elements notes

8/4/2019 Elements Notes

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http://www.webelements.com/


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symbol name information

H hydrogen lightest gaseous element, flammable, diatomic H2

,

Hindenburg

He helium inert, 2nd lightest gas, monatomic, changes voice b/c

of low density, sun, majority in US from natural gas

extraction,

Li lithium lightest metal, reactive, batteries and medicine for

mental illness

Be beryllium rare, found in gems like emerald, a hardening agent inalloys

B boron ore Borax, (amorphous) brown powder, (crystalline)

black - 9.5 Moh's

National Helium Reserve


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September 11, 20

C carbon essential element for life, several allotropes, versatile

ex. graphite, diamond, charcoal

N nitrogen "noxious air" chief component of air (76%), diatomic,

unreactive as element very reactive in other molecules,used to blanket explosive environments, incandescent

light bulbs, triple bond!!!

ex. TNT, gunpowder, DNA, fertilizer

O oxygen essential for life, 21% atm., diatomic, reactive gas

ex. O2

, O3

F fluorine most reactive nonmetal (burn hcarb's), diatomic,

yellow-brown poisonous gas

ex. NaF toothpaste, teflon, CFC's

Ne neon inert gas, monatomic, used in "neon" signs



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September 11, 20

Na sodium reactive metal (explodes in H2O), found only in cmpd

in nature

ex. NaCl, Na+

/K+

pump

Mg magnesium fairly reactive metal, burns white in airex. MgO

Al aluminum lightweight unreactive metal

ex. airplanes and automobiles (fuel effeciency)

Si silicon metalloid, used in computer chips

P phosphorus reactive nonmetal (white and red),ex. match tips, fertilizer



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September 11, 20

S sulfur relatively unreactive nonmetal, yellow, smells like

rotten eggs

ex. volcanoes, sulfur water, explosives

Cl chlorine very reactive diatomic gas, poisonous, yellow-brown

ex. mustard gas, kills algae, bleaches clothes

Ar argon noble gas, monatomic

K potassium extremely reactive metal, necessary mineral

ex. Na+

/K+

pump

Ca calcium reactive metal,needed for strong teeth and bones



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21- Sc Scandium22- Ti Titanium23- V Vanadium24- Cr Chromium25- Mn Manganese26- Fe Iron27- Co Cobalt

28- Ni Nickel29- Cu Copper30- Zn Zinc47- Ag Silver50- Sn Tin60- Nd Neodymium79- Au Gold80- Hg Mercury82- Pb Lead92- U Uranium

I II37- Rb Rubidium 38- Sr Strontium55- Cs Cesium 56- Ba Barium87- Fr Francium 88- Ra Radium

VII VIII35- Br Bromine 36- Kr Krypton53- I Iodine 54- Xe Xenon85- At Astatine 86- Rn Radon

Assorted Other Elements


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Sulfur deposits at the cone of a volcano

Brown and Black Boron

http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/JCESoft/CCA/pirelli/pages/cca3glycerin.html

- nitrogen triiodide demo


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Trinitrotoluene - TNT

Nitroglycerin


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Approximately 20 kg (as Sc2O3) of scandium is used annually in the United States to makehigh-intensity discharge lamps.

The addition of scandium to aluminium limits the excessive grain growth that occurs in the heat-affected zone of welded aluminium components . This has two beneficial effects: the precipitatedAl3Sc forms smaller crystals than are formed in other aluminium alloys[20] and the volume ofprecipitate-free zones that normally exist at the grain boundaries of age-hardening aluminium alloys

is reduced.[21] Both of these effects increase the usefulness of the alloy. However, titanium alloys,which are similar in lightness and strength, are cheaper and much more widely used.[22]

The main application of scandium by weight is in aluminium-scandium alloys for minor aerospaceindustry components. These alloys contain between 0.1% and 0.5% of scandium. They were used inthe Russian military aircraft Mig 21 and Mig 29.

Some items of sports equipment, which rely on high performance materials, have been made withscandium-aluminium alloys, including baseball bats[23], lacrosse sticks, as well as bicycle[24]frames and components.

Scandium

Scandium is more common in the sun and certain stars than on

Earth

World production of scandium is in the order of2,000 kg per year as scandium oxide. The primaryproduction is 400 kg while the rest is from stockpiles of Russia created during the Cold War.


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Alloys-Chromium was regarded with great interest because of its high corrosionresistance and hardness. A major development was the discovery that steelcould be made highly resistant to corrosion and discoloration by addingchromium and nickel to form stainless steel.

Chromium

PaintsBecause of it's numerous oxidation number possibilities chromiumcompounds make a wide array of colorful compounds which are used inpaints.

GemsIt is also found in the mineralCROCOITE and the gem RUBY


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Cobalt Blue Glass Chickens

They're EVERYWHERE!

Cobalt-

Coloring Agent-Cobalt compounds have been used for centuries toimpart a rich blue color to glass, glazes, andceramics. Cobalt has been detected in Egyptiansculpture, Persian jewelry,the ruins of Pompeii and inChina dating from the Tang dynasty (AD 618907) andthe Ming dynasty (AD 13681644).

Radiation/Sterilization-Cobalt-60 (Co-60 or 60Co) is useful as a gamma ray source because it can beproduced in predictable quantity and high activity by simply exposing

natural cobalt to neutrons in a reactor for a period. Its uses includesterilization of medical supplies and medical waste, radiationtreatment of foods for sterilization (cold pasteurization)


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Copper-One common use for copper plating, widespread in the 1700s, was the sheathing of ships' hulls.Copper sheathing could be used to protect wooden hulled ships from algae, and from theshipworm "Teredo navalis", a saltwater clam. The ships of Christopher Columbus were amongthe earliest to have this protection.[17

Brass (Cu/Zn)

Bronze (Cu/Sn)

Cu


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Smelting involves more than just "melting the metal out of its ore". In

most ores, the metal is tightly combined with other elements, such asoxygen (as an oxide) or sulfur (as a sulfide). With the exception ofmercury oxide, which decomposes at about 500 C (932 F), these

compounds will resist temperatures much higher than those that canbe attained in a wood- or coal-burning furnace. Smelting therefore

requires providing suitable reducing substances that will combinewith those oxidizing elements, freeing the metal.

Historically, the first smelting processes used carbon (in the form of

charcoal) to reduce the oxides of tin (cassiterite, SnO2), copper(cuprite, CuO) and lead (Lead(II) oxide, PbO), and eventually iron(hematite, Fe2O3) according to the overall reactions

2 SnO2 + 2 C 2 Sn + 2 CO22 PbO + C 2 Pb + CO2

2 CuO + C 2 Cu + CO2

2 Fe2O3 + 3 C 4 Fe + 3 CO2


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