Elizabeth C. RodriguezJessica Pettyjohn

Chapter 11Week 10

Elizabeth C. RodriguezJessica Pettyjohn

Chapter 11Week 10

Motivation is the process of instigating and sustaining goal-directed behavior.

Motivation is the process of instigating and sustaining goal-directed behavior.

What is Motivation?What is Motivation?

The Model of Motivated Learning reflects a cognitive model because it views motivation arising largely from thoughts and beliefs. This model portrays three phases:

Phase I: Pre-task

Phase II: During Task

Phase III: Post-task

This is a convenient way to think about the changing role of motivation during learning.

Model of Motivated LearningModel of Motivated Learning

Model of Motivated Learning Example

Historical Perspectives of MotivationHistorical Perspectives of Motivation

1. Drive Theory: was the motivational force that energized and prompted people into action

2. Conditioning Theory: explains motivation in terms of responses elicited by stimuli or emitted in the presence of stimuli

3. Cognitive Consistency Theory: assumes that motivation results from interactions of cognitions and behaviors

4. Humanistic Theory: as applied to learning is largely constructivist and emphasizes cognitive and affective processes. It addresses people’s capabilities and potentials as they make choices and seek control over their lives.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

This hierarchy helps teachers understand and create an environment to enhance learning.

Achievement MotivationAchievement Motivation

Achievement Motivation refers to striving to be competent in effortful activities (Elliot & Church, 1997)

Examples of historical foundations of achievement motivation theory include:

* Expectancy-Value Theory

* Familiar Influences

* Fear of Success

Example of Model of Achievement Example of Model of Achievement MotivationMotivation

Achievement Motivation Achievement Motivation

Various factors in the social world affect the types of cognitive processes and motivational beliefs that students have.

Social influences include factors associated with culture, the behaviors of important socialization influences in the person’s environment and past performance outcomes.

Students’ initial motivational beliefs center on goals, task-specific self-concepts, and perceptions of task difficulty.

Attribution TheoryAttribution Theory

In his model, Weiner outlined the processes through which learners form causal beliefs (Weiner 1985, 2005). A basic assumption of Weiner's model of attributions is that learners are affected by both environmental factors (e.g., characteristics of the students' home or school) and by personal factors (e.g., prior experiences and prior knowledge). These background variables affect the types of attributions that individuals are likely to make.

Weiner’s Model of Casual AttributionWeiner’s Model of Casual Attribution

Social Cognitive TheorySocial Cognitive Theory• Important to pay attention to the link between motivation and

learning• Goals and expectations are learning mechanisms

• Goals and Expectations• Goal setting and self-evaluation of goal progress• Outcome expectations & self-efficacy• Bandura (1986) reinforcement informs people about the likely

outcomes of behaviors and motivates them to behave in ways they believe will result in positive consequences

• Important to pay attention to the link between motivation and learning

• Goals and expectations are learning mechanisms

• Goals and Expectations• Goal setting and self-evaluation of goal progress• Outcome expectations & self-efficacy• Bandura (1986) reinforcement informs people about the likely

outcomes of behaviors and motivates them to behave in ways they believe will result in positive consequences

Social ComparisonSocial Comparison

• The process of comparing ourselves with others

• Positive effect on learning, increases self efficacy of others

• Developmental level is important – ability to use comparative information depends on cognitive level

• Social comparison changes with levels of development, especially in school environments

• The process of comparing ourselves with others

• Positive effect on learning, increases self efficacy of others

• Developmental level is important – ability to use comparative information depends on cognitive level

• Social comparison changes with levels of development, especially in school environments

Goal TheoryGoal Theoryo Goal theory states that important relations exist

among goals, expectations, attributions, conceptions of ability, motivational orientations, social and self comparisons, and achievement behaviors (Ames, 1992)

o Different from goal setting theory – goal theory explains and predicts students’ achievement behaviors

o Goal orientation – refers to the purpose and focus of an individual’s engagement in achievement activities

o Goal theory states that important relations exist among goals, expectations, attributions, conceptions of ability, motivational orientations, social and self comparisons, and achievement behaviors (Ames, 1992)

o Different from goal setting theory – goal theory explains and predicts students’ achievement behaviors

o Goal orientation – refers to the purpose and focus of an individual’s engagement in achievement activities

Goal OrientationsGoal Orientations• Student’s reasons for engaging in academic tasks – a

variety• Learning goal is what knowledge, behavior, skill or

strategy students are to acquire• Learning goals focus students’ attention on processes and

strategies that help them acquire capabilities and improve their skills

• Performance goal is what task students are to complete• Performance goals focus attention on completing tasks• There are emotional consequences of motivation in a

school setting

• Student’s reasons for engaging in academic tasks – a variety

• Learning goal is what knowledge, behavior, skill or strategy students are to acquire

• Learning goals focus students’ attention on processes and strategies that help them acquire capabilities and improve their skills

• Performance goal is what task students are to complete• Performance goals focus attention on completing tasks• There are emotional consequences of motivation in a

school setting

Conceptions of AbilityConceptions of Ability• Two theories of intelligence: entity and incremental• Entity theory is the belief that intelligence is

relatively fixed, stable, and unchanging over time and with conditions (Difficulties = obstacles)

• Incremental theory roughly equates intelligence with learning, that intelligence can change and increase with experience, effort and learning (Difficulties = challenges)

• Two theories of intelligence: entity and incremental• Entity theory is the belief that intelligence is

relatively fixed, stable, and unchanging over time and with conditions (Difficulties = obstacles)

• Incremental theory roughly equates intelligence with learning, that intelligence can change and increase with experience, effort and learning (Difficulties = challenges)

Implications for TeachingImplications for Teaching

Perceptions of ControlPerceptions of Control• Perceived control

over task engagement and outcomes is critical

• Control Beliefs – • Strategy Beliefs• Capacity Beliefs• Control Beliefs

• Perceived control over task engagement and outcomes is critical

• Control Beliefs – • Strategy Beliefs• Capacity Beliefs• Control Beliefs

Learned HelplessnessLearned Helplessness• A psychological state

involving a disturbance in motivation, cognitive processes, and emotions because of previously experienced uncontrollability

• A psychological state involving a disturbance in motivation, cognitive processes, and emotions because of previously experienced uncontrollability

Students with Learning Problems

Students with Learning Problems

• Learned helplessness is experienced by many students with learning problems

• Lower expectations, judge themselves lower in ability & emphasize lack of ability

• Females may be more helpless orientated • Reading deficiencies make problems

worse• Teachers can help these students!

• Learned helplessness is experienced by many students with learning problems

• Lower expectations, judge themselves lower in ability & emphasize lack of ability

• Females may be more helpless orientated • Reading deficiencies make problems

worse• Teachers can help these students!

Self ConceptSelf ConceptRefers to one’s collective self- perceptions:

• Formed through experiences with and interpretations of the environment and

• Heavily influenced by reinforcements and evaluations by significant other person

Important multidimensional parts: Self-Esteem, Self-Confidence, Self-Concept Stability, Self-Crystallization

Refers to one’s collective self- perceptions: • Formed through experiences with and

interpretations of the environment and• Heavily influenced by reinforcements and

evaluations by significant other person

Important multidimensional parts: Self-Esteem, Self-Confidence, Self-Concept Stability, Self-Crystallization

Four Sources of Intrinsic Motivation

Four Sources of Intrinsic Motivation

1. Challenge 2. Curiosity3. Control4. Fantasy

Intrinsic Motivation vs. Extrinsic Motivation

1. Challenge 2. Curiosity3. Control4. Fantasy

Intrinsic Motivation vs. Extrinsic Motivation

Motivation & Self-RegulationMotivation & Self-Regulation

Volition – the act of using the will for one’s wants

Values – students opinion of learning

Self-Schemas – cognitive manifestations of goals, aspirations, fears and threats

Help Seeking – self-regulation fosters asking for help

Volition – the act of using the will for one’s wants

Values – students opinion of learning

Self-Schemas – cognitive manifestations of goals, aspirations, fears and threats

Help Seeking – self-regulation fosters asking for help

Summary & QuestionsSummary & Questions