elision is the loss of the final vowel of a word before a word beginning with a vowel or silent h we...

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FRENCH PHONETICS

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Page 1: Elision is the loss of the final vowel of a word before a word beginning with a vowel or silent h We use an apostrophe to replace the letter that is lost

FRENCH PHONETICS

Page 2: Elision is the loss of the final vowel of a word before a word beginning with a vowel or silent h We use an apostrophe to replace the letter that is lost

Elision

Elision is the loss of the final vowel of a word before a word beginning with a vowel or silent “h”

We use an apostrophe to replace the letter that is lost

Page 3: Elision is the loss of the final vowel of a word before a word beginning with a vowel or silent h We use an apostrophe to replace the letter that is lost

Elision (cont.)

The final letter Examples

e le, ne, de, me, te, se, je, que, jusque, lorsque, puisque, quoique

l’hôtel, n’a pas, d’Amérique, j’ai, m’a dit, t’aime, s’appelle, qu’il, jusqu’à midi, lorsqu’il est ici, puisqu’un avion vole

a la

l’amie, l’histoire, je l’aime

i si (before il and ils)

s’il vous plaît, s’ils parlent

Page 4: Elision is the loss of the final vowel of a word before a word beginning with a vowel or silent h We use an apostrophe to replace the letter that is lost

The silent “h”

Frequently, the “h” at the beginning of a word is silent, therefore it is necessary to make an elision. l’habitation from la habitation

l’histoire from la histoire l’horizon from le horizon

Page 5: Elision is the loss of the final vowel of a word before a word beginning with a vowel or silent h We use an apostrophe to replace the letter that is lost

The aspirated “h”

The aspirated “h” is not pronounced, but we do not make the elision le héros la harpe la hachette

It is impossible to guess if a word begins with the aspirated “h”. It is necessary to consult a dictionary.

Page 6: Elision is the loss of the final vowel of a word before a word beginning with a vowel or silent h We use an apostrophe to replace the letter that is lost

Liaison

The liaison forms a syllable appearing before a vowel into a generally silent final consonant sound

vous avez ils ont vous êtes c’est ici les amis en hiver chez elle son ami sans elle ont-ils nos amis très important

Page 7: Elision is the loss of the final vowel of a word before a word beginning with a vowel or silent h We use an apostrophe to replace the letter that is lost

Consonants in LiaisonThe letters s, x, z, t, r, p, g, f and n, are silent for the most part at the end of an isolated word, is pronounced in a liaison in the following manner:

Letters Sound Examples

s,x,z z nos enfants, beaux yeux

t,d t ont-ils, grand enfant

r r premier enfant

p p trop aimable (rare)

g g long été

f v neuf heures, neuf ans

f f neuf éléphants

n n en hiver, bon anniversaire

Page 8: Elision is the loss of the final vowel of a word before a word beginning with a vowel or silent h We use an apostrophe to replace the letter that is lost

Mandatory Liaison

Between a determinant and substenant: les amis, aux autres, ces enfants, quels idiots

Between a determinant and an adjective (or between an adjective and substenant): mes anciens élèves, trois amis, les gros arbres

Between one or two pronouns and a verb that follows, between a verb and a subject pronoun when it follows between a verb in the imperative and an object pronoun that follows: ils en ont, elles arrivent, comprend-il?, allez-y!

Page 9: Elision is the loss of the final vowel of a word before a word beginning with a vowel or silent h We use an apostrophe to replace the letter that is lost

Mandatory Liaison (cont.)

After an adverb or a monosyllable preposition: bien élevé, très inquiet, dans un accident,

après avoir bu Note: We don’t always do the liaison after pas,

plus, or vers (it’s optional): pas encore, plus élégant, vers elle

After the conjuction quand and the relative pronoun dont: quand on arrivera, le livre dont il parle

Page 10: Elision is the loss of the final vowel of a word before a word beginning with a vowel or silent h We use an apostrophe to replace the letter that is lost

Forbidden Liaison

After a substanent in the singular: son nez est petit, un robot intelligent

After the conjunction et: eux et elles

Before an aspirated “h”: En haut, les haricots, les hiboux

Before the words onze and oui: Les onze enfants, les oui

After the interrogative adverbs comment, quand, combien: Quand avez-vous fini? Except: Comment allez-vous?

Page 11: Elision is the loss of the final vowel of a word before a word beginning with a vowel or silent h We use an apostrophe to replace the letter that is lost

Forbidden Liaison (cont.)

In the plural composed words: salles à manger, arcs-en-ciel, brosses à dents

Between ils, elles, or on and an indentifer or past participle following: Sont-ils arrivés?, Vont-elles entrer?

Page 12: Elision is the loss of the final vowel of a word before a word beginning with a vowel or silent h We use an apostrophe to replace the letter that is lost

Group Exercises

Page 13: Elision is the loss of the final vowel of a word before a word beginning with a vowel or silent h We use an apostrophe to replace the letter that is lost

LES ACCENTS Change the sound of the letter

Change the meaning of the wordReplaces a letter in old French

Changes nothingExtremely important in French!!!

We use accents only on vowels and under the letter “c”.

Page 14: Elision is the loss of the final vowel of a word before a word beginning with a vowel or silent h We use an apostrophe to replace the letter that is lost

L’accent aigu

Only found over the letter “e” in French Gives the letter the sound of “ay” Examples:

été, activité, changé, cinéma, élégant The accent “aigu” replaces the letter “s”

in old French. étranger

Page 15: Elision is the loss of the final vowel of a word before a word beginning with a vowel or silent h We use an apostrophe to replace the letter that is lost

L’accent grave

The “grave” accent is found above the letters “a” and “u” without changing the sound.

Here it represents a change in meaning là and la où and ou

The “grave” accent is found above the letter “e” to change the sound to “eh”. père, mère, frère, scène, très

Page 16: Elision is the loss of the final vowel of a word before a word beginning with a vowel or silent h We use an apostrophe to replace the letter that is lost

L’accent circonflexe (aka “Le petit chapeau” – “the little hat”)

The circumflex accent can be found above any vowel, but does not really change the sound of the vowel âne, bâtiment, il chantât, tête, être, fête, île,

côte, bientôt, bûche, sûr, goût notre and nôtre votre and vôtre

The circumflex accent replaces the letter “s” in old French, too. forêt

Page 17: Elision is the loss of the final vowel of a word before a word beginning with a vowel or silent h We use an apostrophe to replace the letter that is lost

L’accent tréma

The tréma accent can be found above any vowel when two vowels are found together, but it is necessary to pronounce them separately. Noël héroïne maïs haïr

Page 18: Elision is the loss of the final vowel of a word before a word beginning with a vowel or silent h We use an apostrophe to replace the letter that is lost

L’accent cédille

The cédille accent is only found under the letter “c” to create the sound “s” before vowels “a”, “o” and “u”. Ça va?, Nous commençons, il a aperçu

If the letter “c” is followed by “e” or “i”, it also has the sound “s”. centre, ceci, cela

In general, the letter “c” has the sound “k”. carton, colère, cuire

Page 19: Elision is the loss of the final vowel of a word before a word beginning with a vowel or silent h We use an apostrophe to replace the letter that is lost

Group exercises

Page 20: Elision is the loss of the final vowel of a word before a word beginning with a vowel or silent h We use an apostrophe to replace the letter that is lost

Consonants

Several French consonants have the same pronunciation as the English equivalent: b, d, f, k, l, m, n, p, s, t, v, z

un bouton un dictionnaire une fille un klaxon une lampe une noix une poubelle un singe un trottoir une vase un zèbre

Page 21: Elision is the loss of the final vowel of a word before a word beginning with a vowel or silent h We use an apostrophe to replace the letter that is lost

Final Consonants

Usually, consonants at the end of the word are not pronounced

Here are the exceptions: c, r, f, l (the CaReFuL rule)

lac chic parc sac tour par pour finir chef bref soif actif mal bel sel fil

Attention! Here are the exceptions to the exceptions!!: tabac estomac parler tomber clef cerf sourcil nombril

Page 22: Elision is the loss of the final vowel of a word before a word beginning with a vowel or silent h We use an apostrophe to replace the letter that is lost

The Other Consonants

Consonant English equivalent Examples

c + a, o, u c in car carton, code, cube

c + e, i s in sent cent, citrouille

ch sh in machine chaise

g + a, o, u; gu + e, i, y

g in go garçon, gobelin, Gustave, gueule, guide, Guyane

g + e, i zh in measure geler, girafe

gn ny in union geignard, espagnol

j zh in measure je, jupe

Page 23: Elision is the loss of the final vowel of a word before a word beginning with a vowel or silent h We use an apostrophe to replace the letter that is lost

The Other Consonants (cont.)

Consonant English equivalent Examples

h Always silent or aspirated

hôtel, hôpital, héros

q; qu k in kind qui, quand, quart

r r in the back of the throat

racine, rue, cœur

s (between 2 vowels) z in zero désert

t (-tion) s in sea solution

th t in tea thé,théorie

x (before a vowel) egz in legs exemple

x (before a consonant)

ex in excel excellent

Page 24: Elision is the loss of the final vowel of a word before a word beginning with a vowel or silent h We use an apostrophe to replace the letter that is lost

Group exercises

Page 25: Elision is the loss of the final vowel of a word before a word beginning with a vowel or silent h We use an apostrophe to replace the letter that is lost

Semi-vowels

There are three semi-vowels (also called semi-consonants).

The sounds of the semi-vowels are more closed than the vowels but not as closed as consonants.

The three sounds are: [j] [ɥ] [w]

Page 26: Elision is the loss of the final vowel of a word before a word beginning with a vowel or silent h We use an apostrophe to replace the letter that is lost

The Sound [j]

y i + vowel (ï + vowel)

vowel + il vowel + ill + vowel

yaourt hier ail ailleurs

yeux ciel bail fille

balayer lion éveil billet

moyen bien œil bailler

crayon aïl deuil cuillère

Page 27: Elision is the loss of the final vowel of a word before a word beginning with a vowel or silent h We use an apostrophe to replace the letter that is lost

The Sound [ɥ]

u + i u + y u + e u + a

lui ennuyeux situé situation

depuis appuyer exténuer évaluation

fruit

ennui

Page 28: Elision is the loss of the final vowel of a word before a word beginning with a vowel or silent h We use an apostrophe to replace the letter that is lost

The Sound [w]

ou + voyelle oi oy oin

oui moi moyen loin

ouest roi loyal coin

ouate emploi voyage poing

mouette bonsoir aboyer besoin

Page 29: Elision is the loss of the final vowel of a word before a word beginning with a vowel or silent h We use an apostrophe to replace the letter that is lost

Group exercise

Un lion sommeille à Lyon. Un lion à Lyon sommeille. À Lyon, un lion sommeille. À Lyon sommeille un lion.

Louise fuit Louis qui l’ennuie. Louis prend soin de lui. Chien qui aboie ne mord pas. Le monde appartient à celui qui se lève

tôt.

Page 30: Elision is the loss of the final vowel of a word before a word beginning with a vowel or silent h We use an apostrophe to replace the letter that is lost

Vowels

Vowel English Equivalent Examples

a, à, â ah in mama chat, là, château

é, er and ez (at the end), es, ai, et

ay in day été, chanter, dansez, les, serai, et

e (followed by a consonant)

uh in the je, me, te, se, recherche, jeter

è, ê, e (followed by two consonants), ais, ait

eh in get très, forêt, j’appelle, je faisais, il finirait

Page 31: Elision is the loss of the final vowel of a word before a word beginning with a vowel or silent h We use an apostrophe to replace the letter that is lost

Vowels (cont.)

Vowel English Equivalent Examples

i, î, y, ui i in magazine si, île, stylo, guide

ill, il (preceded by a vowel)

y in you bouteille, appareil

o, ô, au, eau o in go nos,vos, nôtre, vôtre, chaud, peau

o (followed by a consonant in place of “s”)

oh in love notre, votre, pomme, jolie

Page 32: Elision is the loss of the final vowel of a word before a word beginning with a vowel or silent h We use an apostrophe to replace the letter that is lost

Vowels (cont.)

Vowel English Equivalent Examples

ou, où, oû oo in boot toujours, où, ça coûte

oy, oi wah in watch loyal, royal, mois, coin

u, û NONE menu, sûr

Page 33: Elision is the loss of the final vowel of a word before a word beginning with a vowel or silent h We use an apostrophe to replace the letter that is lost

Group Exercises

Page 34: Elision is the loss of the final vowel of a word before a word beginning with a vowel or silent h We use an apostrophe to replace the letter that is lost

Nasals

Nasals Examples

an, en, am, em, aon dans, cent, chambre, temps, paon, faon

in, ain, im, aim pin, pain, simple, faim

ien bien, rien, combien

oin loin, moins

on, om ton, bon, combien, tombe

un, um chacun, quelqu’un, parfum

Page 35: Elision is the loss of the final vowel of a word before a word beginning with a vowel or silent h We use an apostrophe to replace the letter that is lost

Group Exercises