ELN5622Embedded Systems

Class 2

Spring, 2003

Kent Orthnerkorthner@hotmail.com

Course Page– www.ksoa.ca/eln5644/index.html

Other Resources– www.hc11.demon.nl

Resources

Programming Model& Instruction Set

Architecture

The set of instructions that the microprocessor can execute.

Defines registers that a programmer can access– Some registers in the microprocessor are

not directly accessible by the programmer

Instruction Set Architecture

Fixed vs. variable Length Instructions– 68HC11:

• INX = 0x08• LDX #$C100 = 0xce c1 00

Addressing modes– R1 R2 + #$C100– R1 R3 + M(R3 + X)

Supported Operands– FMUL/FDIV, INC/DEC

Instruction Set Characteristics

Successful architectures have several implementations:– varying clock speeds;– different bus widths;– different cache sizes;– etc.

– Ie: 8086 Architecture has not changed greatly through 8088, 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium, etc …

Multiple Implementations

Intended to illustrate algorithms. Simple to understand

AssignmentsAccA #1234AccB M(#5678)

FunctionsPutchar (char)Newchar getchar ()

Pseudo-code

Loops

While ()

…

Endwhile

Repeat

…

Until ()

Pseudo-code Conditionals

If () then…Elsif () then…Endif

Describes the microprocessor registers that are accessible by the programmer– Includes information about the register

width and the type of data element it may contain

– Indicate how the instructions access and manipulate the registers

Some registers are not visible (IR).

Programmer’s Model

Local memory bits inside the processor.

Instructions use the registers to accomplish tasks.

Some are general purpose– R0 through R7

Some are function specific.– Program Counter – Stack Pointer– Condition Code

Registers

Motorola 68HC11 Programmers Model

Motorola 68HC11 Programmers Model Accumulator:

– 8-bit: A , B (ACCA, ACCB)– 16-bit: D (ACCD)– Two 8-bit accumulator registers. Each may be a source

or destination operand for 8-bit instructions. – Some instructions use D as a single 16-bit accumulator,

with A as the most significant Byte.– Examples:

• ACCA #$64• ACCB ACCB + M($0074)• ACCD ACCD + (M:M+1)

Motorola 68HC11 Programmers Model

Index Registers:– X, Y (IX, IY)– Two 16-bit registers X & Y used primarily for

indexed addressing.– Examples:

• IX #$0064

• ACCD M(IX+64):M(IX+65)

Motorola 68HC11 Programmers Model

Stack Pointer:– SP– 16-bit registers pointing to the next available

memory location for a push operation.– Automatically decremented during a push

operation, incremented during a pull operation.– Must be initialized before use.

Motorola 68HC11 Programmers Model

Program Counter:– PC– 16-bit register pointing to the beginning fot he

next instruction to be executed.– Automatically incremented after each

instruction.– Programmer has no control over, other than

branch & jump instructions.

Motorola 68HC11 Programmers Model Condition Code Register:

– CCR– 4-bit register whose bits are set or reset during

arithmetic or other operations.– Used for branch operations.– Bits include:

• C: Carry• V: Two’s complements overflow• Z : Zero• N : Negative• I : Interrupt Mask• H : Half-carry• X : External Interrupt Mask• S : Stop Disable

Motorola 68HC11 Programmers Model Condition Code Register Example

ACCA $#F0

ACCA ACCA + #$F0

11110000

11110000

11100000

C 1

Z 0

N 1

V 0

Immediate AddressingACCA #$64

Direct / Extended Addressing– Direct: Addr <= 0xFF

– Extended: Addr >= 0x0100

ADDA M($0064) (Direct)

ADDA M($1234) (Extended)

Addressing Modes

Indexed AddressingACCA M(IX + 64)

Inherent AddressingADDA ACCA + ACCB

Relative AddressingPC (PC – 15)

Addressing Modes

Motorola 68HC11 Instruction Types Load & Store Instructions

– 8-bit Load/Store– 16-bit Load/Store– Stack Push/Pull

Transfer Register Instructions

Decrement & Increment Instructions

Motorola 68HC11 Instruction Types Clear & Set Instructions

– CLRA, CLRB, BCLR, BSET

Shift & Rotate Instructions– Logical Shift– Arithmetic Shift– Rotate

Motorola 68HC11 Instruction Types Arithmetic Instructions

– Add & Subtract– Decimal Instructions (BCD)– Negating Instructions– Multiplications– Fractional Number Arithmetic– Division

Motorola 68HC11 Instruction Types Logic Instructions

– ANDA, ANDB, EORA, ORAA, COM

Data Test Instructions– BITA, BITB, CBA, CMPA, TST, TSTA

Conditional Branch Instructions– Signed & Unsigned Conditional Branches– BMI, BPL, BVS, GLT, BGT, BEQ, BNE

Unconditional Jump & Branch Instructions– JMP, JSR, BSR, RTS BRA, BRN

Motorola 68HC11 Instruction Types Condition Code Register Instructions

– CLC, SEC, CLV, CEV, TAP, TPA

Interrupt Instructions– CLI, SEI, RTI, SWI, WAI

Miscellaneous Instructions– NOP, STOP, TEST

Assembly Language Overview

Machine Language Assembly Language Compiled Languages

– C, C++, Pascal, Interpreted Languages

– Perl, TCL, UNIX shells Higher level Languages

– SQL, Etc

Language Spectrum

The lowest level of programming languages Binary encodings of the machine’s

instructions Specific to the microprocessors Programmers do not write machine

language programs (anymore) Machine language (or machine code) is

automatically generated from the assembly or compilation processes

Machine Language

X #$1234 (Immediate)

LDX #$1234

ce 12 34

X $1234 (Direct)

LDX $1234

fe 12 34

Machine Language: Example

One-to-one with Machine Language instructions (more or less)

More legible Basic features:

– One instruction per line.– Labels provide names for addresses

(usually in first column).– Instructions often start in later columns.– Columns run to end of line.

Assembly Language

Assembly languages are unique to each microprocessor.

They are categorized at a much lower level than the High-Level Languages (HLLs)

May not be executed on other computer systems with different microprocessors (unless the microprocessors are designed to be compatible)

Assembly Language

Intel 8085, 8086, 80286,…80486 Intel Pentium Motorola 6800, 6805, and 6809 Motorola 68000, 68020 & 68040 Motorola PowerPC SUN Sparc processor

Assembly Language Examples

When a programmer writes a program in assembly language, a specific assembler must be used to create the object code for that specific microprocessor

The final executable file produced from this process can only be executed on a computer containing that specific type of microprocessor

Assembling Process

Major tasks:– generate binary for assembly instructions– translate labels into addresses– handle assembler directives

Generally one-to-one translation.

We are using a cross assembler:– Runs on a PC, but assembles for a 68HC11

The assembler we’re using is an absolute assembler: – All source code must be in one file or group of files

assembled together.

Assembling Process

Converts from a high level language to machine-executable machine language.

Output format is called “object code”.– Still needs to be linked before it can really be

machine code.

Some compilers provide a post-compilation assembly file or list file for debugging.

Compilation Process

Numeric Data – Integers– Fixed Point– Floating Point

Boolean Data– TRUE = 0

Character Data– American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)– Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC)– UNICODE (Used extensively by Java)

Data Types

Programming in Assembly Language

Assembly Fields

*

* This is a Comment!

*

Label: OPCODE OP1,OP2 Comment

OPCODE OP1

OPCODE Another Comment

Labels

A-Z a-z 0-9 . $ _ Up to 15 characters 1st character can not be ‘0-9’ or ‘$’ Case sensitive May end with “:” May be on a line by itself. Examples:

Test_TestJumpToHere: LDX #$1234Label1

Op-Codes

Processor Instruction or Assembler Directive (pseudo-op)

Must be preceded by at least one whitespace.

JumpToHere:LDX #$1234JMP JumpToHere

Operand Field Defines the operand for the instruction or directive. Depends on the instructions. Determines the addressing mode Can be expressions to be evaluated by the assembler.

JumpToHere: LDX #$1234 + 5

JMP JumpToHere

Operand Field: Addressing Modes Inherent

INX

Direct, Extended, RelativeLDX $1234

ImmediateLDX #$1234

IndexedCLR $1234,X

Comments

Complete Line Comments: First chararcter is an asterisk.*

* This is a Comment

* Kent Orthner, May 22, 2003

*

After the OperandJumpHere: LDX #$1234 + 5

JMP JumpHere Also a Comment

Hello World Example* Hello World

* Kent Orthner, May 22, 2003

* Definitions

OUTSTR: EQU $FFCA Define ‘OUTSTR’ Function

EOT: EQU 04 Define ‘EndOfText’ Char

PROG: EQU $C000 Define Program Location

STACK: EQU $DFFF Define Stack Location

Hello World Example* Program

ORG PROG Locate program in mem

lds #STACK Init stack pointer

ldx #HELLO Point to start of message

jsr OUTSTR Jump to print subroutine

swi Returns to the debugger

* String Definition

HELLO: FCC /Hello World!/

FCB EOT

Assembler Output:Machine LanguageAddr Value

c000 8e df ff ce

c004 c0 0a bd ff

c008 ca 3f 48 65

c00c 6c 6c 6f 20

c010 57 6f 72 6c

c014 64 21 04

Assembler Output: List FilesLine Addr Code Label Opcode

0001 * Hello World

0002 * Kent Orthner, May 22, 2003

0003

0004 * Definitions

0005 ffca OUTSTR: EQU $FFCA Define ‘OUTSTR’

0006 0004 EOT: EQU 04 Define ‘EndOfTex

0007 c000 PROG: EQU $C000 Define Program L

0008 dfff STACK: EQU $DFFF Define Stack Lo

Assembler Output: List FilesLine Addr Code Label Opcode

0009 * Program

0010 c000 ORG PROG Locate program

0011 c000 8e df ff lds #STACK Init stack po

0012 c003 ce c0 0a ldx #HELLO Point to start

0013 c006 bd ff ca jsr OUTSTR Jump to print

0014 c009 3f swi Returns to the

0015

0016 * String Definition

0017 c00a 48 65 6c HELLO: FCC /Hello World!/

6c 6f 20

57 6f 72

6c 64 21

0018 c016 04 FCB EOT

Instructions

Assembler Directives

Assembler Directives

ORG: Set the Program CounterORG $E000

EQU: Define ConstantsRAM: EQU $E000

RMB: Reserve Memory BytesTABLE: RMB 100

Assembler Directives

BSZ/ZMB: Block Storage ZeroesZeroSpace: BSZ 100

FCB: Form Constant ByteCountSpace: FCB 1,2,3,4,5,6

FCC: Form Constant Character StringStringSpace: FCC ’Hello World!’

Assembler Directives

FDB: Form Double ByteFDB $1234

FILL: Fill MemoryAASpace: $aa,100

OPT: Assembler Output OptionsOPT c,l,cre

Assembler Exercise

Lab 1: Simple Menu

Lab 1: Simple Menu

Purpose:– Program assembly & execution.

– Serial Input and Output.

– Polling-based timing.

– Parallel I/O

Assignment– Menu-based system.

– Control something with the Parallel I/O block.

Criteria– Serial output to display menu.– Key entry causes menu change.– 2-Level menu– Pressing a key at the second level menu causes

an external effect.– Idiot-proof (Doesn’t do anything when a

wrong key is pressed.)

Lab 1: Simple Menu

Criteria– Serial output to display menu.– Key entry causes menu change.– 2-Level menu– Pressing a key at the second level menu causes

an external effect.– Idiot-proof (Doesn’t do anything when a

wrong key is pressed.)

Lab 1: Simple Menu

Use Putchar(), Putstr(), getchar()– We’ll cover how to create them next week.

Suggested program flow:Top: Print Menu

Wait for inputGo to SubMenu1, submenu2, or top.

Submenu1: Print submenu1wait for inputDosomething1, submenu1, or top.

Dosomething1: Do the action.Go to Submenu1

Submenu2: …

Lab 1: Simple MenuImplementation Hints