 3kh3hh coxpann.i'BKT. Hefi HeHSMiHRVK) npHBHSaHHOCXB.
Chht. ero oxt. nepBaro 6paKa, i;apeBHqT> AjeKcfefl He
jiJo6ujny HOBOBBeAeHiii llexpa, h Kor,i;a oxenT, norpoaiijTB
nocxpiiqB ero bt. MOHaxii, uapesnqx. y6'liata.iT. 3a rpaHi'my.llo B03Bpain;eHiH bt. Pocciio oht. 6ujit. ocyHi;i,eHT. na KasHB,HO vMepT, bt. xeMHi'mli, ocxaBHBT. noc.xli ce6H MclieHBKaro
CHHa Ilexpa AjrcKcfeeBHqa. Oxt. Bxopoii CBoen cynpyrn,
EKaxepiiHU, Ilexp-B Be.iuKiii hm^jt. ;i,ByxT. ;i,oqepefi: AJiHyH EjH3aBexy.
Irregular verbs. 113
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS.
BepeMb 27.1
6jik)cth 46.
dpaxB 13.
opecTH 47.
SpHTt 1.
6i7K3LTb 24.
BeSTH 41.
secTH 45.
B.ieib 33.
BO-iOHb 34.
BNTb 3.
FHaTb 14.
rnecTH 51.
rpusTB 42.
rpecTH 56.
jtaxb 25.
;ipaTi, 15.
jiiTb 22.
aaxb 20.
ajETb 21.
aeib 40.
ajHTb 17.
sdnqmib 29.
SBaxb 16.
3AaTb 8.
HTTH 63.
KJiacTb 48.
KJiacTb 58.
KpHTb 4.
aeHb 32.
jiraxb 9.
jifoxb 43.
MecTH 52.
MOHb 28.
MUXb 5.
HCCXH 59.
HHXb 6.
iiacxii 60.
nacxb 50.
neqb 35.
neibca 36.
luecxH 53.
HJIUXb 18.
noji3TH 44.
npacxb 49.
ntxb 2.
pacxH 62.
pHXb 7.
CKpecxH 57.
c.iaxb 10.
cjHXb 19.
cxepe<ib 30.
cx.iaxb 11.
cxpnHb 31.
ciHb 37.
TCHb 38.
xKaxb 12.
xo.T64b 39.
xpacxH 61.
xortxb 23.
Ub4cxh 54.
necxb 55.
yinaSELXb 65.
icxb 64.
ixaxb 26.
1 The figure indicates the number of each verb in the lessons
29 and 30.
Elementary Russian Grammar.
114
APPENDIX.
I. A SELECTION OF USEFUL WORDS.
1. BCeJI^HHOfi.
Bort God.
TBopeut the Creator.
co3;i;4Hie, Teapt creature.
ne6o heaven.
HcCocKJioH'B the sky.3.xb hell.
pafi paradise.HHCTiijHme purgatory.aHrejii angel.
jlbiiBOjii,, ^opxi. the devil.
— The Universe.
CBiTi., Mipi, the world,
sesua the earth.
c6jHu;e the sun.
jyna, M-kcavj, the moon.njiaHeiH the planets.seiaaH the stars.
BOCTOKt East.
sanaA^ West.K)ri South.
c^Bepi North.
2. BpeMeHH. Time.
BiHHOCTb eternity.
BiEt, CTOJiiTie a century.roji^'b a year.BHCOKOCHHii ro^b a leap-year.nnicHU'b a month.ueA^Aa a week.
^eHb a day.
npa3;;HHK7. a holiday.HO^B a night.
yipo the morning.seiep-b the evening.jioj^tCHb noon.
KOH^iti the end.
Hacfc an hour.
noji?ac4 half an hour.
MHHj'xa a minute.
cerojiHH to-day.
BHepa yesterday.
.3aBTpa to-morrow.
TpexLaro aha, iioaaB^epa the day,before yesterday.
nocii aaBxpa the day after to-
morrow.
c.Tfe;;yK)mi» AGHb the following day.Hanajio the beginning.
3. CTHXiaxt H np.— The Elements etc.
Or6Hb fire.
Boj4 water.
newik earth.
Boajtyxb air.
Cfiixi. light.
xeMHOxd darkness,
xenjioxd, 3Hofi heat.
x6jioxh, cxyaa cold.
Bixepi the wind.
66jiaKO, xyqa a cloud.
xyM^Hx fog.
Aoa^b rain.
rpaAi hail.
CHirb snow.
Mopoa-b frost.
jie^b ice.
iiorojia the weather.
6yp«, rposa a storm.
ypariHi, a hurricane.
rpoMi. thunder.
ii6jiHifl lightning.
3JieKxpHqecxBo electricity.MarHexH3Mi magnetism.paAyra the rainbow.
ByjKaHb a volcano.
Bejtiexpflceuie an earthquake.
I
L'SEFUL WORDS. 115
MaiepHK-b a continent.
ocrpoBT> an island.
iiojyocTpoBi. a peninsula.noHBa the ground.necOKi. sand.
rpasB, THua mud.HeiHCToia dirt.
iiH.ib dust.
CKa.ia, yxect a rock.
ropa a mountain,
;io.ii'ma a valley.
piKa a river.
pyieR a brook.
oaepo a lake.
xoiiMt a hill.
paBHiina a plain.
AHMi smoke.KaMeHHHH yro.ib charcoals.
4. npd3/i,HHKax'fc h np.—
Holidays etc.
HoBHH Tojvh New year's day.
Kpein,enie Twelfth-day.MaciaHHua Carnival.
nocTi Lent.
Bep6iioe BocKpeceHBe Palm-Sun-
day.
CxpacTHaa naTHHn,a Good-Friday.nacxa Easter,
;ieHb noKa^iHi^ Expiation-day.UimueciiruvDxa Whitsuntide.
jieHh BoaneceHia rocno^Ha Ascen-.sion-dav.
MaxafuoBi. ;ienb Michaelmas.HsaHOBi ;;eHb Midsummer-day.IIpaaAHHxi. Bcixi Cbhthxi. All
Saints' day.ji,eHB Bcixi yconmHxi All Souls'
day.Po2v;;ecTB6 Christmas.BecHa spring,.itio summer.oceHB autumn.3HMa winter. 1
po;i,CTB'fc.—
Relationship.
CeMeHCTBo the family.
Mvati., cynpjTi. the man, husband.
aceHa, cynpyra the woman, wife.
HCBicTa the bride.
aieHHXT, the bridegroom.po^Hxe.iH the parents,
iipapoAMiejiH the forefathers.
oxent the father.
jiji. the grand-father.oxsHMi the stepfather,Maxb the mother.
6a6yuiKa the grand-mother,Ma4Hxa the step-mother.
6paxi, the brotlier.
cecxpa the sister.
CHHi. the son.
AOHb the daughter.
BHyKi the grand-son.BHV^Ka the grand-daughter.nacHHOKi the step-son.
na,i.>iepHu,a the step-daughter.
TecxL, cBeKopi the father-in-law.
xema, cseKpoBL the mother-in-law,
.3«xb the son-in-law.
iiefiicxKa the daughter-in-law.
mypHH^,jieBept the brother-in-law,
rjo-ioBKa tiie sister-in-law,
p6;icxBeHHHKX. a relative,
^iiji.H the uncle.
xexKa the aunt.
jtB0K)p6;iHHH 6paxi. the cousin,
AB0H)p6;i;Haa cecxpa the cousin.
njeMHHHHKi the nephew.iijieMHHHHu,a the niece.
KpecxHuii ox6u,T. the god-father.
Kpecxnaa Maxb the god-mother.
KpecxHHKx. the god-son,
KpecxHHua the god-daughter,Bji,oBeu,b the widower,
B^T,oBa the widow,
CBajibSa a wedding,cnpoxa an orphan.oncKyHi. the guardian.
iipieMHun> the ward.
1 The names of the months and days are given in the
22nd lesson.
116 Useful words.
6. ji;6irfe h np.— The house etc.
JI,BepB the door.
KJiiOHt the key.KOJOKO.ibiiiKi the bell.
OKHO the window.KOMHaTa the room.
KyxHfl the kitchen.
nepe^Mfl the antechamber.
KJia;ioBafl the store-room.
CTOJiOBaa the dining-room.cnajibH(a)a the sleeping-room.rocTHHaa the drawing-room.noKOM the chamber.CT4Hd the wall.
KaMHHi the chimney.
7. M^dejiaxi h
Ctojii. the table.
cxy.!!. the chair.
sepKajio the mirror.
kom6ai> the chest of drawers.
maHA^jix the candlestick.
ji6aKa the spoon.BMKa the fork.
Hoact the knife.
KapxHHa the picture.nocTe.ib the bed.
KpoeaTb the bedstead.
MaxpAn^, TK)(j[)aKi the mattress.
noAyniKa the pillow.
neiB the stove.
. aicTHHua the staircase,
axaati the storey.HHffiHiH Bxast the ground-floor,no-ix. the floor.
iioxojoK'b the ceiling.
iiorpeGi. the cellar.
Hep;iaK'b the garret.
KOJiojteai. the well.
KOHK)inHH the stable.
jlBopt the yard.caM.'h the garden.
(})pyKx6Buii caA^ the orchard.
napKT. the park.
np.— Furuiture etc.
HaBOJOKa the pillow-slip.nojior'B the curtain.
HOHHOH cxojHKi. the nighttable.oji.'fefl.io the coverlet.
iipocxHHH the sheets.
pyKOMoiiHHKi the washstand.
inKa4)i. the cupboard,caaxepxb the table-cloth.
ncioxeHue the napkin.
xapeJiKa the plate.cxaKaux. the glass.
6yxH.iKa the bottle.
ca.i(j|)exKa the towel.
8. HeJiOBt^ecKOMTb p6/i,t.— Mankind.
lejioBiKi a man (Lat. homo).JiK)AH men, people.
MyatMHHa a man {Lat. vir).
aeHiuHHa a woman.
cxapMKi. an old man.
cxapyxa an old woman.XRTH a child.
MajnjiHRt a boy.
^tBoiKa, jiiflHua a girl,
cjiiieu,!. a blind man.
xpoMOH a lame man.
rjiyxofi a deaf man.HiMOH a dumb man.Be.iHKaHx> a giant.
KapjiHKi. a dwarf.
iipeKpacHHii iro.Tb the fair sex.
9. HacTflxt Ti^jia. — The parts of tlie body.
FojioBa the head.
jHuo the face.
TAaii the eyes.
CpoBH the eyebrows.picHHuu the eyelids.jio6't the forehead.
b6jioch the hair.
mcKH the cheeks.
noc-b the nose,
yiBH the ears.
Moari. the brain,
poxt the mouth.
ry6u the lips.
xecHH the gums.3j6u the teeth.
6opoAi the beard.
Useful words. 117
flSHKi the tongue.
noji,6op6AOKi> the chin,
ropjio the throat.
men the neck.
n.ieiH the shoulders.
pvKa the arm, hand.JiOKOTb the elbow.
najiLUH the fingers.HOFTH the nails.
Kojrino the knee.
Hora the foot, leg.
naxRa the heel.
cnHHa the back,
rpyjiib the breast.
jiOHO the bosom.6oKi> the side.
jerKiH the lungs.HJieHH the members.KOCTH the bones.
Koata the skin.
MHCO the flesh.
KpoBb the blood.
10. ;i,0CT6HHCTBax^.— Titles.
HMnepaxopi. the Emperor.I],api, the Emperor of Russia.
HMriepaxpHua the Empress.II,apHu,a the Empress of Russia.
U.ecapeBui'L the Russian CrownPrince.
HacjitAHHKi npecTOJia the heir to
the throne.
HMnepifl the empire.Kopo.ib the king.
Kopo.ieBa the queen.KopojeBCTBO the kingdom.Kna.'ib, iipHHUi. the prince.BejniKiR KHiJSb the grand-duke.KHflFHHfl, npHHu,ecca the princess,
repuori. the duke.
repuorHHfl the duchess.
MapKiwi. the marquis.MapKMsa the marchioness.
rpa(J)i the earl, count.
rpa(j)Hiiii the countess.
jtBopfliiHH'B the nobleman,nana the Pope.
jtyxoaeHCTBO the clergy.
KapsHHajit the cardinal.
eiiHCKont the bishop.CBflmemmK'b the clergyman.MOHax'i> the friar.
MOHaxHUfl the nun.HacTOjixejiB the prior.
HryMCHT. the abbot.
HryMentH the abbess.
nacTopi, the pariah priest,
npciari. the prelate.
naTpiapxi the patriarch.
apxnMaH;^pHT'b the archiman-drite,
iioni the Rus!*ian priest.
11. nHin,e h nuTb')^. — Eatables and Beverages.
SaBTpaKi breakfast.
o6iAi> dinner,
laii tea.
yacHHi. supper.
Aeccepxi dessert,
cynt Houp.iiHBo bear.
BOjiKa brandy.poML rum.
nyam-b punch.BHHO wine.
Bojia water.
CHjipi, cider.
K6({)e coffee.
uioKojia;n> chocolate.
ciHBKH cream,
caxapt sugar.
BexHHHa bacon.
roBaAHiia beef.
6H(|)mxeKCi beef-steak.
XJiiOi bread.
Macjio butter, oil.
6yxep6p6ji;i bread and butter.
CHpi cheese.
BapcHoo MHCo boiled meat,
jKapKoe roast-meat.
6apaHHua mutton.CBHHHHa pork.xejiAxHHa veal.
KoxjexKa a cutlet.
OKopoKX. a ham.KOJirtaca sausage.nxHHbe M;ico fowl.
yxKa a duck.
118 Useful words.
rojySa pigeons.
ycTpHu,u oysters,
aflua eggs.
flHHHHina an omelet.
pu6a fish.
sejeHb vegetables.
KanycTa cabbage.
cnap3;a asparagus,
ropoxt peas.
KapT6({)e.Tb potatoes,ca-iart salad.
innHHait spinage.
ceji.;iepeH celery,
orypuii cucumbers,
xptni horse-redish.
jyKi, jyKOBHUH onions.
HecHOKX garlik.
neipyuiKa parsley,
pina turnip,
nepeiti pepper,cojb salt.
yKcycb vinegar.
12. nCHBOTHUX'B. Animals.
KoiflKa a cat.
jiomajtb a horse.
oce.ii an ass.
KopoBa a cow.xeaeHOKi a calf.
BOJi an ox.
6hki a bull.
OBu,a a sheep.HTueuoK'h a lamb.CBHHbfl a pig.
nopoceHOKi a sucking pig.Kosa a goat.Kos.ieHOKi a kid.
co6aKa a dog.
cyKa a bitch.
meHOK-b a young dog.r6Hiafl co6aKa a hunting dog.
3knii,T> a hare.
o.ieHb a stag.
cepna a chamois.
ciBepHHW ojieHb a rein-deer.
;ieB'b a lion.
jieonapjlT. a leopard.
THrpi. a tiger.
rieaa a hyena.6apc'b a panther.caoHi an elephant,o6e3bflHa an ape.Me;^BfeAt a bear.
BOjiK'b a wolf.
jiHCHua a fox.
6-bm& a squirrel.
6o6pi a beaver.
MHiHb a mouse.
Kpuca a rat
uTHna a bird.
aexyiaa Murab a bat.
^HCTi a stork.
CTp^yci an ostrich.
KojuCpH a humming bird.
.leCejlb a swan,
rycb a goose.
yxKa a duck.naBJHHi a pea-cock,
nixyxi a cock.
KypHua a hen.
u,unjieHOKT> a pullet.
r6.iy6b a pigeon, a dove.
KyKyuiKa a cuckoo.
KyponaxKa a partridge.
KyjHKi. a snipe.
nepeiiejiKa a quail.jacTOMKa a swallow,
opeji-b an eagle.
BopoHi a raven.
CKBopen-b a starling,
nonyraii a parrot.
Bopo6eri a sparrow.cojoBefi a nightingale.
KanapefiKa a canary bird.
HtaBopoHOK'b a lark.
piiCa a fish.
KHTt a whale.
aKv.ia a shark.
paKT. a crab.
aMiiji a snake.
fluiepHua a lizard,
nepenaxa a tortoise.
yjiHTKa a snail.
jaryniKa a frog.aia6a a toad.
'lepBHKi a worm.niflBKa a leech.
nayKi a spider.
MvpaB^H an ant.
ryccHHua a caterpillar.
6a6oHKa a butterfly,
iiyxa a fly.
Useful words. 119
ROMapi a gnat. nacfeKOMoe an insect,
nnejd a bee. CBepiOKt a cricket.
Boinb a louse. iipycaKi a cockroach.
6.toxa a flee. .laft barking.K.ioni a bug. boh howling.MOJt a moth. MflVKaHte mewling.
acyKT. a beetle. pataHie neighing.
ayataaHie buzzing.
13. pacTCHiaxx h np.— Plants etc.
flojoKO an apple.
a6pHK6ci an apricot.BHJUHfl a cherry.KanixaHi. a chestnut.
;iaMaccKifl cthbu a damson.
CMopojHHa currants.
KpHHCOBHHiii gooseberries.Ma.iHHa raspberries.
K.iy6HHKa strawberries.
BBHorpait grapes.
opixH nuts.
.iHMOHTi a lemon.
iioMepaHeu.'B an orange.
nepcHKi a peach,
rpyma a pear.aiHBEi plums.H3K)Mi raisins.
B0.i6fflCKie opixH walnuts.
Syitexi. a nosegay.
GapxaxHHKL an amaranthus.
CKopociii-iKa the cowslip.
MaprapHTica the daisy.
HapuHCT. the daffodil.
jieBKOH the gilly-flower.Hte-ixaii ({)iH.iKa the wall-flower.
no^lco.iHeiHHK'L the sunflower.
riau,HHXT> the hyacinth.acacMHHx. jasmine..iii.iiii the lily.
.Tan;;Hmi the lily of the valley.HoroxKii the marigold,
pe3eia the mignionette.nionifl the piony.jiaKt the poppy.6ijaH 6yKBHna the primrose.
paHyHKyjii. the ranunculus.
poaa the rose.
rB03iHKa the pink.
xypeu,KaH rBoaiHKaliam.
XHMfcaHi thyme.Tio.ibnaHx. the tulip.
4)ia.iKa the violet.
HeaaSyAKa forget-me-not.
sweet-wil-
14. Mexd.iJiax'L h np.— Metals etc.
36.10X0 gold.
cepe6p6 silver.
n.iarHua platina.
.laxyHB brass.
siiAi) copper.
6p6H3a bronze,accii-io iron.
CBHHei;i lead.
6.10B0 tin.
UHHKi zinc.
MepKypift, pxyxb, aiHBoe cepe6p6quick-silver, mercury.
ajie6acxpi. alabaster.
MpaMopi marble.
ajiuki-h, Cpn.iJii&aT'b diamond.
CMaparjt'i,, nayMpy^ti. emerald.
pyCiiHi. ruby.Tonaai topaz.
aceMHyn., nep-it pearl.
Kop4jJi coral.
15. imehM'k h np.—
Writing etc,
Bynara paper,
nepo a pen.HepHMJibiiHii.a the inkstand.
.._j,„ „ r— nec6inHu,a the sandbox.cxa.iBii6e nepo a steel pen. nncLMO a letter.
lepiiH-ia ink. cypryqi, sealing wax.
120 Useful words.
KapaHjtaini. a pencil,nenaxb a seal.
HoaiHKi a penknife.jiHHeiiKa a line.
6yKBUtheletter8(of the alphabet).aaiiHCKa, SnaeTt a note.
oTKpuToe HHCtMo a post-card.
KOHBepxT. a cover.
^HCJO the date,
aspect the direction.
noHTOBaa Hapna a stamp.fjaAHJTKa the paper folder.
necoKi sand.
pHCoBaHJe drawing.atHBoiiHCb painting.oSjaTKH wafers.
KHHra a book.
CTpanHu;a a page.
6yMa2iHHKi a pocket-book.sanHCHaa KHH^Ka a note-book.jincTi, 6yMarH a sheet of paper.BiAOMOCTH a newspaper.rasexa a gazette.
Ka-ieH^api. a calendar.
ciexi a bill.
yHeaie teaching.
UHpKyjii. a compass.HSUKT. the language.cjoBapt a dictionary.CJiOBO a word.
rpaMjjaxHKa a grammar.^xeHie reading.nHcanie writing.
HayKa science.
16. ropoji,* H np.— The town etc.
IIpeAMicTie a suburb.
KptnocTb a fortress.
j;Bopeu,x> a palace.MtcxeMKo a borough.Siipata the exchange.ii,epKOBi> a church.
co66pb the cathedral church,
xeaxpi. the theatre,
rocnnxaj}, the hospital,
paxyma the town hall.
xaMOHiHa the custom house.
iiojiHU,ia the police.iiOMxa the post.iioHxaMxi the post-office.
3AaHie a building.
ajlMHpajiTeflcxBo the admiralty.
xpaKXHpi the eating room.
KO(j)eHHa the coffee-house.
Ka6aKi. a tavern.
Mocxi a bridge.rocxHHUH jiBopx. the bazar.
Bopoxa (plur.J the gate-way.dauiHa the tower.
raBaHb, nopxt the harbour.
3a66pi> a wooden wall.
y.iHi;a the street,
xpoxyapb the foot-path.
nepey.ioKi. the cross-street.
puHOKi) the market.
HaSepesHaa the quay.
ryjibSnme the promenade.xtopbMa the prison.
17. nJiAxB* H np.— Dress etc.
CanorH the boots.
6amMaKH the shoes.
Ty4).iH the slippers.
My.iOKi. the stockings.ni.iana a hat.
nijanKa a bonnet.
inxaHU trowsers.
iiyroBHua a button.
cepx^Ki. a coat.
(jjpaKi a dress-coat.
njtaiu'b a great-coat.
KaM36.ii, sH.i^xb a waist- coat.
BopoxHHKi the collar.
pyKaBT. the sleeve.
noJiH the skirts.
iiiHHe.ib the cloak.
(})ypa3;Ka a cap.raJicxvKi a cravat.
noiinxaiiHHKH drawers,
njiaxbe a gown.injacjtpoKi a night-gown.io6Ka a petticoat.
no;ixaaLKH braces.
pySaniKa a shirt.
HOHHOH KOJiiiaKi a night-cap.
Kopc^xi a pair of stays,
majb a shawl.
Bvajib a veil.
Useful words. 121
no^BA3KH the garters.
KapjiaH'i. the pocket.Kome.ieKt a purse.
TaCanepKa a snufi'-box.
innopH the spurs.
TpocTt a (walking) stick.
soHTHKi. a parasol, umbrella.
nepeiiHHKT. an apron,
fipacierti bracelets,
cepbrii earrings.
Btepi. a fan.
nepiaTKH gloves.KajoiuH galoches.
hocob6h njaroKi a handkerchief.
My(j)Ta a muff.
oatepejite a necklace.
nacH a watch.
6y.iaBKa a pin.Hr6.iKa a needle.
meiKa a brush.
rpe6eHKa a comb.
fipHTBa a razor.
HOHiHHUH scissors.
Mu.io soap.
jtyxH perfumes.HHTKa thread.
18. BOHH* H np.— War etc.^
leHepa-iT. a general.
ajlitJoikiiTb an aid-de-camp.iiojKOBHHKi a colonel.
noAnciKOBBHivi. a lieutenant co-
lonel.
Maiopfc a major.KaiiHiaHi, a captain.lUTaScL-KaiiHTaHt a second cap-
tain.
poTMHCxpt a captain in a horse
regiment.KOMeH,T,aHTi> the commander.
nopyiHKi a lieutenant.
noAiiopyiHKi. a second lieutenant.
upaiiopiuHKi. an ensign.
opyacie a weapon.
uiiiara a sword.3HaMa a flag.
uiTaHjiapTi a standard.
pyaiLe a gun.cii6jiii a broad sword.
ny.i« a bullet, ball.
iiyiUKa a cannon.
;iji;p6 a canon ball.
apTH.7jiepifl the artillery,ntxoia the infantry.
KOHHHua the cavalry.MacoBoR the sentinel,
jtoaopi. the patrol.
MHpi, peace,
pana the wound,
nopoxi) the gun-powder.
19. penecjiaxT,
IIopTHOH a tailor.
nopxHiixa a dressmaker.
Kyiieu'b a merchant.
KHHroiipojia.Beu,'i> a bookseller.
THnorpa(|jiuHKT> a printer.
odoHiuHKi. an upholsterer.
UHpyjbiiHK'b a barber.
CTOJikp-b a joiner.iijioTimKi. a carpenter,
cjecapi) a locksmith.
canoKHHKB a shoemaker.uuAnoHHHKi a hatter.
TOKapt a turner.
KOH;i,HTopi a confectioner.
Trades.
uiBea a seamstress.
lUBCHKa an embroiderer.
npaiKa a laundress.
CTeK6.^bmHK']> a glazier.
MiHyi.iLmHKi. a moneychanger.KpacHabiUHK'L a dyer.
CKopiiyiKi. a furrier.
H3b6ihhki a hackney-coachman,cjiyra a servant, a guide.no'iiajibOiiL a postman.jBopHHK'B a porter.
BpaHi a medical man.ajiBOKaTi an attorney.
aiixeKapb an apothecary.
1 An extensive military terminology and phraseology are
given in the author's larger Russian Conversatioii-Graminar with
an Appendix for Tradesmen, Travellers, Army and Navy Officers.
122 Conversational exercises.
20. 06t opy;^iax'B
Ujiyri> a plough,
naxait, opaii, to plough.cihTb to sow.
ciiia the seed,
ataib to reap.aiaiBa the harvest.
CHoni a sheaf.
M0.10THTI, to thrash,
U'feni a flail.
ryMHO a thrashing floor.
MOJiOTfc to grind.
MeJibHHij;a a mill.
H np.— Tools etc.
ncHb xjiioT, to bake.xjii6nafl ne^b an oven.
iiH.ia a saw.
Tonopi a hatchet.
MOJOTt a hammer.
3y6apb a toothed plane.
rB03;ib a nail.
KJiemii the pincers.KOJieco a wheel.
no^KOBa a horse-shoe.
mTonopi the cork-screw.
npysHHa the spring.
II. EASY CONVERSATIONAL EXERCISES.
Hto y Baci?y ueuH KHHra.
y Bacb .iH TcrpaAb?Jta, oaa y Mena.
KyilHJIH JIH BH HTO HH6y^b?JI,a, R KyuHjii Koe-^TO.
^TO BH KynHJIH?S. KynHJi iiajiKy.
EcTb JIH y Baci. HicKOJibKo jpyaeH?il,a, y MCHa nicKOJibKo ^ipyseii.
Ilpitxajii. JiH Bam-b jipyn. P.?
Owb npiixajii. cero^Ha yxposib.EcTi JIH y Baci. CHpi?Aa, y Meaa ecxb cup-b.
H4ti, y Meua Hixt ciipy.
What have you?I have a book.Have you a writing-book?Yes, I have.Did you buy something?Yes, I have bought something.What have j-ou bought?I have bought a cane.
Have you any friends?
Yes, I have some friends.
Has your friend R. arrived?He arrived this morning.Have you any cheese?
Y'es, I have some cheese?
No, I have not anv cheese.
EcTb JIH y BacT> xopoinee bhho?
^T.a, y Mena xop6mee bhh6.
JI,OB6jibHo JIH BH HMtere ;i^Heri?a HXT. S0B6jIbH0 He HJrfcK).
HtO BH XOTHTB KyilHTb?fl xoMv KynHTb h4r)?
CKOJIbKO CTOHTl ({lyHT'b?
$yHTl. CTOHTl TpH fflH.lHHra.
R Haxoaiy, hto sno ^oporo.Bto jtemeBO.
IIpo^ajiH JIH BH CBOK) j6inajib?
Jlsi, a ee npojiajii.?
Sa'itMi BH ee npo;i;&JiH?
A Hy»;i;&jica bx, ;i;6Hbraxi.
Have you any good wine?
Yes, I have some good wine.Have you money enough?I have not enough.What do you wish to buy?I wish to buy some tea.
How much (costs) a pound?Three shillings a pound.I find this very dear.
This is cheap.Have you sold vour horse?
Yes, I have sold it?
Why have you sold it?
Because I wanted some money.
LOXVERSATIOXAL EXERCISES. 123
3.
ITpaB't .in H H.1H Hill.?
Bh iipaBU, MOH ;ipyri.^Ito bu jo.iacHH ji.iaTB?R HH4er6 He j6.iHeHT. A'tjaib.
K ,'l6.iaceHi, cj-fejaxb cbok) sajaiy.A Bami. 6paTi. hto ;t6.i2ceHi. 3,i-
-laxb?
Oht> ;i6.iaveHi. nHCart hhclmo.
Hara.iii jh bu CBoe kojbuo?il eio Hame.it.
I'jt MOli caiioFH?
Ohh y canoatHHKa.
O leMt BH cnpauiHBaeTe?4ero BU 2ie.TaeTe?
H HH leMi, He cnpaniHBaio.
Am I right or wrong?You are right, my friend.
What have you to do?I have nothing to do.
I have to write my exercise.
And your brother, what has heto do?
He has to write a letter.
Did you find your ring?I did (I found it).
Where are my boots?
They are at the shoeuiaker's.What do you ask for?
What do you wish?I require nothing.
4.
Hto bu Hiueie?S. amy cbok) (ftypaxKy.Hto bu xoTMie ;i;'fc.iaTi.?
Hto bu xasii A^Jaexe?R yjy CBOH ypoKt.Snaexe .in bh axo?
JI,a, H 3X0 :JHaK).
Snaexe .iii bu ixoro He.ioBtKa?
a ero oieHb xopoino .BHaio.
H ero Macxo bmhcv.
Kxo BaMi axo cKasaji?KaKx. BH axo Ha3UBaexe?yxo aoByii . . .
BipHxe jiH BH axoMv.
JIa, a B^pio aioMy.
H'bxi, a axojiy He Bipw.3x0 npaBjia.
What are you looking for?
I am looking for my cap.What are you about to do?What are you doing there?I am learning my lesson.
Do you know it?
Yes, I know it.
Do you know this man?I know him very well.
I see him frequently.Who told you so?What do you call this?
This is called . . .
Do you believe this?
Yes, I do (I believe it).
No, I do not believe it.
That is true.
Kvjia BH i;texe?
R tjy Bx. MocKB^.He fcjiHxe!
OxKVja XH HAenii?H njy H:a iuko-ih.
OxKyjia BH Hiexe?Mh HjieMX. Hrvi, Konuepxa.Ki ceGi .lu BU Hjiexe?
;I.a, a H;iy kx. ce6i.
He xo;^Mxe xaKi CKopo.He SirHxe xaKx>.
BocBpamarixecb CKopo.no^uMaiixecb !
Where are you going?I am going to Moscow.Do not go there!
Where art thou coming from?I am coming from school.
Where are you coming from?We are coming from the concert.
Are you going home?Yes, I am.Do not go so fast.
Do not run thus.
Come back soon.
Go up (stairs)!
124 Conversational kxercises.
CiiycKaHTecb !
HjlMTe Bainefl ;iiop6roH!
YxcjIh! yxo;;HTe!& 6'ieHb aoBdJieHi.
Mni CKyiHO.Mni oHeHB acajib.
Go down (stairs)!
Go your way!Go away! Be oflF!
I am very glad.I am annoyed.I am very sorry.
SApaBCTByflxe!
Jt66puH Beiepi!Ca,AHTeci>. HpHcirjibTC,KaKi Banie a^iopoBbe!6"ieHb xopouio, 6jiarojtapK) sacb.
A Bauie KaKi)?
Moe AOBOiibHo xopoffl6.KaKb Bu iioacHBaeTC?
He o^enb xopouio.
JI,oB6.ibiio xopomo.Chocho.CKajKHxe Mni, noata.iyHCTa.CKaacHie mh*, h bacl nponiy.
Cji,ijiaHTe MHi yAOBOJibCTBie.
BjaroAapib BacT>.
a onenb o6fl3aHi Basn.
JI,6jia .iH rociio;i,HHi N.?
^a, cy;^apb, OH-b joMa.
Good morning!Good evening!Be seated. Take a seat.
How is your health.
Very well, thank you.And yourself?I am tolerably well.
How do you do?I am not quite well.
Pretty well.
Not so well.
Tell me, please.Tell me, pray.Do me the pleasure.I thank you.Much ol)liged to you.Is Mr. N. at home?Yes, Sir, he is at home.
KoTOpHH lacb?
IIoDjtHo, ceM'b lacoBi..
Kor^a Bu Buiuexe ?
A BHiijiy Bi, Boceiib lacoBi.
Bi nojioBHili BocbMoro.
Be3i. veTBepxH cesib.
HexBepib uiecToro.
PoBiio BT. ceM'b qacoB-b.
Bi jtBiiiaanaxb nacoBi.
IIo no.ijAiiH.B-b ABinaAuaxb lacoBi. hohh.
Ilo nojyuoHH.Biepa yxpoMx..
Biepa Be-iepoMi,.
Tpexbiiro ahh, noaas'iepa.
CeroAHH, aaBxpa.nocjit aaBxpa.HeAijiii TOM}' iiayaAi.
HBt HCAt-IH XOMy H&S'M^.
Hpeiii. uiecxb He^iJb.HicKcibKo HHBH XOMy na:\a,xb.
ByAymeH HCAt-ieH.Bi iipouiJOMX roAy.Co AHU Ha AGHt.
What o'clock is it?
It is late, it is seven o'clock.
When do you go out?I go out at eight o'clock.
At half past seven.
At a quarter to seven.At a quarter past five.
At seven precisely.At twelve o'clock.
At noon.At twelve o'clock in the night.At midnight.
Yesterday morning.Yesterday evening.The day before yesterday.
To-day. To-morrow.The day after to-morrow.A week ago.A fortnight ago.In six weeks.Some days ago.Next week.Last year.From one day to another.
Reading exeucises. 125
KaKia ceroAHn norojta?
CeroAHfl xopomaii iior6ji,a.
KaKafl npeicpaciiaa nor6;ta?
Ten.io. X6.10IH0.
Jo2;j,b HieTT>.
ripOjlHBHOH AOHc;i;b Hjeii.
iKapiiO jiH BaMT>?
X6jo,tho .ih BaMi?
Fposa 6y;ieTT.. TpoM-b rpeMHTi..KaKaa iipeKpaCHan pajtyra !
MojiHin csepKaioTi. Biiepi. syexi.oHMa iipHOjaaj^exca. MoposHTL.CH-feri H^eTt. Cuiri. na;i;aeT'L.
C6jHu,e CBixHT'L.
CoJHUe BOCXOAHT-b.
C6.THu,e 3ax6,'tHTi.
How is the weather to-day?The weather Ls fine.
What splendid weather!It is hot. It is cold.
It rains.
AVe have a shower.Are you hot?
Are you cold?
AVe have a storm. It thunders.
What a beautiful rainbow!It is lightning. The wind blows.
Winter approaches. It freezes.
It snows. The snow falls.
The sun shines.
The sun rises.
The sun sets.
III. SUPPLEMENTARY READINGEXERCISES.
1. 3B'fe3,i,OHeT'fc.— The Astrologue.
Bt. to BpeMii, KaKTb 3wi,3ji,0HeT'b XBajiHjrca na ny6jiHiHoft
njioma^H, HTO OH-B 'smeT'b 6yAyni,H0CTB, Bopi. yKpa^iiKOH)
npoKpajrca b-b ero aomt,. Oahhi, hs-b spHTejiefi, KOTopHft
BHJI.'iiJI'B, HTO CJiyiMOCB, CKaSaJIl. MHHMOMy TSiJi^iTeJllO :
«JlK)6^3HHft, KaKT. Mory a noB-fepHTL, HTO TH npe;i,BH;i;HuiB
6y,T,yni;H0CTB, KorM a c66cTBeHHaMH rjiasaMH Biiacy, ito thlie SHaeuiL jtaate HacTOiimaro; noTOMy 'ito, ecjiE6u th3Ha.TB ero, to nocniiUHJi'B 6u bte. cboh ;i,omte., HTo6ii npo-FHaTB Bopa, KOTopuii npoKpajica TyAa».
XBajn'iTtCfl to boast.
fivAyiuHOCTb future.
iipoKpacTbCH to steal oneself
through.MHHMHH imaginary.nociiiiuHTi, to hasten.
n.i6maji,b place.
yitpajiKOK) stealthily.
spHTejb spectator.
raAaxejib prophet,nacxoamee present,
iiponiaxb to drive.
2. Xp^ripiift MysKMKX.
Kor^a (|)paHny3H npA^jiHSHJiHCB k-b B'tHii^, ;i,6ji3KeH'B
6ujii. o;i,HH'B KpecTB^HHHi. iipoBecTft HXT. HOMBK) 'lepesi*
HMT) HeSHaKOMVK) MtCTHOCTB. KpCCTBiJHHH'B 0TKa3aJICfl.
Esiy rpo3HjiH, ho oh-b He ycTpainnjica. Tor^a npeji,Ji03KHJH
1 In the year 1809.
126 Poems.
eny xopomyio Harpa;i,y, ;i,yMaH, hto KomejieK'B cb lepBOH-ii,aMH Jiyqine no;i,'bHCTByeT'B na MyacHiKa. Ho MyatHieKtHe ysjieKca AeHtraMH. Meac;i,y itMi. uojijOcn'fe.iH rjaBHUii
^acTH BoilcKi,, KOTopuxi. HaqajTLHHKTb oieHB pa3cep;i,iuica na
TO, HTO aBanrap;];!, eme He ;i,BnHy.iCfl Bnepe^i.. Esiy jo-
jiomijin npHTOHy, h oht. Bejiijii. npHBecra MyacHKa: «ILih
TH HacL noBejiienib Ky;i;a naMi. nyaiHO, ilih a Te6H npn-
Kaaty pa3CTptjiiiTL!» CKasajri. eiviy KOMaH;i,iipi.. «Xopoffl6»,OTBiTHjii. MyjKHK'B, «Torji;a a yMpy qecTHHM-B uoji^s.^nuwh
H He 6y;i,y H3MiHHHK0M'&. renepa-i-B noAajii, KpecTbHHHHypyKy H CKasajiT.. «CTynait, qecTHEiit MyjE-L, mh Hafi;i;eMi>
^opory 6e3'B Te6fl».
npoBCCTH to lead, to guide. oTKaaaxbCfl to take refuge.
rpo3HTb to threaten. ycTpaniHTbca to be afraid.
KomejeKi purse. lepBOHeu.^ ducat,
nojiocnixi. to arrive. HaHajibimKi. commander.
pa3cepji,HTtca to grow angry. npHHHHa cause, reason.
pascrptjflTi to shoot. mji,j(aimH subject.H3MiHHHKT. traitor. cxyiiaR go, begone.
POEMS.
AnrcTB.
Ho He6y nojiyno^H Anreji'L JieTtjiT.,
II THxyK) nicHE) OHi. nijii>;
H Mtcan,!. H 3b43;i,h, h tvhh TOJinofi
BHHMaJIH TOfl niCHi CBHTOfi.
Ont ni,ji'h 6ja3KeHCTB'fe 6e3rpiraHHX'B jtyxoB-B
noAt KymaMH paftcKHXt ca^TjOBt,
Bori BejiiiKOMi. ohi. h^ji'l, h XBajia
Ero HenpHTBopna 6ujiL
Owb Ajmy MJia;i,yio bi. o6'LaiTax'B hccb
JI,jra Mipa neiajiH u 0.1631.,
H 3ByK'L ero n-fecHH bi. ji.yni'fe MOJio^olt
Ocxajrca 6e3i. ciobi., ho acwBoft.
H jnojiro Ha CB^Ti TOMi'i.iacL OHa
iKejanieM'L HyjtHHMt nojina,
H 3ByK0B^ He6ec'B saMtHfiib He Mor.Ti'i
Eft CKyHHua nicHH 3eMJin.
MpMOHtnoei.
Poems. 127
TIpopoKt.
C-L T-fexT, nop-b, KaicB BiiHHH CyJ^mMH'fe jtaji-B Bcefit^TieHLe npopoKa,B-L oaaaxi. jnoAefi HiiTaro a
CTpaHi'mH 3jr66H h nopoKa.
npoB0.3rjiainaTL a CTajii. jh)6bh
H npaB;i,iJ mhcthh y^ieHtJi;
B-L MeH>i Bcfe 6jiii3KHie moi'i
BpocajTH 6'feffleHO KaMCHLa.
nor.iinaji'B nenjiOMi. a Tji&Bf,
Hsi. ropo;i,6B'B 6'ta£ajr'& a HHmiH,H BOTi), Bi. iiycTiJH'Ii a atHBy,KaK-L nTHU,i>i
—^i.apoM'L BoatLefi nHiii,H.
3aBiTi> npe.T;B'feqHaro xpanri,Mnt TBapL noKopna TaMi. seMHaa,H 3Bi3;i,u c.iyniaioTT> mbrh,
Jly^aMH pa;i,ocTHO nrpaa.
Kor,T,a-3Ke nepeai. inyMHHH rpa^i.il npooHpaiocb ToponjiiiBO,To CXapi^H ^T.-feTflM'L rOBOp^JTI.
Ct, yjiu6K0io caM0JK)6HB0H :
«CMOTpHTe: BOX'S npHMip-B Jl,Ail Baci,!
Oh-l ropji,!. 6hji'b, ne ysKiijica Cb naMH;Yjiynen'h
— xoxiji-B yB^pHTL nac-L,
^TO Bor-B rjiacFTt ero ycTaMH!
CMOTpHTe-JKT,, ji,iTH, Ha Hero.
KaKT, oHi. yrpioMi., h xy^i., h 6jii,ji,eE'b,
CMOTpiiTe, KaKT. OH-B Hari. H ^i/i.eH'b!
KaK-B npesHpaioT'b Bch er6!»
MpMOHmo&i.
128
VOCABULARY.
I. ENGLISH-RUSSIAN.
Abandon (to) ocraB-iflTi..
about OKOJo.
above Ha;^^.
abroad sa rpaHHueto.absence oTcyiCTBie.abundance H3o6HJiie.
accept (to) npHHHMaTB.accident HecHacxie.
accidentally cjiyiafiHO.
accompany (to) conpoBoasiaTB.
accomplish (to) HciiojHaTL. [hhh.
accomplished (polite) o6pa36Ban-according to corjiacHo ci.
accordingly cjiiAOBaiejibHO.
account c^eri,
account (to) cjHTaTB.
account (to—
for) oxBinaTi. aa.
accuse (to) oCBBHaxb.
accustom (to— one's self) npn-
BblKaTB.
ache 6ojih.
achievement coBepineHie.
acknowledge (to) iipHsuaBaxb.
acquaintance SHaKOMCXBO.
acquainted 3HaK6MHH.across ckbo3i.
; iionepeKt.act (to) jiiHCXBOBaxb.action jtiftcxBie.
active ^tiaxeabHuii.
actual ;t'feHCXRHxejrbHHH.
actually bi, caMOMt ^kji-k.
acute ocxpnii.add (to) iipnCaBjiaxL.address (direction) ^^peci., nkji-
HHCb.
address (to) aApecoB^xb; o6pa-mixBCfl.
adieu npom&H; npomaftxe.administration yiipaBji^nie.admirable y;iHBMxejiLHHii.admire (to) y;iHBjflxi>Cfl.
adorn (to) yKpaiuaxb.adventure npHKjioi^Hie.advice costxi.
advise (to) coBtxoBaxL.affair n^jio.
affliction oropienie, nenajt.
afford (to) ;;ocxaB.iflXb.
afraid (to be — of) 6oaxbCH.
after nocii, cnycxa.afterwards noxoMX., BnocitACXBiH.
again onHXb, CHoaa.
against iip6xHBX>.
age Bospacxi.
ago (since) xoMy nasaAi.
agree (to) corjamaxbca.
agreeable npiaxHUH.
ague jiHxopaiKa, ropaHKa.aid iioMomb.
aid (to) noMoraxb.
air Bosjtyxx..
alas! VBU.
ale nnBo.
all Becb, Bca, ace.
allow (to) nosBOjaxB.
almost noHXH.
already yate.
also xaKHie, xoiKe.
although xoxa.
altitude Bucoxa, BumHHa.
altogether coBciMi..
always Bcer^a.
ambassador iiocoji., nociaHUHKi.
ambition HecxojK)6ie.
ambitious qecxo.iK)6HBHH.
America AMepnKa.amiable MoGesuuii, mi'ijihh.
amid, amidst cpcAi't, Mes^y.
among, amongst MCaJAy.amount (to) cocxaBjaxb.
ample oCmiipHbiii, n6.iiibiH.
amuse (to) 3a6aB.iaxb.
anchor aKopb.ancient ApesHiu.
angle (corner) yrcii.
angle (hook) yjoiKa.animal «hb6xiihh.
answer oxBixx..
VOCABLLAUY. 129
answer (to) OTui'iaTi..
ant MjpaBefi.anvil HaKOBaJbH;!.
anybody KTO-HHCjvib.
anything HTO-iinOvAi,.
anywhere rAi-HHSyAb.
apartment KOMHara; KsapTiipa.
apologize (to) oiipaBauBaTb.
appear (to) flBjaibCH, Kauaibc;!.
appearance HapyatHOCTt.
apple aSwioKo.
apply (to—
for) jtoMoraibca.
apprehend (to) onacaTbca.
apprehension oiiaceaie.
apprentice v'leiiHK'i..
approach (to) oiiacaxBCH.
April anpt-ii..
aj)ron iiepeAnHKi.Arabia ApaBifl.Arabian ApaBHTaHHHi..
archbishop apxienHCKOiii..arise (to) BCTaBaxb.
arm pyna.
army apsiia, bohcko.
around BOKpyr'b.arrival npnOuTie, npi't3,ib.
arrive (to) iipHSuBaxb; iipiisaaxb.art HCKyccxBo.artist xvAoaiHHKi.as KaKT., xaKi, xaK'b Kanb.
as if KaKb 6y,ixo.
as to Mxo Kacaexca no.
Asia Aaia.
ashes iieiie.iT..
aside bi. cxopoHy.ask (to) ciipaiuHBaxb.ass oceJi.
assistance iiOMOiUb.
association xoBapMiuecxBo.
astonishing yAHBiixcJbHUH.astonishment H3yM.ieHie.
astrologer snteAOHexb.
atrocity /-KecxoKocxb.
attention BiiHManie.
attract (to) iipiiBJieKaxb.
augment (to) yBe.iH4HBaxb.
August dBxycxi.aunt xexKa.
Austria ABCxpia.author aBxopi.autumn oceHb.
avail (to—
oneself) BOCn6jb30-avaricious CKvnoH. [BaxbCfl.await (to) at^axb.
awake (to) pasSvAHXb.awake (to be) ue ciiaxb.
away ! iipoHb ! boht. !
axe xoiiop'b.
azure CHiiiH.
Back (backwards) naaajii.bad xyaoH; aypHoff.
badly Aj'pHo, iijoxo.
bag Kome.ieKi, MimoKi.
baggage Caraaci., noKjaasa.
bake (to) neib.
baker 6yjoHnnKi.barber u,npib.ibUHKi.
bargain noKyriKa.
barley ;i<iMeHb.
barrack KaaapMa.basket KopsHHa, KopsHBKa.bathe (to) Kyiiaxbca.battle cpaatenie.bear (to) nocHTb.
beard GopoAa.bearer (of a letter, etc.) iio-
iaxe.ib.
beast 3Bipb, SHBoxHoe.beat (to) 6HXb, yaapaxb.beautiful KpacHBuii, npeKpacHnfi.beauty Kpacoxa.because iioxomj hxo.
become (to) CAt.iaxi.cfl.
bed (bedstead) iiocxeJib, KpoBaxb.bed (flower) uBixuHKi.bedroom cnajbiia.
bee nneja.beech 6yKT..beef BO.rb.
beefsteak 6H<j)CxeKCi.beer nMBObefore npeii, npeac;ie.
beg (to) lipOCHXb, MOJIHXb.
beggar HAmiS.
begin (to) iianHnaxb.
beginning uaiajo.
behave (to) BecxH ce6a.
behaviour noBejeiiie.
behind aa, iioaaAH.
belief nipa.believe (to) B^pnxb.bell KO.IOKO-IL ; KOJOKO.lb'IHKl..
Elementary Russian Grammar.
130 VoCABULARr.
belong (to) npunajj-ieac^Tb.beloved jio6hmhh.
bend (to) rHyxt, crH^axB.
beside nojiJii, Bosji'k.
besides CBcpxi, Kp6Mt.besiege (to) ocajKAaxi..
best .lyquiiH, Hanjyiinifi.better aynme.between Me?KJiy.
big 6ojibni6ii; tojicthh.
bill (of a bird) hoct..
bill (account) cieiT,.
bind (to) Bflsaxi., coejHHHXb.bird nxHU,a.
birth poatjieHie.bit KycoKi, KycoieKt.bite (to) Kycaxb, Kycaxbca.bitter roptKifi; atecxoKift.
black HepHuii.blacksmith Ky3Heii,i>.
blame (to) xyjiiixi., nopnuaxi..bless (to) 6jiarocjioBJiATt.
blessing SjarocjiOB^Hie.
blind cjiinori.
blindness ocji4n;reHie.
blossom UBixi.blossom (to) ii,BicxH.
blow yjapi.blow (to) jiyxb, BiflXb.
blue CHHiR.
body xijio; xyjioBHme.bone Kocxb.
bonnet (at^HCKaa) nuiaiia.
book KHHxa.
bookbinder iiepenjiex^HKX..bookseller KHHronpo;i;dBeu;i.boot canori.; 6oxHHKa.
bootmaker canoatHHKi.
booty ji.o6hma.
born poataenHHH.born (to be) poAHXbca.both 66a, 66i, (')6a.
both . . . and h . . . H.
boy MajibiHKi.
bracelet 6pacji6xi>.branch cyKb, BtxBb.
brave xpd6puri.bread xjiiSi.
breadth mnpniia.breakfast a^BxpaKi.breakfast (to) a^BxpaKaxb.breath J^HxaHie, ^yx%.
breathe (to) iHinaxb.
bridge mocxi.
bright CfltxjiHrf, ApKiR.brilliant 6.iecximiH.brim KpaR.bring (to) npHHocHXb.broad ninpOKiri.broom Mex.ia.
brother Spaxi.bruise (to) yinn6axb.brush mexKa.brush (to) BH^HCXHXb (mexKOH)).build (to) cxpoHXb.building cxpocHie.bull 6uK'b.
bullet nyjtfl, «jip6.burden 6peMJi.burdock peneii, Jienxa.
burn (to) ateit.
business A'fejo.
busy saHflXHfi, liflxejbHHH.but a, HO, oiHaKO.butcher mhchhki.butter Macio (KopoBbe).
buy (to) noKyiiaxb, KynHXb.Cabbage Kanycxa.cabman nsBomnKi.calf xejieHOKi.
call (to) 3Baxb; nasHBaxb.
camel Bep6jiK)ii..can (I) a Mory.candlestick nojCBiHHHKX..cane xpocxb; na.iKa.
cannon nymKa.capable cnoc66HHH.care (to take — ) Sepeib.
carpenter iiJioximKi.
carry (to) HOCHXb, hccxh.
cart-shed capaB.castle adMOK-b.
cat KOfflKa.
cattle CKOT-b.
cause npiiiima.celebrated ^HaMemixurf.
cellar ii6rpe6'b.
century cxo.Tfexie.
ceremony uiepcMOHifl.certain BipHHa; HSBicxHHH.
certainly koh^hho.
chain ninb; utrioiKa.chair cxyjii.chamber KOMHaxa.
Vocabulary. 131
change (to) nepeMtnatb.charming npejecTHHH.chat (to) CciTaiB.
cheap jieuieBbiH.
cheat (to) ofi.ManuBaTb.
cheerful Bece.ibiti, pajocTuuR.cheese cupi..
cherry bhuihh.
chicken umueHOKi.child AHTH.
chimney KaMHH^.China IvHTau.
choice Bbi6op'i., naSpanie.choose (to; BuoHpaTt.church uepKOBL.church -yard Kjiaji6iim,e.
circumstance o6cToaTejibCTBO.
citizen rpaa;;iaflHHi.
city ropoi'b.clean HHCxuii.
clean (to) iHCTHTb.
clear acHBiR, mhcthii.
clergy AyxoBencrBO.
clergyman CBflmeHHHKT>.
clever ysiHuii, HCKycHHfi.climate KJiiMaxi.
clock (what o' — is it?) Koiopufilaci?
cloth Cy'KHO, nOJIOTHO.
clothe (to) o;i,tBaTb.
clothing ojieatia, luaxbe.
cloud 66.iaKO,
coachman Kyqepi.coal yrojb.coast (MopcKOii; Ceper'b.coat Ka(l)TaHb; CK^pryKi..cock iitTyxi..
cold XCJO^THUM.
iolour uBtib, KpacKa.come (to) iipHxojiHTi., iipitsHjaTb.
come (to—
in) BXOAHib.comfortable yA66HUH.commerce Topr6B.i«.common 66miH. BceofiiniR.
commonly oCuKHOBeHuo.communicate (to) coo6ii(4Tb.
communication cooGm^Hie.
community o^mecxBo.
companion TOBapnmi.compel (to) iipnnyataaTb.
compensate (to) BoaHarpasa^xb.complete nojHbirf.
comply (to) cor.iaraaxbCfl.
compose (to) cocxaB.iaTb.
composition cocxaB.ienie.
concert KOHuepxi..conclusion saKJiOHeHie.
concurrence cxeneHie.
conflagration iioatapi.
conquer (to) rjaBoeBHBaxb.
conquest saBoeBanie.
conscience coBicxb.
consentment corjauieHie.
consequence ci^jtcxBie.
consist (to) cocxoflxb.
constant nocxoaHHHfi.
construct (to) cxpoHXb.contain (to) coji,ppataxb.
content (to— one self) jtOBO.ib-
CTBOBaXbCfl.
contentment yjioBjexBopenie.continent MaxepiiKX,.continual iiocioaHHHti.
continually iiocxoaHiio.
continue (to) npojOJiHiaxL(ca).convenience y;t66cxBO ; iipH.iH^ie.convince (to) y6iHc;taxb.cook-maid KyxapKa.cook-man nonapt.
copeck KoneHKa.
copy (to) iiepeiiHCUBaxb.cord BepeBKa.cost (to) CTOIIXb.
cottage xHacHna.
couch jioiKe; KVinexKa.
cough Kdme.ib.
count (to) CHiixaxb.
countess rpa<f>HHa.
country cxpaiia.
country (native) oxeiecxBo.
country-house ,ndia.
course (of) pasyMiexca.court (courtyard) ;^Bop^.cousin ;iBoiop6AHHH Spaxi.cover (to) Kpuxb, noKpuBaxb.cow KopoBa.Creator Tfiopeux,.crime iipecTyn;ieHie.cross KpecTi.crow Bopona.crucifix paciuixie.cruel xeexoKiR, CBHpiiiHS.
cry KpHKi.
cry (to) KpHHaxb, luaKaxb.
9*
132 VOCABOLARY.
Daily eaieiueBHHH.
danger onacHocxb.
dangerous onacHuft.
darkness leMHOxa.
daughter aoh!>.
day AenL.dead MepxBHH.deaf fjiyxoti.
death CMepxt.debt AOJirx..
December JI,eKa6pt.decision p-femeaie.
deep rjiy66KiH.
depart (to) oxiipaBjiaxtCH.
departure oxitsAx..
depth rjiy6HHa.describe (to) onHCHBaxt.
description oiracaHie.
desert nycxHHa.deserve (to) aacjiyatHBaxL.
design Hajitpeuie.desire (to) aejiaxt.
destiny cyjtbCa.destruction paspymcHie.detest (to) HeHauHAtxi..
dialogue pasroBopi.diamond ajMaai.
dictionary cjoBapi..die (to) yMHpaxL.diflference pa3nnn,a; paajHiie.different pasHUH, pas.iHiHHH.difficult xpyAHuti.
diligent npHJieKHUii.dine (to) o6iAaxb.dinner oSiAt.direction HaiipaB.ieHie.
directly xoxMacb, ceriiact.
dirty rpAiHHH.
discovery oxKpuxie.diseased fio-iBHofi.
displease (to) He iipaBHxtcfl.
disposition pacnopaaienie.dissuade (to) oxroBapuBaxb.distance pancxo«iiie.distant Aa.ieKiM, oxjia-ieniiHii.
distinguish (to) pasju'iaxb.distracted paaciflUHHH.distraction paaBjeneme.disturb (to) SeaiioKOHTb.
ditch KaadBa.
do (to) xkA&Th.doctor Bpa^b, A^Kxopi.
dog co6aKa.
door ;^Bepb.double ABoiiHoii.
doubt coMHinie.
dozen ;iibffiHHa.
dreadful crpamutiH.dress iijiaxbe.
dress (to) oj'feBaxb(ca).
drink (to) nnxb.
dry cyxoii.duck yxsa.dwell (to) o6Bxaxb; acHTb.
dwelling xHJume.Each KaiKjiHH, BcaKiii.
eagle ope.ii.ear yxo.
early paHo.earth seMjia.
easily yAoSHO, ciiokohho.
east BocxOKi.
eastern bocxohhhh.
easy jerKifi, yjiofiHHH.eat (to) icxb, Kymaxb.
egg afiuo.
either hjh xoxt. hjh Apyroii.either ... or hjih . . . h.ih.
electric 3jeKxpH4ecKiH.
electricity 3.'ieKTpu4ecxBo.
elephant ciohi..
else Huaie; HHofi.
elsewhere b% ipyroMi sffecTt.
embellish (to) yKpamaxb.emperor HMiieparopt; u,apb.
empire iiMiiepiB.
empress HMiiepaxpuua; i^apu^a.enclose (to) BK-iJOiaxb.
end KOHeu,!.; KOHiHHa.
end (to) KOHqaxb(cii).
enemy Bpan, nenpiflxejib.
England Aar-iiH.
English aHrjiiicKin.
Englishman AHrjHMaHHHi.
enlighten (to) ocbtmaxb.enormous orpoMHufi.
enough jtoBOJbHo.
enter (to) BxoiHxb, Bcxynaxb.enthusiasm Bocxopri.
envy (to) aasHAOBaxb.err (to) oniHSaxbCfl, 6jyajiaxb.error oraafiKa, saSjyacieHie.
especially oc66euHo.
Vocabulary. 133
essential cymecxBeHHHH.estate imiHie, iiMyiuecxBo.esteem (to)yBaa:aTi,.
eternally Btmio, BBiKi.
Europe Eapona.European eBponeficKiH.
European EBponeeut.evening Benepi..ever Bcerja.
every BcAKiTi, Kasauvi.
everybody, -one K&7Siji.hi».
everything Bce.
everywhere Bes^t.
example npHjiipt.excellent npeBocx6;;HHH.excursion iiporyjiKa, 3KCKypcifl.excuse H3BHHeHie.
exercise ynpaacHeme.exhibition BbicxaBKa.
exist (to) 6hti,, cymeCTBOBaib.existence cymecTBOBaHie.
expect (to) iKj,aTi„ oatHAaxb.
express train KvptepcKiii noisAX..
expression Bupaatenie.
exterior, external napyiKiiuij.
extraonlinary HpeaBWHaiiHUH.
eye rjasi, oko.
eyebow 6poBb.
eyelash ptcHHua.Fable 6acnfl.
face .iHuo.
fact ;t'tjio.
fair (marketj ^ipjiapKa.fair (beautiful; iipoKpacHbiH.faith Bipa.faithful BtpHufi.fall (to) iiajiaxb.
family ceMeBcxBo.
famous yHaMeiiHTUH, ciaBHUH.
far jia-ieniii, Aaibiiuii; A&.ie&6.
farther Aajii.me.
farthest Aa.ibiue Bcero.
fashionable mojhuh.fasten (to) iipiiKptn.ijixb.
fat xojcxufi.
fate cyibfia.father oxeux..
fault ouiHOKa.
favour MHJiocxb, ycjyra.fear (to) 6oiiTbCii.
feast npaaaHBKT..
February $eBpa.ib.
feeble ciaoHii.
feed (to) KopMuxb, nnxaxb, nacxH.
feel (to) Hj-BCxBOBaxb.fellow xoBapiimx..fetch (to) npnHOCHXb.fever jiHxopajKa, rop^HKa.few HeMH6rie, Majio.
field no-ie.
fight (to) cpaajaxbCfl, Apaxbca.find (to) Haxoji'iTb.
fine npeKpacHuil, Kpaci'iBbiR.
finger najieui.
finish (to) OKaHHOBaxb.Finland ^muimnia.fire oroHb.
first (at) ciiepBa.fish piifia.
fish (to) JioBvixb pii6y.fist KyjaKi.fit (adapted) cnocoSHUH.
flag 3HaMfl.
flesh mAco.
floor iiojT,, axaacT..
flour MyKa.flower nBtxx., uBixoKi..
fly Myxa.fly (to) jiexAxb.
follow fto) ciijoBaxb.
following cxfeayiomiH.food iiHiua.
fool ;iypaKx, r.iyneu,^.
foot (limb) Hora.
footman cjyra.force CH.ia.
forehead jioCti.
foreigner HiiocxpaHeii,T>.
forget (to) 3a6uBaxb.
fork BiijiKa.
formerly npeatje, niKorjia.
fortress Kptnocxb.fowl KypHua.fox jHcuua.France 1>paHii,ia.
Francis <l>panui..
French 4>paHuy''CKiH.Frenchman ^panup-b.frequently lacxo.
Friday luiximua.
friend iipiflxejib, Jipyrb.
friendship jipysOa.
frighten (to) Hcnyraxb.frontier rpaHHua.
134 Vocabulary.
fruit ii.ioAi>.
fulfil (to) iicrio.iHflTb.
full nojuufi.
funeral noxopoiiu.fur myCa, Mtxi.
furniture Me6ejL.
fusil pyacbe.future 6y;iyiii,iri.
trallant xpa6puri.
garden ca^t.
gardener cajtOBiuiKi.
gate BopoTa (plurj.
general oCmift.
gentleman rociio,';HHi..
German Hiiieui; Hi.MenKifi.
Germany PepMaHi;!.
get (to) jocxaBaTb, cjii-iaxLCH.
girl jitBOMKa.
give (to) jiaBaTi, ^art-
glad pa^i, ^lOBo.iBUBiH.
glass (pane of) creK.io.
glass (drinking) craKaiii..
glory ciaea.
glove iiep-iaTKa.
go (to) IITTH, XOAHTb, txaTb.
God BoT-b.
goddess 6orHHfl.
gold SOJOTO.
good ji66pHH; xopoiuiii.
good-natured jtoCpoiyinHBiH.
goose rycb.
gospel eBaHre.iie.
government npaBHTCibCXBO.
grammar rpaMiiaTHKa.
grandfather A'bxh, jiinymKa.
grandmother 6a6yuiKa.
grapes BHiiorpa;iii.
grave (tomb) Moruja.
great Be.THKiH, Scibiuom.
Greece Tpeuiu.
green aeaCHHil.
grind (to) mojotb, ToquTb.
grow (to) pacTH.
Habitual o6ukuob4hhui'i.
hail rpaii.hails (it) rpa;ii HAexi.hair bojiocu (plur).half iiojoBHHa, iio.iy . . .
hand pyua.handkerchiefs (hocoboh) naaxoKi.
handsome KpacHBufi, HsaiaHHif.
happiness cnacxie, y^aia.
happy CHacx.iHBUM.
hardly ch xp}j6Mi, e;tBa.
hare yaau,i.
haste cnixi, nocnimHocxb.hat nij^na, niatiKa.
haughty ropaufi, w&a}i^ubu\i.
have (to) Hsiixb.
hazel-nut optx-b.head rojosa; r.iaBU.
health sAopoBbe.
healthy ajiopoButi.hear (to) cjumaxb, ciymaxb.heart cepjue.heaven hcOo.
height BHCora, BUiiiHHa.
heir HacjiAHHKi..hell a^'b.
help noMoinb.
help (to) noMoraxb.
hen KypHi;a.herd cxa^o.
here sitcb.
hero repoH.
high bucokIh, BejHsiri.
hill xo.iMX..
hire iiacMb.
hire (to) naiiHsiaxb.
historical HCxopaqecKiH.
history HCxopifl.hold (to) jiepataxb.
holy CBflxoH.
Holy Virgin Borojiaxepb.home AOMi>, aiHJiiiue.
honest HecxHufi, npaBAi'iBHii.
honey Me^b.honour necxt; noHxeme.
hook KpR)KT>, KpioqeKi..
hope naAewjia.
horn poPT. pi. pora.horrible cxpamnufi, yacdcHuii.
horse KOHb, jiouiaAt-
horseback (on) BepxoMi.
hospital rocnoxajib.
hot atapKiii, ropaiiu.hour laci.
house ;ioMT., aajiHine.
how KaKi.
how much CKO.itKO.
humble IIOKOpHHH, CIipOMHUH.
Hungary Benrpia.
hunger rojoAi.
VOCABCLARY. 135
hungry rojojHUU.hunter oxothiikT).
husband Mvaci, cynpyrt.
husbandry 3eM.1eAi.1ie.
hymn thmhi.
Idle .liHHBufi.
idleness .liHb, npa;};iHOCTb.
illness 6o.i43Hb.
image (sacred hkohh
imagine (to) BOoCpaataTb.imitate (to) nojipaacaxb.
immediately neMej-TeHHO.
immense oSmvipHufi, orpoMHUH.immortal CeacsiepTHbiri.
important BaaiHHii.
impossible iieBOSMOiKHHH.
improvement yciiixi..
incessantly 6e:!iipecTaHH0.indeed m caMOMi. jii-it.
indicate (to; yKa^uBaxb.
indifferently paBHo;iyinHO.
industry iipoMuni.ieHnocTb.
infancy jtircTBo.
inferior iiii3mi».
inform to) yBt.xoM.iaxb.inhabitant acHie.ib.
ink nepiiH.ia.inkstand lepHii.ibHHua.inn rocTHHHHua.innumerable 6ei'ii'ic.ieHHUH.
inscription Hajimci,.
insect nacfeKOMoe.
insensible 6e3MyBCTBeiiHUH.insist (to; uacianBaTb.instance npHxitpi.instant (moment) MriioseHie.
instant (this month) cero
Micjiua.
instantly iieMexieHHo.
instead BMtcTo.
instruction iipocB'tiueHie.
intelligent yMHUM.intercourse coofjuienie.
interesting MaiiHMarejbHbifi.
internal BHyrpeimiii.interview CBii,i;inie.
introduction BBe^enie.
inundation naBo.iHeHie.
invention HaoCptrenie.iron acejitao.
island ocxpom..
Italy Hxa-iifl.
Jacket KvpxKa.
January auBapb.
jealousy pcBHocxb.
join (to) coe;tHH^xb.
joiner cxo.iapb.
journal acypnajb.
journey nyxeraecxBie.
joy pa.^ocxb.
judgment cy^^, paacjMORi..
July IioJb.
jump (to) npHraxb.June Iibub.
just now xo'iHo xeiicpb.
Keep (to) jtepHiaxb.
key KJioqi.
kill (to) yCHBaxb.kind (sort) pojii, copxi.kind (good) ;^66pu^f, .lacKOBHH.
king Kopojb.kitchen kjxhh.knee KCitHo.
knife hohci.
knock (to) cxyiaxb.knot yse.j'b.
know (to) siiaib.
knowledge 3HaHie.
known HSBtcXHHH.
liad Ma.ib<iHKi; lOHoma.
lady rociroaa.
lake osepo.land 3eM.i«, expand.landlady xonlieBa.
landlord xo3aHHi>.
language asuki.
lantern (|)onapb.
large Go.ibinoH.
last nocjiijHiii.
last (at) HaKOHeui.late (dead) iioKofiHHfi.
late (not soon iio^jiho.
latter iiocjiAHiri.
laugh (to; CMtiixbCH.
laundress iipaqna.law aaKOHi.
lawyer lopiicxi.
lay (to) KJiacxb, iio.iosKHXb.
lazy .itiiUBut'i.
lead (to) BecxH.
leaf jmcTb.
lean xy;i6S, cyxori.
leap (to) cKaKaxb, iipuraxb.learn (to) yHATb(cM).
136 N'OCABULARY.
learned yHeiiufi.
least (atj no KpaHHCii uipt.least (not in the) hhckojlko.
leather Koaca.
leave oxiiycKi.leave (to) noKHjiaTb; GaBiiuaib.
leech iiiiBKa.
leg Hora.
less Menie.
lesson ypoKi, jieKuia.
let (to) nycKaTb, iioaBojraTb.
letter hhcmio.
liar Bpajib, JiryHi., vDKeu't.
library CnfijiioTeKa.
lie Jioatt, HeiipaBAa. [atHXbCfl.
lie (to— down) jcffiaxi, Jio-
life atH3Hb.
light CBiTi, ciiHJe.
lighten (to) ocntmaib.
lightning MOJiHiii.
like (I) MH-fe iipaBHTCfl.
likely BtpoAxHO.limit (to) orpaBHHHBaxb.linen C-kJibe, nojioxuo.
lion JieBb.
lip ry6a.listen (to) ciyiuaxb.literature jiHxepaxypa.little iiajiHH, HeoojibuioH.
little (a) Majio, iiesiHoro.
live (to) HtHXb.
loan 3aeMx>, ccyaa.lock saMOKi,.
log SpeBHO.
long jUHHiiHH, ;i,6.!iriH.
longtime AOJiro, jiaBHO.
look BHJ^^, BarjAjti,.
look (to) TJian-kTb, cMoxpixb.Lord (our) rocnoAB, Bon.lose (to) xepaxi.love jiK)66Bb.
luck ciacxie, cjiyiaii.
luggage 6araaii).
lunch uaKycKa.Madam rociioata, cy;iapHH«.
magnificient BejiBKOJuiiHaii.
magpie copoKa.maid A'tByuiKa.maid-servant ciyacaHKa.
majesty BejiHHecxBo.
make (to) A'fe.iaTt.
man neaoBiKb: men .iioah.
mankind HejoBiHecxBo.manner cn6co6i>.
mantle n-iaiitb, uiHHejb.
many MHorie.
March Mapxi.mare KoCujia.
market puaoKx..
marriage (5paKX, CBa;ib6a.
mason KaMCHbinHK'b.master xo3aHHi, 6apHni. [Beflenie.
master- piece o6pa3i;6Boe iipoH3-matches ciih4kh.
matter (no) Bce paaHO.May Mafi.
may be 6uxb Mosexi.meadow jyn.mean (to) jipiaxb; SHaHHXb.means cpe;i,CTB0.
meat Maco.
meet (to) Bcxp'i>4axb(cfl).
meeting Bcxpt'ia, CBHAauie.merchant Kyiieu,i.
metal Mexajjix>.
midnight no-inoib.
might MorymecxBO.mild KpoxKift, wHrKiB.
military BoeHHbiri.
milk MO-ioKO.
mill MeJbHHua.miller MejibHHK'b.
mind yjii.; ayuia; syxi.mind (to) saSoxHXbca.
mingle (to) iniuiaxb.
minister MHHHCxpi.minute MUHyxa.mirror aepKajio.miserable neciacxHHri.
misfortune neciacxie.
mistake ouiHCKa.
mistress (school-) yiHxe.ibiiHua.modest CKpoMHHti.moment MrHOBenie, Miniyxa.
Monday noneai-ibUHKi.
money ;teHbrH.
monkey o6e3baHa.
month Mtcflux..
monument iiaMSXHHK'b.
moon Jiyna, Mtcflui.
morning yxpo.morrow (to) saBxpa.mortal CMepxHUH.Moscow MocKBa.
Vocabulary. 137
most 66.Tfee Bcero, BecbMa.
mostly no 66.ibuieH lacin.
mother jiaxb.
mother-in-law coeKpoBb.mountain ropa.mOllRC MUUIb.
mouth poTi..mucli MHoro, 64eHb, ropdajo.multitude MiioacecTBO.
murderer yfiitina.
must (1) a ;^6.ia:eH'b.
mystery TawHa.
!Bfail (tintjer-) Horoxb.
nail (iron-) rBoajb.
name hma; (})aMH.iifl.
napkin caji^tetKa.
narrative pa-JCKa-j-b.
narrow pKiw, TicHUH.
natural ecTecxBeHHHH.
necessary ueo6xo;iHMHii.
neck luefl.
necklace oatepe^be.needle nrojKa.
neighbour cocfcAt-
neither . . . nor hh . . . hh.
nephew n.ieM;iHHHK^.
nest rHt:iji,6.
Neva HcBa.never HHKorja.new HOBUH.
news HOBocxb, H3Btcxie.
newspaper B'fc;ioMocxb, raaexa.
nice xopomiH, KpacHBuff.niece njeMAHHHua.
night HOHb.
nightingale coJioBeu.
no Htxi.
noble fi-iaropojiHUM.
nobleman jBop^HHHi.nobody hhkto.
noise uivmi.
none HHKaKoii, hh o;ihhi..
noon iio-iACUb.
north CBBcpi, Hop^Tj.
northern ctBepHHH.nose HOCT..
not ne.
nothing HHnero.
notwithstanding HecMoxpa na.
November Ho«r>pb.now xenepb, Hunt.
number hhcjo.
numerous MHoroiHC.ieHUHH.
nut opixT).Oak n.y6b.
oblige (to) npHHyai;;axb.occasion ciyHafl.
occupy (to) 3aHHMaxb(cfl).October 0KXji6pb.officer o(j)nu.ep'b.
official HHHOBHHKT..
oft, often yacxo.
oil siacTo (pacxiixejibHoe).old crapuH: ^ipeBnift.
once (one day) o;iHam;iH, Htuoriia.
once (at) pa30Mi.order (to) iipHKa3HBaxb.order (in
—to) Hx66bi.
ordinary oSHKHOBeHHUH.ornament (to) yKpamaxb.orphan CHpoxa.other ApyroM, hhoh.
ought (I) a jioAiB.eH'h 6H.i-b 6a.
overcoat najbxo.
overshoe rajouia.
overwhelm ofipeMenaxb.own c66cxBeHHuii.
owner coScxBeHHHKi..
ox BO.lb.
Packet iianexb.
painter atHBonuceu,!..
painting Kapxaua.pair napa, nexa.
palace aBopeni.pane cxckjio.
paper 6yMara.paradise paw.
parasol napacojb, soHxnKb.
parcel (packet) yse.fh.
pardon (to) iipomaxb, n^BHinitb.
parents poAMxe.iH.
part lacxb.
particularly oc66eHHO.
party cxopoHa, iiapxia.
pass (to) npoxosHxb, npot-j/Kaxb.
passenger naccaacHpi.
passion cxpacxb.
passport iiacnopxii.
pastime yBece.ienie.
patience xepiitHie.
patient xepiitjHBuR.
peace MHpb.
peacock iiaB;iHHi.
pear rpyuia.
138 VOCABULAUY.
peasant KpecxbauHHi..
peculiar CBoficxBeHHUH.
pelisse niySa.
pen nepo.
pencil KapaHA^nib.
penknife (nepoMHHHh?n) uoatHKi.
people Hapo;!,'!., Jivym.
pepper nepeu,!..
perceive (to) ycMaxpHBaxt.perfect coBepmeHHHfi.
perhaps uoxieyb 6uth.
permission iiosBOjenie.
permit (to) no3BOji«xb.
Persia IIepci«.Persian DepcijinHin..Persian nepcH;i,CKiH.
persuasion yClixj^euie.
petticoat ib6Ka.
philosopher (i)HJi6co(J)i.
philosophy (J)HJioc6(j)ia.
physic jieKapcxBO.
physician Bpani., JieKapb.
physics (|)H3HKa.
pick (to—
up) IIOAHHMaXB.
picture Kapxiina, atHBoimcb.
picturesque aiviBOiiiicHuri.
piece KycoKi, nacxb.
pin SyjaBKa.
pipe xpy6Ka.
pity coatajitHie; atajib.
place Micxo.
plain (level ground) paBXHiia.
plain (clear) AcHufi, iipocxoR.
plane (toothed) 3y6apb.
play (to) nrpaxb.
pleasant iipiaxiiUH.
please (to) iipauHXbCfl.
please (if you — ) noacajryficxa.
pleasure y;i,0B6.ibCXBie.
plum ciHBa.
pocket KapMaHi.poem iio3Ma.
poet noaxi.
poetical noaxHiecKifi.
poetry no33ifl.
point x6HKa; nyHKii.poison HXb.
poor 6tAHHH.
pope nana.
populous MH0r0.1R)AHuR.
populousness MHoroJioACXBO.
portrait nopxpexi..
Portugal Hopxyrajiifl.
position iio.ioHteHie.
possess (to) HMtxb.
possession HMinie.
possibility BosMoaiHocxb.
possible BOSMOajHbJM.
post-office iroHxaMT'b, uo'ixa.
potato Kapxocjjejib.
praise (to) xBajiHxb.
pray (to) iipocHXb; Mcinxboi.
prayer MOjiHXBa.
precisely xo'ino.
prefer (to) npe^noHnxaxb.prepare (to) roxoBuxi,.
prescription iipeanncaHie.
present (not absent) iipHcyxcx-
Byiomiii.
presently loxiaci, ceiiiaci.
presume (to) npe;iiiojaraxb.
pretty mmjiuii, KpacHBun.previous itpeatnifi.
previously iipeaijie.
price uf,Ha.
pride ropaocxb.
priest CBflmeuHHKT.; iioni.
prince KH^rtb; npHHui.princess KiiJirHHfl; iipHHii,ecca.
principal rjaBHHH.
procure (to) jocxaBjiaxb.
production npon3BejeBie.professor npocjjeccopi.
profit (to) Bocn6jib30BaxbC«.
progress ycntx-b.
promise ootiuaide.
promise (to) o6imaxb.
pronoun MtcxoHMeHie.
pronunciation iipoH3»omeHie.
properly c66cxBeHHO.
proposal npewoHteine.
propose (to) iipeA-iarax'b.
prove (to) ;ioKa;iHBaxb.
proverb nocjOBUna.
publisher n3;taxejib.
punctual XOMHHH.
pupil (scholar) yienHKi.purchase (to) noKyiiaxb, KyiiMxb.
purchaser noKyiiare.ib.
pure qi'icxuH;neBHiiHUH.
purse KouiejieK'b; Jituiom.
put (to) iLiacxb; cxaBUXb.
i^uadruped HexBeponoriii.
quality Kaiecxao.
I
VOCABULAKY. 139
quantity kojuhcctbo.
quarrel ccopa.
quarrel (to) cc6pnTi.c«.
quarter qeiBepxi..
queen Kopcieea.question Boiip6cT>.
question (to) cnpaiuHBarfc.
quick CKopafi, ajHBoii.
quiet (to) ocTaB.iaxi..
Race (tribe; n.ieMfl, noKOjiHie.
railroad,railway jKCitsHaa Jiopora.
railway-station BOKsaJi.
rain ;toa;xb.
rains (it) joHtib men.rainy jio2;,i.iHBufi.
rapid 6ucTpHu.rare ptjKiti.rate (at any) KaKb Cm to hi'i 6h.io.
raven Bopoiii..raw cupoR.read (to) iHxaTb.
ready roTOBufi.
recently He;iaBHO.
recite (to) cKaauBaib.red KpacHUH.refrain to) yAepa-tHeaTLCa.refresh (to) ocBtHtarb.
refuge vCiffiHuie.
regard vBaateHic, noMieHie.
regard (to) jBaaaib; CMOTpixb.rt'friment nojKx.
region cxpaHa.
registered (letter) saKasHoe.
regret (to) ajaaixb.
regular npaBH^iLHurf.
reign napcxBOBanie.reign (to) uapcxBOBaxb.
rejoice to; pajoBaxbCH.relate (to) pascKa^aBaxb.relationship pojcxBO.
relatively oxnocHxeJbiio.
reliance loaipie.
relinquish (to) ocxaBJaxb.
remain (to) ocxaBaxbc;!.
remark rsaMtMaiiie.
remark (toj saMtnaxb.
remember (tOy iioMiiiiTb.
remind (to) HaiioMHiiaxb.
remove (to) y;tajiaxi..
renowned cjaBHUH.
repeat (to) iioBxop«xi..
reply (to) oxBtiaxb.
represent (to) iipejicxaBjaxb.
reputation peiiyxauiH.
request iip6cb6a.
require (to) xpeooBaxb.residence npe6biBa,Hie.resolute pimiixe.ibHHri.resource cpe;icxBo.
respect yBaaienie.
respect (to) yBaataxb.
respectable uoHxeiiHuri.
respectively oxHOCHxe.ibHO.
respiration ;iHxaHie.
return B03Bpaiu,eHie.return (to) BoiiBpamaxb.
revenge (to) Mcxiixb, oxoMiuaxb.reward narpaja, iiaipaafAenie.reward (to) Harpaaj,naxb.rich SoraxuH.
riches SoraxcxBo.
ride (to) iruaxb (BepxoMi).
right (justice) npaBo.
right (just) BtpHuii.
rigorous cxporifi, cypoBuii.
ring Ko.ibu,6.
ring (to) 3B0iiHTb, aBVuaxb.
ripe sp-fe-iHii.
rise (to) BcxaBaxb, bocxoahxi..
river ptna.road aopoi-a.roast atapKoe.roast (to; atapuxb, Bapvixb.roof Kpuuia, KpoBi,.room KOMuaxa, iioKOii.
rose p63a.round KpjTjinri.
royal KopojieBCKifi.rude rpyouii.run (to) 6t,a;axb; xeib.
rush (to) CpocaxbCH.Russia Poccifl.
Russian PocciannHX, jiyccKiri.
sad neHajbHUH.sailor inaxpocisale npoAaa:a.salt co.ib.
same caMuii.
sand iiecoKi.
satisfied ,';0B6jbHbiH.
Saturday cy666xa.save (to) ciiacaxb, coxpaHyixb.
say (to) CKa;<aTb, roBopiixb.scholar (school-boy) yneiiHini.
140 Vocabulary.
scholar (learned man) yqeHHfi.school vMHJiHme.school-fellow coyieHHKi.school-master yjHTejb.school-mistress yiHxe.TbHHua.science nayKa.scissors HOHvHHUH.screw BHHTt.
sea Mope.seal iieHaxb.
seahng-wax cypryit.seaman nopkK.'b.
seamstress uiBea.
season BpeM;i ro^a.seat (country) iioMicTbe.
seated (to be) cajtHXhca, CHAiib.
second BTopofi, ^ipyrOH.see (to) BH^ixb, CMOxpixL.seem (to) Kasaxtca.
seldom p4;iK0.
sell (to) npo;iaBaxt.send (to) nocHJaxt.
sentiment nyBCXBO.
September cenxaSpi,.servant cjyra.servant-maid CJiyasdHKa.serve (to) cjiy»HXb.service cjiyat6a; yciyra.several pasHue, MHorie.
severe cxporiFi, acecxoKiii.
sew (to) lUHXi.
shade, shadow xtub.
shall (I) H AOJiateHT..
sharp ocxpHH, p'fe;miM
shave (to) 6pHXb.shear (to) cxpHHb.shed capafi.
sheep OBU,a.
shelter iioKpiiuiKa.
shepherd iiacxyxx,.
shift py6aaiKa (ateHCKaa).
shine (to) ciaxb, Gjieexixb.
ship KopaCiib, cyjiHo.
shipwreck KopaojeKpyineHie.shirt py6amKa (MyatCKaa).shoe 6auiMaKi.
shoemaker GauiMaMHHKX..
shop .laBKa.
shore Ceperi.short KopoTKiS.
shortly BCK6pi.shot BBicxptjii..
should (I) H jojiateHi 6hji 6h.
shoulder n-ieno.
show (to) noKasHBaxb.
shut (to) saxBopaxb, sanHpaxb.sick 6ojbH6ri.
sickness 6ojib, 6ojii3Hb.
side 6oKTi, cxopoHA.siege ocajia.
sigh B3A0XI.
sigh (to) B3jioxHyxb, cxonaxb.
sign 3HaKi, npH3HaKi.signification SHaqenie.
silk niejiKi.
silver cepeopo.simple npocxoTf.
simplicity npocxoxa.since ci, xixi, iiopi.
sincere HCKpeHHin.
sing (to) iitxb.
Sir cpapb.sister cecxpa.sit (to
— down) caiHXbCH, CHjitxb.
situated (to be) Haxoivixbca.
situation jiicxoiio.'iojKeHie.
skate KoneKi.
skin Koata.
slave pa6'b.
sleep (to) ciiaxb.
slender xoHKifi, FHfiKiH.
slowly Me;i.ieHHo.
small HajiUH, Me-iKiii.
smile (to) y.iHSaxbCfl.smith Kysneui.smoke ^hmi.smoke (to
—cigars) Kypnxb.
snake snM.snow CHtri..
snows (it) dfkfh Hxevbso xaKi, xaKHMx. 66pa:toMi.
soap MHJIO.
society 66in,ecxBo.
sojourn iipe6HBanie.soldier cojiAaxx..
some niKoxopHH ;HtcKOJbKO.
somebody iitKxo.
something Hiixo, Hxo-HH6yAb.sometimes iiHoaa.
somewhat iii'ixo, Koe-Hxo.
somewhere rji-xo, r;it-Hn6y;ib.
soon CKopo, pano.sorrow nenlib, rope.
sorry cepAHXHH ;neia-TbHUH.
Vocabulary. 141
sorry (to be —) ^a.jiiTb.
Boul Ayma.source hctoihhkt., k-iioii.
eouth lori,.
southern i)HiHHH.
space iipocTpaHCTBo.
spacious oCiuHpnuH.
Spain Hciiaiiia.
sparrow Bopo6eH.speak (to) roBopiixB.
speech piib.
spin (to) npacTi..
spiritual jtyxoBHuii.
spoil (to) nopxHTb; rpa6HTi>.
spoon JioacKa.
sportsman oxothhki.
spot (place) Micro.
spread (to) pacTarnBaxb.
spring (season) uecHa.
spring (to) iipiiraxb.
square (place) njiomaAb.
squeeze (to) ataxb (atMy).
stable KOHKnuHii.
staff (stick) najiKa.
standard (banner) saiua.
star 3Bh3;^a•
start (to) oxnpaB.iAxbca.
stay npedHBauie.
stay (to) ocxasaxbCfl.
steamboat, steamer napox6Ai>.
steam-engine iiaposaa itaiuHHa.
steel cxajb.
step uiari., xoai.
step (to—
in) Bxo;iHXb.
stick najiKa, AV^HHa.still (yet) eiue; ojtHaKo.
stir (to) ABHraxb(ca), Mtmaxb.
stirrup cxpcMa.
sto(;king lyjoK'b, iioc6kx>.
stomach aeJiyAOKb.stone KaMCHb.
store aaiiacT., H3o6H.iie.
storm Cypa.
straight iipAMO.street pnna.strength CHja.
strike (to) 6HXb, yjiapaxb.
string BepeBita, iimypoKi.strive (to) cxapaxbca.
strong KpiiiKiH, CH-ibiiuti.
stu<lent cxyAeHxi,.
study (to) yiuTbca.
stupid rjiynaft.
subject (to) iioji,Bepraxb.
success yciitx'b, y,ia'ia.
successive noc.i-fejioBaxe.ibHHH.
successor uac.i-cjtiniK'b.
such laKoii.
suddenly BHesaiiHo.
suffer (to) cxpaaaxb.sufficient ;iocxaxo'iHuii.
sufficiently jiocxi'ixoiHO.
sugar caxap'b.sum cyMMa, nxorx.
summer .itxo.
sun c6.iHu,e.
Sunday BocKpeceHbe.sunrise BocxoavAeHJe c6.iHU,a.
sunset 3axoacieiiie c6.THii,a.
sunshine cojineinoe cianie.
sup (to) yiKHnaxb.
superb BejiHKOjinHufi.
superior BHcmifl, iipeB0Cx6;i;HHfi.
supper yaiHHi.
supply (to) ;i;ocxaBJiyixb, cHa6ataxb.
support iioAAepjKKa.sure BipuHH, 6e3oiiacHuri.
surely naBtpHO.surface iioBepxHocxb.surrender (to) CAaBaxb(ca).surround (to) oKpyaiaxb.
suspect (to) noA03ptBaxb.
suspicion noj;o3p'feuie.
swallow jiacxoiKa.
sweep (to) MecxH.
sweet cjikn,Km.
swift SucxpHH.swim (to) iiJiaBaxb.
Switzerland UlBciiuapia.sword MCHi.
Table cxojii..
tablecloth cnaxepxb.tail XBOcxx..
tailor nopxHOH.take (to) 6paxb, B3axb, noHMaxb.
take (to—
care) 6epeHbCa.tale cKa3Ka, pa3CKa3i; noB-Lcxb.
tapestry o66h (plur.).
tavern Ka6aKb.
tea Maii.
teach (to) yiuxb.teacher yHHxejib.tear cjie^a.
tell (to) CKa3axb; pascKajuBaxb.
142 VOCAIIULAUY.
tempest oypa.
temple xpaMi.temporarj- BpeMeHHUW.terminate (to) okohihtb.
terrible y»acHHH, CTpamiiuH.terror yacaci, cipax-b.Thames TeMsa.than ^f^»'L, nemeAU.thank (to) CjiarojiapHTi.that TOTx
;hto.
theatre xeaxpi.then TOFAa; iiotomi.
thence oxxy^ta.there rawb.
there is boti..
therefore c.TfeioBaTejbno.
thick (big) TOJCTHH.
thief Bopi..
thing A'fe-io, Bemb.think (to) syMaTB.thirst Hcdatjia.
thoroughly coBC-kwb, coBepineimo.
though xoT;i, ojiHaKO.
thought MHCJIL.
thousand Tiica4a.
thread (to pew) HHXKa.
threat yrpoaa.threaten (to) yrpoaiaxb.throat ropjo.throne iipecxojrt.
through lepeai,, CKBoab.
throughout iioBcibjty, bo Beet.
thunder rpoiii.
Thursday 'lexBeprt.thus xaKHMi 66pa30Mi.ticket 6hji6xi.
tiger XHrpi.till no, iioKa.
time (duration) bp^mh.time (repetition) pasi.times (at) HHorii.tobacco xa6aKT..
tobacco-pipe xpy6Ka.to-day cer6;iHa.
together BMicxi.
told (to be) cjiyinaxb.
to-morrow aasxpa.
tongue ;i3UK'b.
too xaKae, xoate.
too much ciHuiKOMi.
tooth 3761.tower 6kmHH.
town r6po;ii.train noiajii,.
translate (to) nepeBo;iHxi>.translation iiepeB6;iT>.
travel nyxeiaecxBOBaxi.traveller nyxemecxBeHHHKi.treasurer KaanaMefi.
tree sepeBo.tremble (to) jipoffiaxb.
true BtpHHM, iipaBiHBuri.
trumpet xpyCa.trunk (of a tree) cxboji.
trunk (coffer) cyHayKi.Tuesday BxopHHKi.Turk TypoKX..
Turkey Typuia.Turkish xypei^Kifi.turn oHepe^b; nepejitaa.turn (to) Bepxtxb(c«).twice ABaHAH.
ugly rdsKifi, Aypnou.umbrella sohxhkx.
unable HeciiocoSnHn.
uncle ]s.iill«-
undergo (to) npexepniBaxb.understand (to) noHHMaxb.
understanding yiai, pasyMi.undertake (to) iipe;inpHHHMaxb.
undertaking npejinpiaxie.unfortunate HecHacxiiuH.
unhappj' HecqacxHUH.
uninterrupted 6e3iipepuBHHH.unite (to) coeAHH«xb.
unity ejiHHCXBo; cor.Tacie.
universal BceMipHHri; Bce66mifl.
universe BcejienHaji.
university yHHBepciixexi.unknown neH3BicxuuH.
unless ecjin ne; pii3Bi.
unpleasant HeiipijixHHii.
unwell iieajiopoBb.
unwilling iieoxoxHufi.
upholsterer oCohm.viK'b.
use ynoxpe6ji6Hie.use (to) npHBHKaxb; ynotnefijiaxb.useful no.i63HHu.
usual oSHKHOBeHHUR.
utterly coBepmeHHO, ptinHxejbHO.
Valley joJHHa.
vanquish (to) noOiffiJiaxb.
vary (to) H3Mip;ixb.veal xe.iHXHHa.
VOCABILAHY'. 143
vegetables 6boiii,h.
Venice Benen,iiJ.
venture to) ocMfe.iHBarbca.
verst Bepcra.
very oqeni., BCCbSia, ropa9,T;o.
vice nopoK'i,.
vicious nopoiHuii, 3.10M.
victim HtepTBa.
victory iioCija.
Vienna Etna.
vigour CHja.
\nllage (with a church) ce.i6.
village(withoutachurch);tepeBHa.virtue AoGpoaiiejb.virtuous jioCpoA'feTe.ii.HUH.
visit (to) nocimaxt.
vocabulary cjioBapb.voice ro.iocL.
Volga Bojra.
volume (book) KHiira.
voyage nyxeiuecTBie (MopcMi).Waistcoat aH.ien,.
wait to) a;iaTt, J^oa£H;^a^fc.
waiter c.iy«HTe.ib, le-ioB-tKi.
walk (to) ryjiiTb, xojiHTb.
wall-paper. o66h (plur.).walnut opixi.war BOHHa.
ware TOBapb.warm xeii-tHH.
warmth xeiiJioTa, acapi..
wash (to) Muxb, o()MHBaxb.
watch (clock) nacu.
water bojiA.
way iiyxb, jiopora.weak ciaGuii.
wealth 6oraxcxBo, HMymecTBO.weather iioroja.
Wednesday cepeAa.week uen'k.iH.
weekly eateHCAt-ibHuii.
weep (to) iMaKaxb.
well (suitably) xoponio.west Tianajii.
what Hxo; KaKofi;xo hxo.
whatever >ixo Ch hh.
when Kor^a.whence oxKyaa.
where rAt.
wherever rAi-Hii6yAb.whether .ih
; Koxopml h3t, Anyxi..which KoxopHii, KaKoii, hxo.
white 6-k.mn.
who KXO.
whole nijHii, Becb.
wholly coBepraemio.
why iioqeMy, saitMi.
wicked sjioh, 6e366!KeuH.
wide mapoKiH.widow BAOBa.widower baob^ui.wife aten^, cynpyra.will (I) a xoqy (xoxixb).
willingly oxoxho.
willow HBa.
wind Bt.xepi.window OKHO.
wine BHHO.
winter 3HMa.
wise JiyApHH, jmhhiii.
wish atejanie.
wish (to) Hcejaxb.
wit yMx>, ocxpoyMJe.without Co-.i-b; BHi.
wolf BOJKl.
woman aieiia, aceiimHHa.
wood (forest) Jitcb.
wood (fuel) ApoBa.wool mepcxb.word CJOBO.
work pa66xa; coinHeme.work (to) padoxaxb.workman paCoxHHSi.world Jiipx., CBtit.
worse xyace.wound paHa.write (to) iiHcaxii.
writer iiHcaxe.ib.
wrong (unjust) HenpaBHH.Yard (courtyard) ABopi>-
year foat..
yes la.
yesterday Biepa.
yet eme, oAnaKo.
young MciOAoii, hobhh.
Zero Hy.ib.
144
II. RUSSIAN-ENGLISH.
A and; but.
aerycTi August.ajMast diamond.awrejiT) angel.AHrJiHidHHH't Englishman.aurjiiHCRiH English.Anrjiii England.aiipi-ib April.
apniBHi) yard, arsheen.
Bacna fable, tale.
CamMaKi. shoe.
SafflMaiHHKi. shoemaker.6amHfl tower.
6e3iipecTaHHo inconstantly.6e3i without.
6eperi. shore, coast.
6hti> to beat.
6jiaroAapHTb to thank.
6jiarop6j,HbJH noble.
6jarocjioB.iaTb to bless.
6jiH3Kiri near.
6ji-knuuH pale.6oraTHH rich.
Bon. God.CojibHOH sick, ill.
66jibrae more.6ojibia6ii great, large.6oJit:3Hb illness.
6opo;ta beard.
6o«Tbca to fear.
Cpaxi brother.
6paTb to take.
6peMfl burden.
6pHTb to shave.
CpocAxb to throw.
CyAymift future.
fiyjioHHHKT. baker.
GyMara paper.
6yp« storm, tempest.6uKT. bull.
6uTb to be.
CtAHbiH poor.Gtacaxb to run.
CtjiUH white.
BaxHbnl important.BBtKT. for ever and ever.
BAOBa widow.
BAOBeub widower.
Beaii everywhere.BeJiHRiii great.BeJHKOjifiHUH magnificent.
BepeuKa rope.BCcejHH joyful.
BecHa spring (season).BCCb all, whole.
Becbwa much, very.
Bewept evening.Bein,b thing.BHjti face, air, shape.BHjl't^Tb to see.
BUJiKa fork.
BHHO wine.BHfflH* cherry.BMtcTO instead of.
BMiext together.BHesaiiHO suddenly.BHHMaHie attention.
BOAa water.
BojiHrb (bccxh) to lead.
B03BpamaxbCfl to return.
B63Ayx'b air.
B03M6atHUH possible.BO ftHa war.
BOHHb warrior.
BoficKO army.B0K;}a.i7. station, terminus.
BOJKi. wolf.
BOJiia wave.b6jocu hair.
BO.J-b ox.
BOJJi will, desire.
Boiipoc'b question.
B6poHi) raven.
Bopoxa gate.
Bopi thief.
BocKpeceHbe Simday.BociiHxaHie education.
BocTOKi east.
BnepeAi forward.
Bpan. enemy.fipajib liar.
Bpaxb to lie, to tell falsehoods.
Bpanx. physician, doctor.
Bp^AUHH hurtful.
VOCABLLAUY. 145
spe.i'h damage.BpcMii time.
Bcer;ia always.Bcero on the whole; of all.
BceJilpHUH universal.
Bce-iaKH notwithstanding.BCTHBaTh to get up, to rise.
BCTptiaTb to meet.
BTopHHKi. Tuesday.Biepa yesterday.BT. in, into.
BbiKViii ransom.BbicoKiii high.Bucora height.BuciaBKa exhil)ition.
BUMHCTHTt to cleau.
Buixarb to ride out; to start.
BiHCui crown.BiiioKi garland.
Bipa faith.
BipHTi, to believe.
B-fepHufi faithful.
BtiBb branch.
Btxepi, wind.Bt.inuH eternal.
Txi where.
repofi hero.
r.ia:!T. eye.
TAyCoRiH deep.
rjiyiiHii stupid.
r.iyx6H deaf.
roBopHTb to speak.rox'h year.ro.ioBa head.
r6.iOAT> hunger.r6.iocT. voice.
ro-iyfib pigeon.
ropa mountain.
ropjocTb pride.
r6p;ibiH proud.ropo;!!. town.
ropbKiii bitter.
roptrb to burn.
ropaiiii hot.
rociioAHHi. gentleman.rociioiKa lady.rocTi'iHUHna inn, hotel.
rocTb guest.
rocyAapcTBo empire.roTOBuii ready.rpaHcjainiHb citizen.
rpani'ma frontier, border.
Elementary Russian Grammar.
rpa<|)Hnfl countess.
rpa(j[)i. count, earl.
Pp^uih Greece.
rpenecKiu Greek.
rpoMi thunder,
rpyuia pear,
rpix'b .sin.
ry.iiiTb to walk,
rycb goose.
fl,a. yes.
Aasaxb to give,
stance even, also,
jtafi, jiaHTe give!HSL-ieam distant.
aBcpb door.
jtBopi court, yard.
;i,eKa6pb December.ABHb day.jieHbra money.AepeBH« village.
AepsBo tree.
AepHtatb to keep.AeuieBbifi cheap.jlHKin savage, wild.
jlHTfl child.
AJHHiiUH long.
jlJiH for.
AoSpoaixejib virtue.
j66pHii good.ji,o6uHa, prey.AOBO-ibHo enough.A0B6.ibHHH satisfied.
AOJKAb rain.
SOKasaxejibCTBO proof.j6.iriH long.
;^o.lHHa valley.
;io.ir'b debt.
AOjatCHx., a I must.
AOM'b house.
Aop6ra way.AoporoH dear.
;iocx6fiHHH worthy.;^o'Ib daughter.
;ipeBniri ancient.
ApOBii wood.
Apyroii other.
;ipyn, friend.
AyCx. oak.
flysiaxb to believe.
;iypH6ii bad.
;iyma soul.
;^UM^ smoke.
146 VOCABCLART.
;iijiaTi> to do, to make.Ai-io business; thing.AHAH uncle.
ero of him; his; him.
e^Ba scarcely, hardly.ecjH if, whether.
eiue still, yet.
xaas^a thirst.
aa-iixb to pity, to regret.
jKapHTb to roast, to fry.
acapKoe roast meat.
zejiaxb to wish.
acejTuR yellow.ffie.ii3Hafl Aopora railway.atciiao iron.
xcHa wife.
jKeHmHHa woman.atHBOTiioe animal.
atn^OBKa Jewess.aiHji'i. jew.ffiHie.Tb inhabitant.
xHTb to live.
3a for; behind.aafiuBaTb to forget.
saBTpaKaTb to breakfast.
saBipa to-morrow.saacHraxb to light.
.saKOHi. law.
saMOKi castle.
saMOKx. lock.
saHMMaibCH to occupy oneself.
s&naxb west.
saciyjKHBaTb to deserve.
saaui hare.
3Bt3Aa star.
3Bipb beast.
SAopoBbe health.
aiopoBHH healthy.3Atcb here.
3ejieHuu green.3eMJiA earth.
sepnajio looking-glass.3HMa winter.
sjoAiB rascal.
3Mia snake.snaKi sign, mark.3HaHH flag.
3HaTb to know.sojOTO gold.36HTHK'b parasol; umbrella.
3piaHri ripe.3v6i. tooth.
H and.
Hfo.iKa needle.
HrpaxL to play.H3b out, from.H.1H or.
HMiiepaTopi emperor.HMnepaTpHU,a empress.HMiib to have, to possess.HM« name.HHOPAa sometimes.
HHocrpaHHUU foreign.HCKaib to look for.
HCKpeHHifi sincere.
HCKyccTBO art.
HCTopih history.HCTOqHHK'b source.
iK).ib July.iiOHb June.
KaacAuii each, every.KasatbCfl to seem.Ka3HaHeH treasurer.
KaKOH which.KaKi, how, as, like.
KaMCHb stone.
KapaH,T,am'b lead-pencil.
KapsiaHi pocket.
KapiuHa picture.KanecTBO quality.Kamejb cough.KJHO'ii key.KUHra book.
KHHronpoAaBeui bookseller.
KHarHHfl princess.KHflSb prince.Koaec6 wheel.
KOJioAesb well, pit.
KOJfbito ring.KOHHaxa room.KOHeKb skate.
KOH^ifb end.KOHb horse.
KOHibmHa stable.
Kopa6jib ship.
Kopeub root.
Kop3HHKa basket.
KopojieBa queen.Kop6jb king.
KopoTKiK short.
KocTb bone.
KOTopHil which, that.
KO^e coffee.
KouiKa cat.
Vocabulary. 147
KpacHoptiie eloquence.
KpiicHHH red.
KpacTb to steal.
Kpafi border; region.
KpecTi> cross.
KpecTbflHHHi peasant.
KpHHaxb to cry.
KpoBaxb bedstead.
KpoBi roof, shelter.
KpoBb blood.
KpoMi besides.
Kpyr.iHH round.
Kpbiraa roof, cover.
KptnKia strong.
KpiiiocTb fortress.
KTO who.
KTo-HH6yjib somebody.Kysiieu,!. blacksmith.
Kynaibca to bathe.
Kyiien^ merchant.
KycoKi. piece.KvxHfl kitchen.
.iCBi lion.
jiaBKa shop..lerKifl easy..leiKO easily.
.leuapcTBo medicine.
.leiaTb to fly.
wiHCHua fox.
.iHCTi leaf.
.iHii,6 face.
-loacKa spoon,.lomaAb horse.
Jiyak moon..iK)6HTb to love.
-iiofioBb love.
.iiouoiibiTHHii curious.
.itHHBUH lazy, idle,
.itub idleness.
.Jtcb forest, wood,-lixo summer.Mafi may.Ma.io little (adv.)Ma.TenbKi» small.
Ma.iuii little (adj.JMajTbMHKi boy.jiapri march.Mac.io oil
;butter.
jiaxepHKi continent.Jiaxb mother.
Me;iB'fe;ib bear.
.MeH;;iy between.
MHpi. peace.
Mipi world.
MHoro much; many.
MFioro.iK);icxBo populousuese.MHOHtecTBo multitude.
MHtuie opinion.Monua tomb.
MoryiuecxBO power.MOaceTi 6HXb perhaps.MoacHO (it isj possible.
MOKpbiii wet, damp.MojiHTBa prayer.MOJiaifl lightning.
McioftOH young.Mojqaxb to be silent.
Mope sea.
Mocxi bridge.Moib to be able.
jiyApuH wise.
My^HKi peasant.
iiyacHHHa man.
Myaii husband.Mvxa fly.
Mbicjb thought.Jiuxb to wash.
Mi,tb copper.
Mipa measure.
Mie>iu,x> month; moon.M-fccTO place, spot.M-tcxoiiojioaceHie situation.
Miuiaxb to prevent, mix.
MiuioKi purse.M;irKiii soft, tender,
waco meat.Ha on, upon.HaBipHO certainly.
HarpaxAaxb to reward.
HdjnHCL inscription,HajoGno it is necessary.Ha^e/KAa hope.iia,n, above,
iiaitflxbcfl to hope.Ha:!aji'b back; ago.Ha;)HBaxb to call.
HaKaauBaxb to punish.
HaM-tpenie intention.
naiipacHO in vain.
iiap6;TT, people, nation.
HaxoAMXb to find.
iia<ja.io beginning.HaiHHaxb to begin.He not, no.
148 Vocabulary.
HesoisMOXHuii imposBible.HGAiJiii week.
He^oJ^BHaiHbIfl immovable.
neiipifltejib enemy.HeiipiMTHUH disagreeable.
HecpaBneHHUH incomparable.HHSKiii low, inferior.
HHKorAd never.HHKTO nobody.HH^ero nothing.HHBUH beggar.HO no.
HOBuii new.Hora foot; leg.
HOjKi. knife.
Hoci nose.
Hoit night.HOCHTi, to bring, to carry, to
wear.
H0fl6pb November.
upaBHTbCH to please; to like.
HyacAaTLCfl to want.
HyatHHH necessary.hAha nurse.
uiMeuKiH German.E-kaen-b German.HiMOH mute, dumb.Hixi not; if is not.
<i6a both.
odesbiiHa monkey, ape.66jiaKo cloud.
o66h tapestry.oCoHin.HK'b upholsterer.oCiuecTBo society, company,ofimiii common.oGHKHOBenie habit.
o6uKiioBenHO usually.o6HKiioBeHHUH Ordinary.o6ijtaTb dine.
ofiiA'b dinner.
oStmaTb to promise.o6a3aHHocTb obligation, duty.oBna sheep.oroHb fire.
o^iBaTb to dress,
osepo lake.
OKaHMBBaxb to finish.
OKHO window.6ko.io round, about; nearly.
OKpeCTHOCTb environs.
OKTfldpb October.
0.1eHb stag.
ondcHOCTL danger.oii&ciiBiii dangerous.onaxb again.
opeji eagle.
opyffiie weapon.opixi nut, walnut.
ocBo6oH:;;aTb to deliver.
ocBtiuaTb to promise.ocejii. ass, donkey.6ceHb autumn.ocM'fejHBaTbca to dare.
oc66eHHO particularly.ocxaBJiaTb to abandon, to leave.
ocxaBHTb to abandon, to quit.
ocxopoHCHufi careful.
ocxpoBi island.
ocxpHH sharp.ox-b from, out.
oxem father.
oxeiecxBo native country.
oxKpuBaxb to open, to discover.
oxoxHHK-b sportsman.oxoxHo willingly.OHCHb very much, greatly.
o^epeAb turn.
omadKa mistake.
najieuT. finger.iiaMiiTHHK'b monument.iiaMflXb memory.napoxoA'b steamer.
napi steam.
nacxyxT. shepherd.nene.Tb ashes.
nepBHri first.
nepeBojiHXb to translate.
nepe;^^ before.
nepo pen; feather.
neiajb sorrow.
ue4b to bake.
HMBO beer, ale.
iiiicaxb to write.
iiHCbMo letter.
iiHXb to drink.
njiaoaxb to swim.luaKaxb to weep, to cry.nJiaMii flame.
njaxiixb to pay.n.iaxbe dress.
iijieMH tribe.
iiJieMHHHHKx. nephew.ii.ieMflHHHua niece.
njoxo hardly; badly.
VOCABULAKY. 149
n.TomaAt place, square.110 after; by; out of; about.
iioBapt cook.
noBTopHTi, to repeat.
nor6,ta weather.
iioeAHHOKi) duel.
iiO/Ka.iyHCTa if you please.II03B0.1HTI) to allow.
1163A110 late.
iiOKa3HBaTB to show.
iiOKpuBdib to cover.
iioKviiaTb to buy.no-ie field.
no.ie3HHti useful.
no.ioBiiHa half.
iio.iyidTt to receive.
iioMoraxb to help, to assist.
noMoiub assistance.
noHeii-ibHHKi Monday.noHHMaib to understand.
iiO-iio.iyjnH afternoon.
lioiipaB-iHTb to correct, to mend.iiorib priest.
iiopnnaTb to blame.
iiopoKi vice.
iiopTHOH tailor.
iiopajOK'b order.
nocitjiuH last.
iiocTt after.
noc.it-3aBTpa the day after to-
morrow.noc6.ibCTBO embassy.noc6.Ti) ambassador.nocTe.ib bedstead.
iioctmaTb to visit.
iioctmeiiie visit.
iiocu.iaTb to send.
iiorepflTb to lose.
iioTOMv 'iTo why; because.
iiotomt. then, afterwards.
iio'iTH nearly.iiotMA'fc train.
iipaBH.ibHuii regular.
iipa:UiiHK7. festival.
iipe;tJiaraTb to offer.
iipeat^'ie before, sooner.
iipeoHpaxb to despise, to re-
gard with contempt.npeHMymecTBo advantage.
iipeKpaciiUH beautiful.
npeiWTCTBie obstacle.
npecTO-ii. throne.
iipH at, near, on, by.
npHO.iHjKaxbCH to approach.iipHouTb to arrive.
iipHBU'iKa custom, habit.
npHroTOB.ijiTb to prepare.
iipujieacHbifi diligent.
iipHsiipb example.iipuHocHTb to bring.
iipHxoAHTb to come.
npMHHHa cause, reason,
iipiixaib to arrive.
iipi«Te.ib friend.
iipiflTHuri agreeable.
iipoooBaxb to try.
npojaBarb to sell.
npocHTb to beg.
npocTOH simple.
npoTHBi. against,
npomaxb to pardon.iixHua bird.
iiycKaxb to let, to let go.
nycxoii empty.iiycxHiia desert.
nyxemecxBeHHHKi traveller.
iiyieuiecxBOBaxb to travel,
nie.ia bee.
irfcxyxb cock,
ntxb to sing.
iiaxHHua Friday.
pa66xa work.
po66xaxb to work.
paooxHHKi workman.
paBHHua plain, level ground.
paAOBaxbca to rejoice, to be glad,
paAocTb joy.
pajix. glad.
pa3Bt perhaps, then.
pasroBapHBaxb to dissuade.
pasroBopi, dialogue.
pa3jH4iiHfi <lifferent, distinct.
pa3HHii,a difference.
pasHHH different.
pa3CKa3T. tale, narrative.
pa3CKa;!biBaxb to tell,
to relate.
pasciaaxpHBaxb to view, to con-
template.
pascMoxpiiiie examination.
pa3i time; once.
paHa wound,
paHO soon.
pacKaiixbca to repent.
paciipocxpaHflTb to entend.
150 Vocabulary.
pacxeuie plant.
pBaxb to tear, to rend.
pori horn.
pOAHHa native country.
poAHxejiH parents.
poACXBeiiHHKi relation, relative.
poAT> gender.
poacjiaxbCfl to be born.
PoatAecxBo Christmas.
poacjteuie birth.
pojKb rye.
poaa rose.
poca dew.
pox't mouth.
pySamKa shirt.
pyatbe gun, rifle.
pyna hand; arm.
pyieft brook; rivulet.
piiSa fiph.
pM6aKT> fisherman.
ptAKiM rare, seldom.
pfaaxt to cut.
piKa river.
ptmaxb to decide.
p4uieHie decision.
pflAt row, tier.
casHXLCfl to sit down.ca;^6BHHK'L gardener.ca;tT, gardener.caM'b, caMUH self, same.canoF'L boot.
canoxHRKi) shoemaker.
caxapi sugar.
CBHAtxejib witness.
CBHHta swine, pig.
CBoCoAa freedom, liberty.
CBofiojtHUH free.
CBixiuibHHKi candlestick.
CBtx-b light; world.CB^nk candle.
CBasKa tie.
CBax6ii holy, saint.
cjt.iaxbcfl to become, to get.
ceroAHH to-day.ceriH^Cb diregtly.ceao village.ceMCHCXBO family.
ceHXfl6pb September.c^pjiue heart.
cepe6p6 silver.
cepe;ia Wednesday.cecxpa sister.
canixb to sit.
CHJia strength.CHjibHHH strong.chhIm blue.
CKa^axb to tell, to say.CKasieHKa bench.
CKopo soon, quickly.
CKopHH quick.CKoxii beast; cattle.
CKpoMHHH modest.
CKpuBaxb to hide.
CJaSuH weak.CJiaBa glory, renown.
CJiajidH sweet.
CJiOBapb dictionary.CJOBo word.
cjyra servant, footman.
cjiysaHKa maid-servant.
cjyatHXb to serve.
CJiyHafi accident, case.
cjiyiaxbCH to happen.CJiHinaxb to hear.
cJitjioBaxb to follow.
CJitjiyKiuiH following.CHomeHie intercourse.
cuiri. snow.coCaKa dog.
cofiepaxb to collect.
cofiopi cathedral.
co6paHie collection, assembly.coBtxHHK'b counsellor.
coBixt advice.
cojiAaxi soldier.
co-Tb salt.
cojHue sun.
coMHtnie doubt.coHT. sleep.
conpoBOHtjiaxb to accompany.conpoxHBJiAxbca to oppose, to
resist.
cocixb neighbour,cnaxb to sleep.ciioKoriHUH quite.ciioc66nuH able.
ciipauiHBaxb to ask, to inquire.
cpe;tHHa middle.
cpe^cxBo means,cxanaub drinking-glass.
cxapaxbCfl to endeavour.
cxapHK-b old man.
cxapocxa headman,
cxapyxa old woman.
i
Vocabulary. 151
crapufi old, ancient.
crojuo glass (pane of).
CTo.ib table.
CTojiapi joiner.
CTopoua side.
cxpana country, region.
CTpauiHuit terrible, awful.
CTporifi rigorous.
crpoHTt to build.
ciy.n, chair.
crvMaTi, to knock.
CTujHTbCH to be ashamed.CT'tHa wall.
cyooOTa Saturday.
cyMbH judge.
cyxoH dry.ciacT.iUBUH happy, lucky.cqacTte happiness, luck.
CHUTaxb to count.
cuHt son.
ci with; from.
ctBepi. north.
ctMfl seed.
cino hay.TaKffie also, too.
TaKOH such.
TaKi thus.
TaM7. there.
TBep,!,!!" hard.
Tearpi, theatre.
xe.ieHOKL calf.
TOMHufi dark.
TtMiepb now.Teii.iuii warm, lukewarm.
xepiiiHie patience.xexKa aunt.
xo.icxuH fat; big, thick, stout.
xo.ibKO only.xoHKifi thin.
xoiiopx hatchet.
xoproB-ih trade.
xoTb that.
xoiKa point.x64Ho exactly.
xpaBa herb, grass.
xpexifi third.
xpexbflro AHfl the day before
yesterday.
xpvAHuH difficult.
xpyAT. work, pains.
xy.ioBHme body, rump,xi.io body.
xtHb shadow.Tijate-iuH heavy.
yCi'iTb to kill.
yCuxoKi advantage.yCtiKaxb to run away.yfltioMJiyixb to inform.
yfltpaxb to assure.
yrpoHiaxb to threaten.
yroBapHsaxb to persuade.yrojii corner.
yrojib charcoal.
yia.iHXb to remove.
yAHB.ieHie astonishment.
y;iHB.iAxbCfl to wonder.
yjioBO.ibcxBie pleasure.
ynte already.
yatiiHaxb to sup.
yacHHT. supper.yrjKiH narrow.
y.iHua street.
yMHpaxi to die.
ynoxpe6jaxb to want.
ypOKi. lesson.
ycjoBie condition. ^
yciiixx. improvement; success.
yxKa duck.
yxpo morning.yTimaxb to console.
yxo ear.
yieHHKi. pupil, scholar.
ynenuH scholar, learned man.
yMH.iHme school.
y4Hxe.n. teacher, master.
viHTejibHHua school-mistress.
yHHXb to teach.
yiHXbCfl to learn.
^)aMH.ii« family.
(})eBpa.ib February.$panuiii France.
4>paimy;iCKiH French.
([jpaHU) ti Frenchman.XBa.iHXb to praise.
XHxpuH sly.x.ii6i> bread.
xoAiixi. to go.X03jiiiKa mistress, landlady.xo.3jinH'b master, landlord.
xciM-b hill.
xo.ioiHUH cold.
xoxf.xb to be willing, to wish.
xoxH although.
xpoM6B lame.
152 VOCABILARV,
xyate worse.
^BtcTH to flourish.
HBt.TOKi. flower.
URir-b colour.
i;epKOBb church,
uiua price,qaft tea.
HacTo often.
HacTfc part.HacH watch.
^acT. hour.
HBaiicTBo vanity.MejofitKi. man.HejioBtqecTBO mankind.
Hepest through.nepHH-ia ink.
HepHii.Ti>nHu,a inkstand.
nepHHH black.
^ecTB honour.
^exBepri Thursday.^HHOBHHK'b official, officer.
HHcao number; date.
hhcthR clean.
^HTaib to read.
HTO that; which; what.mt66u in order that.
HT0-HH6yjib something.qyBCTBOBaTb to feel.
Hvjio wonder.ntMi than.ineji neck.
inHp6Kiri broad.in-i/ina hat.
myTi'iTB to joke.meTKa brush.a6.ioKo apple.aB.ienie phenomenon.aauKT. language.
flHBapb January.iCHHH clear.
flfmo egg.H)n> south.
feajia drive.
i3lHTB to drive, to go.icTb to eat.
txaxb to ride, to go.
Printed by C. F. Winter, Darmstadt.
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