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An#bodies produced in B cells An#bodies are produced in B cells, which are a type of lymphocyte. B cells are produced in the bone marrow. Each B cell is gene#cally programmed to display a specific membranebound receptor. When a B cell encounters an an#gen (Ag) that binds to its receptor, it becomes an ac#vated B cell.

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An#bodies  produced  in  B  cells  

•  An#bodies  are  produced  in  B  cells,  which  are  a  type  of  lymphocyte.  

•  B  cells  are  produced  in  the  bone  marrow.  •  Each  B  cell  is  gene#cally  programmed  to  display  a  specific  membrane-­‐bound  receptor.  

•  When  a  B  cell  encounters  an  an#gen  (Ag)  that  binds  to  its  receptor,  it  becomes  an  ac#vated  B  cell.  

Ac#vated  B  cells  

•  Ac#vated  B  cells  divide  rapidly  and  differen#ate  into  two  types  of  cells:  – Plasma  cells  are  short-­‐lived,  and  produce  millions  of  an#body  (Ab)  molecules,  which  are  soluble  versions  of  the  membrane-­‐bound  receptor  specific  to  that  B  cell.  

– Memory  B  cells  produce  only  low  levels  of  Ab,  but  they  con#nue  to  grow  and  divide,  and  allow  for  a  rapid  response  upon  re-­‐exposure  to  the  Ag.  

Polyclonal  Ab  •  An#bodies  that  are  raised  in  response  to  an  exposure  to  a  par#cular  Ag  will  all  bind  to  the  Ag  in  slightly  different  ways.  

•  This  popula#on  of  Ab  is  known  as  polyclonal  an#bodies  and  will  all  recognize  different  epitopes  (binding  sites  for  Ab)  on  the  same  an#gen.  

•  Within  the  popula#on,  some  will  bind  with  higher  specificity  or  strength.  

Monoclonal  Ab  

•  OKen,  it  can  be  more  useful  to  work  with  a  single  Ab  whose  binding  is  uniform.  

•  In  that  case,  we  need  to  produce  monoclonal  an#bodies,  which  are  all  iden#cal  copies.  

•  This  needs  to  be  done  in  cell  culture,  fusing  B  cells  and  lymphoma  cells  (cancerous)  to  produce  immortal  hybridoma  cells  that  produce  the  Ab  of  interest.  

ELISA  

•  Enzyme-­‐linked  immunosorbent  assay  •  Uses  an#bodies  to  detect  molecules  that  are  present  in  such  low  concentra#ons  that  they  cannot  be  measured  directly.  

•  Most  forms  of  ELISA  are  qualita#ve,  not  quan#ta#ve,  so  we  only  know  if  our  target  is  present  or  not.    We  don’t  know  how  much  there  is.  

Direct  ELISA  

Simplest  form  of  ELISA,  a  labeled  primary  Ab  (1°  Ab*)  binds  to  the  an#gen  coated  on  the  well  of  a  plate.    We  can  do  a  detec#on  reac#on  to  see  if  molecule  is  present  or  not.    This  is  not  commonly  used.  

Indirect  ELISA  

More  common  form  of  simple  ELISA,  an  unlabeled  1°  Ab  binds  to  Ag  coated  on  well,  then  labeled  2°  Ab  binds  to  1°.    Detec#on  reac#on  shows  which  samples  have  the  molecule.        Also  called  an#body  capture  assay.  

An#gen  capture  An#gen  is  sandwiched  between  two  1°  Ab,  one  labeled  and  one  unlabeled,  which  is  bound  to  the  well.    This  is  used  only  for  assays  that  are  repeated  oKen,  like  pregnancy  tests.  Also  called  two-­‐site  capture  assay  or  sandwich  assay.    Ag  needs  to  be  large  enough  to  allow  binding  to  two  Ab  at  once.  

Compe##on  ELISA  

This  is  the  only  form  of  ELISA  that  can  give  you  data  about  how  much  of  your  an#gen  is  present.  

Quan#fying  your  assay  

•  Along  with  your  sample,  run  a  series  of  standards  with  known  amounts  of  unlabeled  an#gen.  

•  Set  up  a  standard  curve  with  the  absorbance  in  the  standard  wells  (aKer  the  detec#on  reac#on)  vs.  log  [Ag].  

•  Use  this  informa#on  to  determine  the  amount  of  an#gen  in  your  unknown  samples.  

Reac#on  Zone  Test  Zone  

Control  Zone  

At  RZ:  unbound  mouse  monoclonal  an#-­‐hCGβ  Ab*  

At  TZ:  bound  mouse  monoclonal  an#-­‐hCGα  Ab  

At  CZ:  bound  an#-­‐mouse  IgG  Ab  

Pregnancy  Tests  

Urine  travels  from  this  end  of  the  filter  paper,  through  reac#on  zone,  to  test  and  control  zones.  

Posi#ve  and  nega#ve  pregnancy  tests  

If  hCG  (            )  is  present:  

Complex  travels  upstream  with  urine  flow  

If  no  hCG  is  present:   An#bodies  

travel  upstream  with  urine  flow