eljijthjk: murpay tpqqhd matpy gjpa kugpd vorrpak tpor;rpak; · “ kalam” journal vol. ix.(1),...

“ KALAM” Journal Vol. IX.(1), 2015 of Faculty of Arts and Culture, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka

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elj;ijthjk;:

murpay; tpQ;Qhd Ma;tpy; Gjpa kugpd; vOr;rpAk; tPo;r;rpAk;

vk;.V.vk;.ngsru; tpupTiuahsh;>murpay; tpQ;Qhdj; Jiw> ,yq;if njd;fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;

[email protected]

Ma;Tr; RUf;fk; murpay;rhh; fy;tpj; Jiwapid tpQ;Qhd uPjpahdjhf khw;Wtjw;fhd Kaw;rpfs; jw;fhy murpay; rpe;jidahsh;fshy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;L te;jd. mk;Kaw;rpfspd; ntspg;ghlhf elj;ijthjk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. xU ,af;fkhf; Gul;rpahf; mZFKiwahf; Nfhl;ghlhf milahsg;gLj;jg;gLk; ,e;elj;ijthj kuG ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dNu gpugy;akile;jJ. gpd;ehl;fspy; ,k;kugpy; Vw;gl;l tsh;r;rpfs; mJrhh;e;j Gjpa rPh;jpUj;jg; gFjpnahd;W cUthf toptFj;jJ. ,r;rPh;jpUj;jg; gFjp gpd;te;j elj;ijthjk; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,g;Gjpa kuG gioa kugpid fLikahfr; rhbaJld; murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpy; Gjpa Nfhl;ghl;Lj; jsq;fs; cUthfTk; toptpl;lJ. ,t;tpU elj;ijthj kuGfSk; jkf;fpilNa njspthd NtWghLfis ntspg;gLj;jp epd;wJld; murpay; tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tp tsh;r;rpf;F njhlh;Njh;r;rpahd gq;fspg;gpid toq;fptUfpd;wd. ,g;gpd;Gyj;jpy; ,f;fl;Liu elj;ijthjk;> gpd;te;j elj;ijthjk; Mfpa ,U Nfhl;ghl;L kuGfis guprPypj;J mt;tpU kuGfSk; murpay; tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tpf;F toq;fpa gq;fspg;gpid kjpg;gPL nra;fpd;wJ. ,f;fl;Liuf;fhd juTfs; Gyikrhh; ,yf;fpaq;fspypUe;J ngwg;gl;Ls;sJld; gFg;gha;Tk; KbTfSk; tpghpg;GKiwapy; jug;gl;Ls;sd.

gpujhd nrhw;fs;: murpay; tpQ;Qhdk;> elj;ijthjk;> gpd;te;j elj;ijthjk;

1. mwpKfk; ePz;lfhykhf murpay;rhh; Ma;tpd; mbg;gilfshf tpsq;fpa muR> murhq;fk;> murpay; epWtdk; Nghd;w mk;rq;fspy; kl;Lky;yhky; murpaypy; gq;Fnfhs;fpd;w kdpjh;fSila elj;ijfs; gw;wpAk; Ma;T nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;jpd; tpisthfj; Njhw;wk; ngw;wNj elj;ijthjkhFk;. ,k;kuG ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w kpf Kf;fpakhd tsh;r;rpahf milahsg;gLj;jg;gLtJld; capupay; Ma;T KiwapaypUe;J r%f tpQ;Qhdj;jpw;F mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJkhFk;.

gpw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; elj;ijthjj;jpy; Vw;gl;l tsh;r;rpfSk; tpkh;rdq;fSk; Gjpa Ma;T El;g Kiwfis mwpKfk; nra;jJld; murpay; tpQ;Qhd Ma;Tg; gug;gpidAk; tp];jupj;jJ. elj;ijthjj;jpy; Vw;gl;l Kiwapay; rhh; ,t;tsh;r;rpapid gpd;te;j elj;ijthjk; vd miog;gh;. ,t;tpU Ma;T KiwfSk; njspthd NtWghl;L mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;s NghjpYk; murpay; tpQ;Qhd fy;tp tsh;r;rpf;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gq;fspg;gpid toq;fpAs;sd.

2. elj;ijthjk; (Behavioralism) elj;ijthjk; vd;w nrhy; Kjyhk; cyf kfh Aj;jfhyj;jpy; gutyhfg; Ngrg;gl;l

NghjpYk; mnkhpf;f ClftpayhsuhdFrank Kentvd;gtNu 1928,y; ,r;nrhy;ypid Kjd;

Kjyhfg; gad;gLj;jpdhh;.

,jd;gbKent‘murpay; elj;ij (Political Behavior)’vd;w ngahpy; xU Gj;jfj;jpid

vOjp mjd; %yk; ‘elj;ijthjk;’ vDk; nrhy;ypid mwpKfk; nra;jhh;. ,tiuaLj;J

Herbert Tingstonvd;gtUk; jdJ vOj;Jf;fspy; murpay; elj;ij vd;w

gjj;jpidg; gad;gLj;jyhdhh;.Tingston 1937,y; ‘Njh;jy; Gs;sptpguk;rhh; murpay;

elj;ijf; fw;iffs; (Political Behaviour Studies in Election Statistics)’vd;w jiyg;gpy; xU Gj;jfj;ij vOjpdhh; (Agarwal, 1999). ,e; E}ypd; %yk; Tingston elj;ijthjr; nrhy;yhlypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid ntspf;nfhz;L te;jhh;.

vdpDk; 1908Mk; Mz;L fhyg;gFjpapy; fpu`k; nthy]; kw;Wk; Mh;jh; v/g;. ngd;l;yp MfpNahh; murpaypd; cz;ikahd Njhw;wg;ghL Fwpj;j Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jdh;.nthy]; jdpkdpjh;fspd; cstpay; gw;wpa fw;if ,d;wp murpay; fw;ifahdJ nghUsw;wJ vd thjpl;lJld; jdpkdpjh;fspd; elj;ij vy;yh murpay; Njhw;wg;ghLfspYk; Kf;fpakhd gq;fpid tfpf;fpd;wJ vd;gjid vLj;Jf;fhl;bdhh;. mNjNtis ngd;l;yp FOf;fspd; tfpghfk; gw;wpa thjq;fis Kd;itj;J jdpkdpjh;fspd; elj;ij gw;wpa fw;ifapd; mtrpaj;jpid ntspf;nfhz;L te;jhh;. 1921,y; rhh;y;]; <. nkhpak; murpay;

mailto:[email protected]


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fw;ifahdJ tpQ;Qhd uPjpahdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vdf; $wpdhh;. N[hh;[; fl;yPd; msT uPjpahd cUthf;fk;> tifg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; mtjhdj;jpw;fhd kpfTk; EZf;fkhd El;gq;fspd; tpUj;jp kw;Wk; gad;ghl;bw;fhf

Fuy;nfhLj;jhh; (Agarwal, 1999). ,t;thwhf ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gg; gFjpapypUe;J murpay; tpQ;Qhd Ma;tpy; xU Gjpa kugpid cUthf;Ftjw;fhd Kaw;rpfs; vLf;fg;gl;ld.

mbg;gilapy; elj;ijthjk; xU ,af;fkhfNt Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jid nuhgh;l; V. lhy; vd;gthpd; thh;j;ijapy;

$Wtjdhy; elj;ijthjk; vd;gJ “murpay;

muq;fpDs; cUthd xU vjph;g;gpaf;fkhFk;” (Manivasagar,1996). vdpDk; mJnthU Ma;T KiwNah mZFKiwNah my;y vdf; $WNthUk; cz;L. ,t; vjph;g;gpaf;fk; njhlh;ghf vOe;j tpthjq;fSk; fUj;JiufSk; murpay; Nfhl;ghLfspy; xU gphpthf elj;ijthjk; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLtjw;F toptpl;lJ. ,t;tpiztpw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jth;fSs; rhh;y;]; <. nkhpak;> nuhgh;l; V. lhy;> `Nuhy;l; yh];nty;> Nltpl; &kd;> T+l;Nuh tpy;rd;> N[k;]; gpiw];> nkf;]; ntgh;> Mjh; v/g;. ngd;l;yp> fpu`k; nthy];> Nltpl; <];ld;> N`h;gh;l; irkd; MfpNahh;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;fshth; (Agarwal, 1999). ,th;fSs; rhh;y;]; <. nkhpak; elj;ijthjj;Jld; ,ize;j murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; Gyikrhh; je;ijahf th;zpf;fg;gLfpd;whh;. ,th; mnkhpf;f murpay; tpQ;Qhd rq;fj;jpd; jiytuhf ,Ue;J murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpy; Gjpa kugpid cUthf;fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jJld; If;fpa mnkhpf;fhtpy; murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpw;fhd jdpahd Jiwapid tpUj;jp nra;tjpYk;

Kf;fpa gq;fhw;wpdhh; (Manivasagar,1996).

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l Gyikrhh; Ma;thsh;fs; murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpid Kiwg;gbaike;jxU fw;ifahfTk; mjpfsT tpQ;Qhdj; jd;ikkpf;fjhfTk; khw;Wtjw;F Kaw;rpfis vLj;jJld; xg;gPl;L murhq;fk; gw;wpa fw;ifapy; mjpf Mh;tk; nfhz;bUe;jdh;. mNjNtis cs;@uhl;rp murhq;fk;> rh;tNjr cwTfs;> murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk;> nghJj;Jiw eph;thfk; Nghd;w murpay; tpQ;Qhdf; fw;ifg; gphpTfis kuGuPjpahd mZFKiwfspypUe;J tpLgl;L elj;ijthj El;gq;fspd; Clhf Ma;T nra;a Ntz;Lk; vdTk; typAWj;jpdh;.

nrhw;gj mbg;gilapy; elj;ijthj kughdJ tuyhw;W> rl;l kw;Wk; Vida KiwfspypUe;J NtWgl;lJk; Neh;f;fhl;rp thjj;Jld; Neubahfj; njhlh;Ggl;lJkhFk;. ,k;kughdJ tpjpfspd; gpur;rpid gw;wpNa $Ljy; ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. cWjpahd mbg;gilfs;> fl;likg;Gf;fs;> kdpj ,ay;G kw;Wk; elj;ijAld; njhlh;ghd epfo;Tfs; vd;gtw;wpid tpl jdpkdpjh;fspdJk; FOf;fspdJk; elj;ijfisf; fw;gjpNyNa mJ mjpf mOj;jk; nfhLf;fpd;wJ. NkYk; elj;ijthjk; cstpay; kw;Wk; r%ftpay; khwpfspy; $ba ftdk; nrYj;JtJld; vjph;fhy Ma;tpid Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;fhd topapidAk; jpwe;J tpl;Ls;sJ. elj;ijthjpfisg; nghWj;j tiuapy; mth;fs; ngWkhdq;fs; kw;Wk; Cfq;fspd; ek;gpf;if nfhs;stpy;iy. khw;wkhf ngWkhdq;fs; kw;Wk; Cfq;fspy; ek;gpf;if nfhz;Ls;s kuGthjpfis mth;fs; kpff; fLikahf tpkh;rpf;fpd;wdh;

(Manivasagar,1996).

,j;jifanjhU elj;ijthj ,af;fk; ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;dh; If;fpa mnkhpf;fhtpNyNa gpugy;akile;jJ. Fwpg;ghf rpe;jdhuPjpahd ,t;tpaf;fk; Jiwapilrhh; mZFKiwapy; mOj;jk; nfhLj;jJld; kuGuPjpahd murpay; mZFKiwapy; ek;gpf;if ,oe;j xU njhFjp Gyikahsh;fisAk; cs;slf;fpapUe;jJ. ,r;rpe;jidg; gphptpdh; jj;Jthh;j;j> epWtd> tuhyhw;W mZFKiwfs; njhlh;gpy; Kw;WKOjhfj; jpUg;jpAw;wpUe;jdh;. ,jdhy; elj;ijthjk; rhjhuz vjph;g;gpaf;fkhf md;wp xU ngUk; Gul;rp ,af;fkhf murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpy;

cUntLj;jJ (Manivasagar,1996).

elj;ijthjj;jpd;gb murpay; Kiwik

vd;gJ ‘nraw;ghLfspd; elj;ij Kiwik’ vdg; nghUs; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.gz;GuPjpahd kw;Wk; Gs;sptpgutpay; uPjpahd juTfs; cl;gl tpdhf;nfhj;J kw;Wk; Vida tpQ;Qhd KiwfisAk; elj;ijthjk; jkJ Ma;tpw;F gad;gLj;j Kide;jJ. ,jd;gb elj;ijthjpfs; kdpj elj;ijapd; cz;ik epiy gw;wpa Ma;tpy; ftdk; nrYj;jpdh;. ,jd; %yk; kdpj elj;ijfspd; mbg;gilahd mk;rq;fisAk; mth;fs; milahsg;gLj;jpdh;. mit jiyikj;Jtk;> murpay; FOf;fs;> nghJ[d mgpg;gpuhak;> gpujpepjpj;Jtk;> fl;rp xOq;fikg;G

vd;gdthFk; (Johari, 1989).

vdpDk; elj;ijthjpfs; vjph;nfhz;l

Kf;fpa gpur;rpid ‘Ntz;Lk;(OUGHT)’vd;w


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nrhy;ypid ‘,Ug;gJ (IS)’ vd;w nrhy;ypdhy; khw;wpaikg;gJ gw;wpajhf ,Ue;jJ. ,k; khWjy; $l eilKiwrhh; Kiwapaiyg; gpd;gw;wpajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd mth;fs; thjpl;ldh;. ,q;F

‘Ntz;Lk;’ vd;gJ ngWkhdq;fspd; (,yl;rpaj;jpd;) Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidAk;

‘,Ug;gJ’ vd;gJ ajhh;j;jj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidAk; Fwpg;gjhf mth;fs;

fUjpdh; (Agarwal, 1999).

,jdhy; ngWkhdq;fis ajhh;j;jq;fshy; khw;WtJ elj;ijthjpfspdJ Kf;fpa ftdkhf ,Ue;jJ. ,k;khWjy;

nrad;KiwAld; njhlh;Ggl;ltifapy; Bone kw;Wk; Ranney MfpNahh; thf;fspg;G elj;ijapy; xOq;fikg;G uPjpahd nraw;ghLfs;> xOq;fikg;Gf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;gth;fs;> mgpg;gpuhak; njhptpf;Fk; jiyth;fs;> thf;fhsh;fs;> thf;fhsh; my;yhNjhh; kw;Wk; murpay; Mh;tkw;Nwhh; vd MW gFjpapdiuf; fUj;jpw;nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh; (Rathod, 2004).

,e;jtifapy; murpay; tpQ;Qhd tsh;r;rpg; Nghf;fpy; Gul;rpfu khw;wj;jpid Vw;gLj;jpa xU Gjpa kughf elj;ijthjj;jpidg; ghh;f;f KbAk;. Nltpl; gP. &kdpd; ghh;itapy; ,k;kuG Fwpg;gpl;l Ma;T KiwAld; $baJk; ghpNrhjidrhh; KiwfSf;F Kjd;ikahd mOj;jk; jUtJkhFk;.

3. elj;ijthjj;jpd; gz;Gfs; murpay; tpQ;Qhd Ma;tpy; GjpanjhU kuG vd;wtifapy; elj;ijthjkhdJ mjw;Nf chpj;jhd rpy jdpj;Jtkhd gz;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mj;jifa vl;L gz;GfisNltpl; <];ld; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

,t; vl;Lg; gz;GfisAk; ‘murpay;

elj;ijthjj;jpd; Gyikrhh; jj;Jtq;fs;’ vd miog;gh;. mitahtd (Agarwal, 1999):

1. xOq;FghLfs; (Regularities): murpay; elj;ijapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xUikg;ghbd;ikfs; cs;sNghjpYk; Kiwg;gbaike;j Nfhl;ghnlhd;wpd; %yk; kdpj elj;ijfis xOq;FgLj;jp nghJikg;gLj;j KbAk;.

2. nka;g;gpj;jy; (Verification): nka;g;gpf;fg;gl Kbahj ve;jnthd;Wk; tpQ;Qhdkhf ,Uf;f KbahJ. vdNtjhd; xt;nthd;Wk; ghpNrhjpf;fg;gl;L nka;g;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

3. El;gq;fs; (Techniques): tpQ;Qhd uPjpahd juTfisg; ngWtjw;Fk;

mtw;wpid tpghpg;gjw;Fk; rhpahd El;gq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

4. vz;fzpjthjk; (Quantification);: Muha;r;rpf;F msTrhh; juTfisr; Nrfhpj;jy; mtrpakhdJ. mt;thW Nrfhpf;fg;gLk; Gs;sptpguq;fspd; rhpghh;j;jiy Kiwahfr; nra;a mtw;iw mstpl;lwpjy; Ntz;Lk;.

5. ngWkhdq;fs; (Values): tpQ;Qhd uPjpahd Nrhjidfs; nghUs; rhh;e;jjhifahy; mit xOf;f kw;Wk; eilKiwg; ngWkhdq;fspypUe;J tpLgl;ljhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

6. Kiwikg;gLj;jy; (Systematization): murpay; tpQ;Qhd Ma;Tfs; Nfhl;ghl;Lg; gbKiwapyike;jjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

7. J}a tpQ;Qhdk; (Pure Science): murpay; tpQ;Qhd Ma;Tfs; vJthapDk; mit J}a tpQ;Qhd mZFKiwapy; ftdk; nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.

8. xUikg;ghL (Integration): murpay; kw;Wk; r%fj; Njhw;wg;ghLfis jdpikg;gLj;jp Muha;rpf;Fl;gLj;j Kbahjjdhy; Jiwapilrhh; mZFKiwapidf; filg;gpbf;f Ntz;Lk;.

NkYk; mnkhpf;f murpay; tpQ;Qhdpahd <. Nfh;gl;hpf; elj;ijthjj;jpy; gpd;tUk; ehd;F gpujhd Fzhk;rq;fs; fhzg;gLtjhfr;

Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;whh; (Johari, 1989):

1. murpay; epWtdq;fis mbg;gil vz;zf;fU myfhfTk; jdpegh; kw;Wk; FO elj;ijf;F gjpyPlhfTk; Nehf;fg;gLjiy epuhfhpj;jy;.

2. r%f tpQ;Qhdj; JiwfSf;fpilapyhd xUq;fpirTj; (Jiwapilrhh;) jd;ikapid typAWj;Jjy;.

3. El;gk; rhh;e;j mstPL kw;Wk; vz;fzpj uPjpapyhd Ma;T Kiwfspy; mjpf ftdk; nrYj;Jjy;.

4. Kiwrhh;e;j ghpNrhjidthjk; jOtpa Nfhl;ghl;L mgptpUj;jpapid ,yf;fhff; nfhz;bUj;jy;.

4.gpd;te;j elj;ijthjk; (Post-Behavioralism) elj;ijthj kuG eilKiwf;F te;jjd; gpd;dh; mjd; kPJ gy;NtW tpkh;rdq;fs; njhLf;fg;gl;ld. ,jidaLj;J elj;ijthjj;jpd; rPh;jpUj;jg; gFjpnahd;W Njhw;wk; ngwte;jJ. mJNt gpd;te;j

elj;ijthjk;(Post–Behavioralism) MFk;. elj;ijthjj;jpDs; vOe;j ,r;rPh;jpUj;j


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,af;fj;jpw;F Mjutspj;j Gyikahsh;fs; murpaiy xU jPtpukhd mwptpay; ghlkhf khw;Wtjw;F elj;ijthjpfs; Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rpfisf; fz;bj;jdh;. ,jd; %yk; mnkhpf;fg; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l gy;NtW elj;ijapay;rhh; Muha;r;rpfs; tpkh;rdq;fSf;Fs;shdJld; Vw;fdNt elj;ijthj Muha;r;rpfspy; <Lgl;bUe;j gy Ma;thsh;fs; jkJ Muha;r;rpfs; nghUj;jkw;wJ vdf; fz;ldh;. ,jdhy; ,t;tha;thsh;fs; elj;ijthjj;jpw;F vjpuhfr; nraw;gl Muk;gpj;jdh;. ,th;fSs; Nltpl; <];ld; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftuhthh;. ,th; xU fhy fl;lj;jpy; elj;ijthjg; Gul;rpf;F jPtpukhf Fuy;nfhLj;j NghjpYk; gpd;ehl;fspy; elj;ijthjj;jpd; Kiwikfs; gw;wp fLikahd tpkh;rdq;fis

Kd;itj;jhh; (Mahajan, 2009). ,t;tpjk; elj;ijthj kugpDs; cUthd Gjpa Gul;rpfu rPh;jpUj;j ,af;fkhf gpd;te;j elj;ijthjj;jpid Fwpg;gpl KbAk;.

elj;ijthj kugpy; Gul;rpapid Vw;gLj;jpa xd;whf gpd;te;j elj;ijthjk; Nehf;fg;gLfpd;w NghjpYk; mjid ghuk;ghpathjj;Jld; ,izj;Jf; fzpg;gpl KbahJ. mit ,uz;Lk; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; $wj;jf;f njspthd NtWghLfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,e;jtifapy; gpd;te;j

elj;ijthjkhdJ <];ldpd; ‘nghUj;jkhd ek;gpf;iffs;’ vd;w Nfhl;ghl;bd; %yk; tsh;r;rpAw;wjhFk;. ,J murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpid Kd;Ndhf;fpr; nfhz;L nry;Yk; xd;W vd;gJld; vjph;fhyj;jpidf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;Ls;s xU Nfhl;ghlhf ,Ug;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. mNjNtis gpd;te;j elj;ijthjk; nghUj;jk;

kw;Wk;nray;(Relavance and Action) Mfpatw;wpw;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

nfhLf;fpd;wJ (Manivasagar,1996).

,t;tpjk; elj;ijthjj;jpy; GjpanjhU kuG cUthFtjw;fhd fhuzq;fshf

gpd;tUtdtw;iwAgarwal (1999) ‘jdJ murpay; Nfhl;ghL’ vDk; E}ypy; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;whh;:

1. cyfpay; eilKiw Fwpj;j gpur;rpidfspy; ftdk;nrYj;j elj;ijthjk; jtwpapUe;jik.

2. elj;ijthjj;jpid Njhw;Wtpj;jth;fNs mjid tpkh;rpf;fj; njhlq;fpaik (Nltpl; <];ld;).

3. Ma;T Kiwfs;> fUtpfs; kw;Wk; El;gq;fs; kPJ elj;ijthjpfs; mjpf mOj;jk; nfhLj;jik.

4. kdpjid ,ae;jpu Nehf;fpy; ghh;f;Fk; elj;ijthj mZFKiwapd; kPJ cUthd mjpUg;jp.

5. murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpid gpur;rpidfSf;Fj; jPh;tpidj; jUk; tpQ;Qhdkhf khw;Wtjw;F elj;ijthjpfs; jtwpaik.

5. gpd;te;j elj;ijthjj;jpd; gz;Gfs; elj;ijthj kugpd; rPh;jpUj;jg; gFjpahfj; Njhw;wk; ngw;w gpd;te;j elj;ijthjj;jpd;

gz;Gfs; gpd;tUdthFk; (Manivasagar,1996):

1. ngWkhdj;jpypUe;J tpLgl;l r%f tpQ;Qhdj;jpid vjph;j;jy;: gpd;te;j elj;ijthjpfs; murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpid ngWkhdj;jpypUe;J

tpLgl;l (value free) tpQ;Qhdkhf khw;Wtjw;F vLj;j Kaw;rpfis fz;bf;fpd;wdh;.

2. vjph;g;gpaf;fk;: elj;ijthjpfs; Kd;itj;Js;s fUj;Jf;fis vjph;g;gjd; thapyhf gpd;te;j elj;ijthjk; Xu; vjph;g;gpaf;fkhf milahsg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

3. Gyikrhh; ,af;fk;: gpd;te;j elj;ijthjkhdJ r%fj;jpd; Fwpg;gpl;l tFg;ghf md;wp> mJ xU Gyikrhh; ,af;fkhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

4. r%fj;jpd; vjph;fhy ey;tho;T: gpd;te;j elj;ijthjk; murpay; tpQ;QhdkhdJ r%fj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jg;ghLilajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W thjpLtJld; r%fj;jpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba ePjp>Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;> [dehafk; Nghd;wtw;wpid mJ gpujpgypf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;fpd;wJ.

,g;gz;Gfs; jtph;e;j NkYk; rpy gz;Gfis Nltpl; <];ld; milahsg;gLj;jpAs;shh;. mit: El;gKiwfis tpl cs;slf;f mk;rq;fSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jy;> r%f khw;wj;jpd; kPJ mOj;jk; nfhLj;jy;> ngsjPf ajhh;j;jj;Jld; kl;Lk; njhlh;gpidf; nfhz;buhjpUj;jy;> mtrpakhd ngWkhdq;fSld; njhlh;gpidg; ngw;wpUj;jy;> kdpj ehfhPfj;jpd; ngWkhdq;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;> nraw;ghl;by; mOj;jk; nfhLj;jy; kw;Wk; murpaiy njhopy;

uPjpahdjhf;Fjy; vd;gdthFk; (Mahajan, 2009).

6. elj;ijthjKk; gpd;te;j elj;ijthjKk; ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpidj; njhlh;e;J murpay; tpQ;Qhdg; gug;gpy; gy Kf;fpa khw;wq;fs; epfo;e;jd. mk;khw;wq;fSs; murpay; tpQ;Qhdpfspd; Gjpa jiyKiwnahd;W Njhw;wk; ngw;wik


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Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. ,g;Gjpa jiyKiwapdh; murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; Jiwrhh; Nehf;fk; mjpfhug; Nghuhl;lj;Jld; njhlh;Gila tho;f;ifapid tpghpg;gjhFk; vd;W $wpaJld; murhq;fk; gw;wpa Ma;tpy; r%ftpay;> cstpay; kw;Wk; nghUshjhuf; fhuzpfs; ftdj;jpy; vLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;wdh;. ,j;jiyKiwapy; mnkhpf;f murpay; tpQ;QhdpfNs mjpfk; Ngh; ,Ue;jdh;. ,th;fSs; rhh;y;]; <. nkhpak; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xUth;. ,th; kuGuPjpahd kjpg;gPl;Lf; Nfhl;ghl;bw;F vjpuhd vjph;g;gpaf;fj;jpw;F jiyikNaw;W Gjpa

jiyKiwapdiu topelj;jpdhh; (Agarwal, 1999).

murpay; tpQ;Qhd tsh;r;rpg; Nghf;fpy; cUthd ,g;Gjpa jiyKiw tsh;r;rpf;F mnkhpf;f murhq;fKk; gzuPjpahd cjtpfis toq;fpapUe;jJ. ,g;Gjpa jiyKiw kdpj elj;ijfspD}lhf r%f tpQ;Qhdq;fis Muha;fpd;w Gjpa El;g Kiwapid tpUj;jp nra;jJ. ,g; Gjpa KiwahdJ murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpy; $ba nry;thf;fpidr; nrYj;jpaJld; ,q;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;l kuGrhh;e;j KiwfisAk; Nfs;tpf;fplkhf;fpaJ. tpN\lkhf mnkhpf;fhtpd; rpf;fhf;Nfh> kpr;rpf;fd;> ahy Mfpa gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; ,g;Gjpa jiyKiwapdhpd; tsh;r;rpapy; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; $wf;$ba gq;fspg;gpid toq;fpapUe;jd. ,g;gpd;Gyj;jpy; cUthd murpay; tpQ;Qhd Ma;tpd; Gjpa kuGfshf elj;ijthjj;jpidAk; mjd; gpd;te;j elj;ijthjj;jpd; rPh;jpUj;jg; gFjpapidAk; ehk; milahsg;gLj;jyhk;. Fwpj;j ,U kuGfSk; nghJthd tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpapidf; nfhz;Ls;sNghjpYk; mit ,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilNa njspthd NtWghLfs; cs;sd. mt;NtWghLfis gpd;tUkhW fhzyhk;:

Nltpl; <];ldpd; fUj;jpd;gb r%f cyfpYk;> nghUshjhu gz;ghl;Lj; JiwfspYk; Vw;gl;l jPtpu khw;wq;fisAk; mjd; tpisthf cUthd Gjpa gpur;rpidfisAk; elj;ijthjk; czh;e;J nfhs;stpy;iy. khwhf gpd;te;j elj;ijthjpfs; ,tw;iw czh;e;J njspe;jhuhAk; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;Js;sdh;. ,jd; %yk; elj;ijthjKk; gpd;te;j elj;ijthjKk; xd;wpypUe;J xd;W NtWgLk; tpjj;jpidg; Gupe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;.

elj;ijthjkhdJ fle;j fhy ghuhk;ghpa El;gKiwfis KOikahf kWj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. Mdhy; gpd;te;j

elj;ijthjkhdJ fle;j fhy ghuk;ghpa El;gq;fis kWj;Jiug;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf nghUj;jkhdtifapy; mtw;iwr; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F Kaw;rpf;fpd;wJ. ,jid Nltpl; <];ldpd; thh;j;ijapy; $Wtjhf ,Ue;jhy;

“,J xU ngha;ahd Gul;rp. khwhf mJ gpujpaPlhdnjhU vjph;tpidad;W. mJ khwpf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;w xd;W. khwhf ghJfhj;Jg; Ngzg;gLk; xd;wd;W. mbg;gilapy; ,J xU rPh;jpUj;j Kaw;rp. vdpDk; mJ Xh; vjph;

rPh;jpUj;jkd;W”(Agarwal, 1999).

elj;ijthjkhdJ murpay; fw;iff;F tpQ;Qhd Ma;T Kiwia tuNtw;gJld; ghpNrhjid kw;Wk; epak Nehf;fpid gpujhd Ma;T KiwfshfTk; gupe;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. Mdhy; gpd;te;j elj;ijthjk; mbg;gilapy; tpQ;Qhd Ma;T Kiwia vjph;f;fpd;wJ. ghpNrhjid Kiw kw;Wk; epak Nehf;F vd;gdtw;iwAk; mJ fLikahf tpkh;rpf;fpd;wJ.

xOq;FghLfs;> tha;g;Gg; ghh;j;jy;> vz;fzpj Ma;T> ngWkjpfs;> El;gq;fs;> Kiwik ahf;fy;fs; Kjypatw;iw gpujhd Fzhk;rq;fshff; nfhz;L elj;ijthjk; tsh;r;rp fz;lJ. Mdhy; gpd;te;j elj;ijthjk; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l mk;rq;fspd; FiwghLfisf; fise;J xU fyg;G Kiwapaiy gupe;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.

elj;ijthjkhdJ ngWkhdj;jpypUe;J tpLgl;l murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpid typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. Mdhy; gpd;te;j elj;ijthjpfs; ngWkhdj;jpy; ,Ue;J tpLgl;l r%f tpQ;Qhdj;jpid epuhfhpf;fpd;wdh;. murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpid ngWkhdj;jpypUe;J tpLglr; nra;a elj;ijthjpfs; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Kaw;rpapid gpd;te;j elj;ijthjpfs; fz;bf;fpd;wdh;. ,J gw;wp Nltpl; <];ld; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ

“ngWkhdq;fspd; Mf;fG+h;tkhd tsh;r;rp murpay; fy;tpapd; gphpf;fKbahj xU

gFjpahFk;”(Agarwal,1999)vd;fpwhh;. bitl;

Nthy;Nlh “murpay; tpQ;Qhdpfs; ngWkhdq;fs;> ePjp> Rje;jpuk;> murpay; nraw;ghl;by; cs;s rkj;Jtk; gw;wpf;

fUj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;” (Agarwal,1999)vd;fpwhh;.

elj;ijthjKk; mjd; fhuzhfh;j;jhf;fSk; r%fj;jpd; vjph;fhy ey;tho;T vd;gjpYk; ghh;f;f epfo;fhy r%f eyd; rhh;e;j fw;ifj; Jiwapd; tpQ;Qhdj; jd;ik vd;gjpNyNa $ba ftdk; nrYj;jpdh;. Mdhy; gpd;te;j elj;ijthjpfSk; mth;fsJ Nghf;Fk; r%fj;jpd; vjph;fhy ey;tho;T gw;wpajhf


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,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,jid <];ldpd; thh;j;ijapy; $Wtjhapd; gpd;te;j elj;ij thjkhdJ vjph;fhyj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhFk;.

NkYk; elj;ijthjj;jpd; gug;G FWfpajhFk;. mJ jdpkdpj kw;Wk; FOtpd; murpay; elj;ijfs; gw;wp kl;LNk ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; ,q;F murpay; epWtdq;fs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ,of;fpd;wd. Mdhy; gpd;te;j elj;ijthjkhdJ jdJ Muha;r;rpapy; rKjha khw;wj;jpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspg;gjdhy; mjdJ gug;G tphpthdJ.

elj;ijthjkhdJ mstpw;F mjpfkhd gpw r%ftpay; fhuzpfspd; jhf;fj;jpw;F cl;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf nkf;]; ntgh; kw;Wk; Njhy;nfhl; Ngh;rd; MfpNahh; typAWj;Jk; r%ftpay; mZFKiw elj;ijthjj;jpy; gpd;js;sg;gLfpd;wJ. eilKiwapy; elj;ijthjpfs; nra;Kiw Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F mspf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid tpl mZFKiw cUthf;fj;jpy; mjpf ftdk; nrYj;jpAs;sdh;. cz;ikapy; ,J murpaypy; xU gFjp kl;LNk. Mdhy; gpd;te;j elj;ijthjkhdJ mZFKiw

cUthf;fj;jpYk; ghh;f;f ‘nghUj;jk; kw;Wk;

nray;’ vd;w jsj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

elj;ijthjj;jpy; murpay; epWtdq;fs; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;lJ Nghd;W murpay; khw;wk;> Kuz;ghL> td;Kiw Nghd;wtw;iwg; gw;wpa Ma;TfSk; gpd;js;sg;gl;Ls;sd. Mdhy; gpd;te;j elj;ijthjkhdJ Muha;r;rpapy; rKjha khw;wj;jpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;f Ntz;Lk; vdf; $Wfpd;wJ. ,t;tplak; Nltpl;

<];ldpd; ‘nghUj;jkhd ek;gpf;iffs;’ vd;w Nfhl;ghl;bYk; typAWj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

elj;ijthj mZFKiwahdJ Mq;fpy mnkhpf;f ehLfspd; murpay; Kiwfs; gw;wpNa mjpf ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. mJ tsh;e;J tUk; %d;whk; cyfpd; murpay; Kiwikfs; gw;wpa Ma;tpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy; gpd;te;j elj;ijthjkhdJ %d;whk; cyf ehLfspd; murpay; Kiwikfs; gw;wpNa $ba ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. ,jd;gb Nltpl; <];ldpd; cs;sPl;L-ntspaPl;Lg; gFg;gha;T Kiw kw;Wk; fg;hpay; Mkz;bd; fl;likg;Gj; njhopw;ghl;L mZFKiw Mfpad nghJ KiwaikTf; Nfhl;ghl;bdbg;gilapy; %d;whk; cyf ehLfspd; murpay; gw;wpNa ftdk; nrYj;jpd. Fwpg;ghf fg;hpay;

Mkz;bd; ‘tsh;Kf ehLfspd; murpay;’ vd;w E}y; ,jw;F rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l NtWghLfs; jtph;e;j xU elj;ijthjpahfTk; gpd;te;j elj;ijthjpahfTk; Nltpl; <];ld; Kd;itj;j fUj;Jf;fSk; elj;ijthjj;jpw;Fk;> gpd;te;j elj;ijthjj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNaahd NtWghl;bid njspthf milahsg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. me;jtifapy; xU elj;ij thjpahf Nltpl; <];ld;; elj;ijthjj;jpd; Kf;fpa gz;Gfshf xOq;FghLfs;> rhpghh;j;jy;> El;gq;fs;> vz;fzpjthjk;> ngWkhdq;fs;> Kiwikg;gLj;jy;> J}a tpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk; xUq;fpizj;jy; Mfpa vl;L gz;Gfis

milahsg;gLj;jpAs;shh;(Manivasagar,1996).

gpd;ehl;fspy; elj;ijthjj;jpw;F vjpuhd fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;j Nltpl; <];ld;

‘nghUj;jkhd ek;gpf;iffs;’ vd;w jdJ Nfhl;ghl;by; murpay; tpQ;Qhd Ma;tpy; Ma;Tf; fUtpfistpl Ma;T Nehf;fj;jpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jy;> r%f khw;wj;jpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jy;> cz;ik epiyfisf; fUj;jpw;nfhs;sy;> murpay; fy;tpNahL gphpf;f Kbahjtifapy; ,ize;jpUf;Fk;; jfTfSf;F chpa mq;fPfhuk; mspj;jy;> rKjhag; gpur;rpidfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jy;> mwpitr; nrad;Kiwg;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;w tplaq;fspy; ftdk; nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;

vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;(Agarwal,1999).

NkYk; n[h`hhp(J.C.Johari)vd;gth; ‘murpay;

tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; mbg;gilfs;’ vd;w jdJ E}ypy; ghuk;ghpathjj;Jld; ,ize;jtifapy; elj;ijthjj;jpw;Fk; gpd;te;j elj;ij thjj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNaahd Kf;fpa NtWghLfis gpd;tWkhW milahsg;gLj;jpAs;shh;:

1. ghuk;ghpathjk; cz;ikfSf;Fk; ngWkhdq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; neUf;fkhd njhlh;gpid typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. elj;ijthjkhdJ

cz;ikapidAk;(Fact)ngWkhdj;jpidAk; (Value) jdpj;jdpahfNtWgLj;Jfpd;wJ. Mdhy; gpd;te;j elj;ijthjj;jpy; nraw;ghl;bidAk; nghUj;jg;ghl;bidAk; nghWj;J cz;ikfSk; ngWkhdq;fSk; ,izf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

2. ghuk;ghpathjk; Kd;tiuGila kw;Wk; tpjpAzh; jd;ikAilajhFk;. elj;ijthjkhdJ


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Kd;tiutw;wJk;(Non-prescriptive),nghUs;rhh;e;jJk; kw;Wk; Nrhjidf;F

cl;gLj;jj;jf;fJkhFk;(Empirical). Mdhy; gpd;te;j elj;ijthjkhdJ kdpjg; gpur;rpidfis

mbnahw;wpajhf(Humanistically Problem Oriented)cs;sJ.

3. ghuk;ghpathjk; gz;Grhh; (Quality) jd;ikAilajhFk;. elj;ijthjkhdJ msTrhh;

(Quantitative)jd;ikAilajhFk;. Mdhy; gpd;te;j elj;ijthjkhdJ msTrhh;

kw;Wk; gz;Grhh; (Quality and Quantitative)Mfpa ,U jd;ikfisAk; nfhz;ljhFk;.

4. ghuk;ghpathjk; xOq;fpd;ikfs; kw;Wk;

xOq;Ffisf; (Irregularities and Regularities) fUj;jpw;nfhs;fpd;wJ. elj;ijthjkhdJ

xUikg;ghLfs;(Uniformities)kw;Wk; xOq;FfSld; njhlh;Ggl;ljhFk;. Mdhy; gpd;te;j elj;ijthjkhdJ xOq;FghLfisAk;

xOq;Fghbd;ikfisAk;(Regularities and Irregularities) fUj;jpw; nfhs;fpd;wJ.

5. ghuk;ghpathjk; INuhg;gpa ehLfisNa

(European Countries) gpujhdkhf ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. Mdhy; elj;ijthjk;

Mq;fpy mnkhpf;f ehLfspd;(Anglo-American Countries) kPJk; gpd;te;j elj;ijthjkhdJ %d;whk; cyf

ehLfs;(Third World Countries) kPJk; ftdj;jpidf; Ftpj;Js;sd.

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l juTfspd; mbg;gilapy; elj;ijthjk; ghuk;ghpathjj;jpw;fhd kWg;Giu ,af;fkhf vOr;rpaile;j mNjNtis> gpd;te;j elj;ijthjkhdJ elj;ijthjj;jpd; rPh;jpUj;jg; gFjpahfj; Njhw;wk;ngw;wJ vdyhk;. ,e;jtifapy; ,t;tpuz;L elj;ijthj kuGfSk; mtw;wpd; Ma;T Kiwapay;> cs;slf;fk;> ,yf;F> Nehf;F vd;gtw;wpy; NtWgl;Lr; nry;fpd;wd. ,jd;gb elj;ijthjk; murpay; fy;tpapid tpQ;Qhdf; fw;ifahf khw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;w mjPj Mtypd; tpisthf cUthdjhFk;. Mdhy; gpd;te;j elj;ijthjkhdJ eilKiw ajhh;j;jj;jpid czh;e;J nfhz;ljd; tpisthf Vw;gl;l elj;ijthjj;jpd; Gjpa tsh;r;rp epiyahFk;.

7. elj;ijthjpfspd; gq;fspg;G ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;dh; murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpid Gul;rpfukhdnjhU ghlkhf khw;wpa ngUik

elj;ijthjj;jpidNa rhUk;. Gjpa Nfhl;ghl;L cUthf;fk;> Gjpa Ma;T El;gq;fis mwpKfk; nra;jik njhlh;gpy; ,t; ,af;fj;jpd; gq;fspg;G Fwpg;gpLk;gbahdJ. me;jtifapy; elj;ijthjk; murpay; tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tpf;F toq;fpa gq;fspg;gpid gpd;tUk; ,U jiyg;Gf;fspd; fPo; Nehf;fyhk;

(Manivasagar,1996): I. Ma;T Kiwapay; (Research

Methodology) murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpy; Gjpa Ma;T Kiwapaiy cUthf;Ftjpy; elj;ijthjpfs; xU Gul;rpfu khw;wj;jpid cz;Lgz;zpdh;. ,jd;gb murpay; tpQ;Qhd Ma;tpy; mjpfsT gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Ma;T

Kiwfshd cs;slf;fg; gFg;gha;T(Content Analysis)> tpla Ma;T (Case Study)>khjphp Ma;T(Samples Survey)>mtjhdk;

(Observation)>Neh;fhzy; (Interview)Nghd;wd elj;ijthjj;jpd; gq;fspg;gpD}lhfj; Njhw;wk; ngw;witahFk;. mNjNtis jh;f;fuPjpahd mstPl;L Kiw kw;Wk; mstPl;L El;gk; gw;wpa tsh;r;rpapYk; elj;ijthjpfspd; gq;fspg;G Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

II. Nfhl;ghl;L cUthf;fk;(Theory Building) Nfhl;ghl;L cUthf;fk; njhlh;gpy; elj;ijthjpfspd; gq;fspg;G Fwpg;gpLk;gbahdjhf ,y;iy. vdpDk; elj;ijthjpfSs; xU gFjpapdh;

vz;zf;fU rl;lfj;jpid(Conceptual Framework)njspthd Kiwapy; fl;banaOg;gpdh;. ,jD}lhf jdpg;gl;lth;fsJk; FOf;fspdJk; nray;fs; Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;ld. mNjNtis elj;ijthjpfs; murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; mgptpUj;jpapy; Nfhl;ghl;bd; ngWkjp> tphpthf;fk; vd;gjid tpl El;gq;fSila gug;ngy;iyapid ey;y Kiwapy; ifahs;tjpNyNa ftdk;nrYj;jpdh;. ,JNt ghuk;ghpaj; jd;ikapypUe;j murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpw;Fg; Gj;Japh;g;igg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jJ vdyhk;.

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ,U tifg; gq;fspg;Gf;fspD}lhf elj;ijthjpfs; murpay; tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tpf;F toq;fpa gq;fspg;Gf;fis gpd;tUkhW njhFj;Jf; $wyhk;:

I. 20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gg; gFjpapy; vOr;rpaile;j elj;ijthjpfs; murpay; fy;tpapid xU KOikahd tpQ;Qhdkhf khw;w Kaw;rpj;jdh;. Fwpg;ghf mnkhpf;fg; gy;fiyf;fofq;fSk; Nguhrpah;fSk;


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murpay; fw;ifapid tpQ;Qhdkhf;Fk; Kaw;rpf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jdh;.

II. elj;ijthjpfs; Gjpa rpe;jid KiwfisAk; Ma;Tf;fhd tpQ;Qhd KiwfisAk; tpUj;jp nra;jdh;. Fwpg;ghf nka;apay;> cstpay; JiwfspD}lhf elj;ijthjpfs; murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpy; jkJ nry;thf;fpidr; nrYj;jpdh;. gpw;gl;l

fhyj;jpy; ,th;fsJ Ma;T Kiwfs; kpfj; jPtpu tpkh;rdj;jpw;Fl;gl;lhYk; mth;fspd; Gjpa Nfhl;ghl;lhf;fy; Kaw;rpfs;> kughh;e;j murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; Ma;Tg; Nghf;Ffis khw;wpaikj;jik Nghd;wtw;wpD}lhf mth;fs; murpay; fy;tpf;F msg;gupa gq;fhw;wpAs;sdh;.

III. murpay; (Politics)vd;w gjj;jpw;F Gjpa tiutpyf;fzj;ij toq;fpajd; %yk;

elj;ijthjpfs; murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;

Jiwapd; ghlg;gug;gpid

tphpTgLj;jpAs;sdh;.

IV. murpay; tpQ;Qhdk; mbg;gilapy; xU

r%f tpQ;Qhdkhf ,Ug;gjdhy; mjid

xU ,aw;if tpQ;Qhdkhf

khw;wKbahJ. Mdhy; elj;ijthjpfs;

murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpy; kpfTk;

ajhh;j;jkhd KbTfisg;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf cioj;jjd;

%yk; mjid tpQ;Qhd uPjpahdjhf

khw;w Kaw;rpj;jdh;.

V. elj;ijthjpfs; ngWkhdk; gw;wpa

tplaj;jpypUe;J murpay; gw;wpa

fw;ifapid tpLtpj;jpUf;fpd;wdh;.

tpNrlkhf gf;fr;rhh;ghd epiyapypUe;J

murpay; tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tpapid

tpLtpg;gjw;fhf ngWkhdj;jpypUe;J

tpLgl;l(Value-Free)murpay; fw;iff;fhd

Njliy Nehf;fp mth;fs; jkJ

ftdj;jpid jpUg;gpapUe;jdh;.

8. KbTiu Kbthff; $Wk;NghJ murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; kuGuPjpahd mZFKiwfspd; Fiwghl;bid epth;j;jpg;gjw;fhf vOr;rpaile;j elj;ijthjk; gpd;ehl;fspy; rthy;fSf;Fl;gl;lJ. mjd; tpisthf gpd;te;j elj;ijthjk; Njhw;wk;ngw;wJ.

gpd;te;j elj;ijthjk; mjd; Ma;TKiw> El;gk;> Nehf;F> vy;iy vd;gtw;wpy; elj;ijthjj;jpypUe;J gy topfspy; NtWgl;Lr; nry;fpd;w mNjNtis>

elj;ijthjj;jpd; tpkh;rdg; gFjpahfTk; mJ vOr;rpaile;jJ. Fwpg;ghf ,t;tpU etPd Ma;T kuGfSk; murpay; tpQ;Qhdg; gug;gpy; cUthd fhykhw;wq;fspd; tpisthf Njhw;wk; ngw;witahFk;. vdpDk; elj;ijthjk; murpay; tpQ;Qhd fy;tpf;F toq;fpAs;s gq;fspg;gpid Fiwj;J kjpg;gpl KbahJ.

REFERENCE 1. Agarwal, R.C. (1999).Political Theory

(Principles of Political Science). New Delhi: S.Chand and Company Ltd.

2. Easton, David. (1965).A System Analysis of Political Life. New York: Valley.

3. Eulau, Heinz. (2011).Behavioralism in Political Science. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.

4. Heywood, Andrew. (1994).Political Ideas and Concepts: An Introduction. New Jersey: St. Martin Press.

5. Johari, J.C. (1989).Principles of Modern Political Science. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers Ltd.

6. Johari, J.C. (2002).Comparative Political Theory. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers Ltd.

7. Kapur, A.C. (1996).Principles of Political Science. New Delhi: S.Chand and Company Ltd.

8. Lasswell, H.D. (1948).The Analysis of Political Behavior. London: Routledge.

9. Mahajan, V.D. (2009).Political Theory (Principles of Political Science).New Delhi: S.Chand and Company Ltd.

10. Manivasagar, A.V. (1996).Essence of Advanced Political Analysis. Jaffna: Social Scientist Publication.


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11. Rathod, P.B. (2004).Modern Political Theory. New Delhi: Commonwealth Publishers Ltd.

12. Runney, Austin. (1962).Essays on the Behvioural Study of Politics. United States of America: International Political Science Association.

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