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Compound Sindarin Names in ME

I'd like to thank Didier Willis and Gildor Inglorion for their ideas and support. Without their help this

work w ould have never reached its final stage.

The spelling of all separateelements of compounds is given in accordance with how we think (or,rather, HFK thinks) they would be written in the TA Sindarin (except for archaic forms, i.e. Dor,Tel, etc). Thus, for example, the form of a monosyllabic word in -nd is preferred to the one in-nn or -n and so on. The meanings of the separateelements are taken from Hiswelke Sindarindictionary and/or Etymologies. The index is given only if the origin or the meaning of the word is

(IMHO) questionable and therefore needed for reference.

Index:

E Etymologies, found in LR, Ballantine Books 1996

H Hiswelke Sidarin dictionary

F information is taken from Helge Fauskangers articles on Ardalambion

Letters the Letters of JRR Tolkien, HarperCollinsPublishes 1995LotR the Lord of the Rings, Appendix E

LR the Lost Road and Other Writings, Ballantine Books 1996

MR M orgoth's Ring, HarperCollinsPublishes 2002PM The Peoples of Middle Earth, HarperCollinsPublishes 2002RF Robert Foster, The Complete Guide to Middle Earth, HarperCollinsPublishes1993

Sil Silmarillion, HarperCollinsPublishes, 1999UT Unfinished Tales, HarperCollinsPublishes, 1998VT Vinyar Tengwar

WJ the War of the Jewels, HarperCollinsPublishes 2002* - my deductions or uncertainties; highly questionable!

AS Archaic SindarinDor DoriathrinIlk Ilkorin

Nan NandorinPQ Primitive QuendianQ QuenyaS SindarinTA S Third Age Sindarin (LotR-style Sindarin)Tel- Telerin

Abonnen after born; ab (prefix after) + onnen (p.p. of onna- beget)Adanath men; adan (man) + ath (collective plural suffix)

Adanedhel(Trin) man-elf ; adan (man) + edhel (elf)Aderthad reunion; ad (again) + erthad (ger. of ertha- unite)Adurant double course; adu (Ilk (AS?) double + rant (load, vein)

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Aeglos snowthorn; aeg (Saegas mountain peak, thorn) + gloss (snow-white)or loss (snow)final s in (g)loss is dropped at the end of a polysyllable [F]Aegnor fell fire; aeg (from Q aika fell) + naur (flame) S form of Q Aikanro

sharp flame, fell fire; the name was not true S, as there was no S adjective corresponding to Q"fell, terrible", though "aeg" would have been its form if it had occurred [PM:347]Aelin-uial lake-twilight; aelin (pl. of ael lake, pool, mere) + uial (twilight)Aeluin - pale, *blue lake; ael (lake, pool, mere) + *luin (Dor. pale, *blue)Aerandir sea-wanderer; aer, aear (sea) + randr (wanderer, pilgrim)Agarwaen (Trin) bloodstained; agar (blood) + gwaen (stained [E WA3-]) *the

formationof the last element is not clearAglarond the glittering cavern; aglar (glory, brilliance) + rond (dome-roofedhall [WJ:414])

Aglon(d) defile, pass between high walls; ag- (S agor narrow) + lond (pass)Alfirin immortal; al- (negative prefix) + firin (mortal)Amloth high flower; am (prefix up) + loth (flower)

Amon Anwar hill of awe; amon (hill, steep-sided mount), anwar (awe)Amon Amarth mount (of) doom; amon (hill , steep-sided mount), amarth (fate,doom)

Amon Carab hill of the hat; amon (hill, steep-sided mount), carab (hat)Amon Dn - silent hill; amon (hill, steep-sided mount), dn (silent)Davis Salo: "dh

and mh were liable to revert to d and m when they came to follow a nasal after syncope"TolkLang message 19.31; *the name also could be interpreted as "hill of silence", as adjective

"silent" is attested as "dnen"Amon Ereb lonely hill; amon (hill, steep-sided mount), ereb (isolated, lonely)

Amon Ethir hill spy; amon (hill, steep-sided mount), [H] ed (out) + tirn(watcher)

Amon Hen hill of the eye; amon (hill, steep-sided mount), hend (eye)*ending -nd is usually preserved at the end of fully accented monosyllables [LotR], but heremight be dropped because "hend" is preceded by another fully accented polysyllable, whichmade it lose some stress.Amon Lanc naked hill; amon (hill, steep-sided mount), lanc (naked)Amon Lhaw hill of hearing; amon (hill, steep-sided mount), lhaw (pl. ears)Amon Obel *hill-village; amon (hill, steep-sided mount) + obel (walled house

or village) *the second element is found in Obel Halad (possibly "town of chieftain"[ WJ:148])Amon Rdh bald hill; amon (hill, steep-sided mount), rdh (bald)Amon Sl hill of the wind; amon (hill, steep-sided mount), sl (wind)Amon Uilos mount of ever-white snow; amon (hill, steep-sided mount), *ui(stem of "uireb"eternal) + loss (snow) final s in loss is dropped at the end of a

polysyllable [F]Ancalagon jaws-rushing [RF:10]; anc (jaw, row of teeth) + alag (rushing,impetuous) + *on (*male ending); [E:417] translates it as "Biting Storm", the finalelement probably "alagos" (storm) with the change of the last consonant

Andram long wall; and (long) + ramb (wall)Andras(t) long cape; and (long) + *rast (*shore) * the second element is probably the

same as in Nevrast and Haerast

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Andrath long climb; and (long) + rath (course, passage)Androth long cave; and (long) + groth (underground dwelling)Anduin long river; and (long) + duin (long and large river)Anfalas long strand; and (long) + falas (coast, beach, shore)An(d)fang long beard; and (long) + fang (beard)

Anfangrim long bearded dwarves; and (long) + fang (beard) + rim (collectiveplural suffix) [PM:321]

Anfauglir long-thirsty-jaws (Carcharoth); an(d) (long) + faug (thirst) + lr (row,range *of teeth)

Anfauglith great-thirsty-ash; and (great) + faug (thirst) + lith (ash, sand, dust)Angband - iron hell, prison; ang (iron) + (m-)band (prison) from angmband,gmb produces gb

Angerthas long rune-rows; and (long) + certhas (rune rows)> certh(a rune) + as

(*abstract colletive suffix)

Anglachel flaming iron; ang (iron) + lach (from lacha- flame) + *l (star)Anghabar *iron mine; ang (iron) + sabar (delved mine) *[H] habar as theregular form might be possible as well

Angmar iron land; ang (iron) + (m-)bar (land, dwelling) the lenition of thesecond element is unclear (we would rather expect "Angbar") but edain often made mistakeswhen giving places Elvish names (VT#42 Rivers and Beacon-hills))Angrenost iron fortress (Isengard); angren (iron) + ost (fortress, stronghold)Angrist iron cleaver, sword; ang (iron) + rist (from "risto" cleave) the stem of thelast element blended with the stem "kris-" of similar meaning [Sil:440]

Angrod iron-eminent one; ang (iron) + arod (from Tel arto noble < artanoble + masculing anding o[F]) in [E RAUT-] the second element is given as rod(fromraud metal, earlier changed in from copper); S equivalent of Tel Angarto[PM:347]Angwedh chain; ang (iron) + gwedh (bond)Annon-in-Gelydh gate of the Noldor; annon (great door or gate) + in (pl.genitive article) + (n-)Gelyth (pl. of (n-)Golodh Noldor)Annminas west tower; annn (west, sunset) + minas (tower) *the assimilation ofnm>mm>m could be "internal nasal mutation"Anrien sun land; anor (the sun) + iend (-endcommonly used suffix in the

names of regions and countries [UT:412])*the long could probably reflect the longvowel in the primitive root that remains long (in the first element of a compound) when stressedAphadon successor, follower; ab (prefix after) + pad- (walk) + on (*traditionalending for male names)

Aphadrim followers (men); ab (prefix after) + pad- (walk) + rim (collectiveplural sufix)

Araglas *royal joy; aran (king) + glass (joy)Aradan king-man; ar(a) (prefix high, noble, royal) + adan (man)Arador *royal lord; ara(prefix high, noble, royal) + taur (king, lord)Aragorn royal valor; aran (king) + gorn (valor) *The translation is given in PM , butit could just as well be more complicated and include or allude to other stems; several names[in the line of Arthedain] though S in form, are not readily interpretable [Letters:426].

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Aragost - *royal dread; aran (king) + gost (dread)Arahael *wise king; ara(prefix high, noble, royal) + sael (wise)Aranath kings; aran (king) + ath (collective plural suffix)Aranarth *noble king; aran (king) + arth (lofty, noble)Aran Einior Elder King (Manw ) [PM:358]; aran (king) + einior (elder) > an

(comparative prefix) + iaur (ancient, old)Aranrth royal anger: aran (king) + rth (anger) the archaic origin of the name can

probably explain why assimilation nr>dhr doesn't take placeAranuir *eternal king; aran (king) + *uir (eternity)Araphant - *full king, king of all; aran (king) + pant (full)*the assimilation ofn+p>ph could be "internal nasal mutation"Araphor *royal fist; aran (king) + paur (fist)Arathorn royal eagle; aran (king) + thorn (eagle)Araval *golden king;ara (prefix high, noble, royal) + mall (golden, of gold)Aravir *royal jewel; ara (prefix high, noble, royal) + mr (jewel, treasure)

Aravorn *black king; ara (prefix high, noble, royal) + morn (black)Ard-Galen green region, area; ardh (realm, region) + calen (green)Aredhel high, noble elf; ar(a) (prefix high, noble, royal) + edhel (elf)Argeleb *royal silver; ar(prefix high, noble, royal) + *celeb (silver)Argonath royal stones; arn (prefix royal) + gond (great stone, rock) + ath(collective plural suffix). triconsonantal cluster rgn produces rg;in this caseoriginalnd doesnt produce nn before the collective plural suffix "ath" *might be adialectal form or a mistake on the part of Gondorians who didn't always use Elvish languagescorrectly(VT#42 Rivers and Beacon-hills)

Argonui *royal valour; ar(prefix high, noble, royal) + caun (valour) + ui(adjectival suffix)Arnor royal land; ar (prefix high, noble, royal) + (n-)dor (land, dwelling) Arnorwas retained to avoid Ardor and was later explained as the blending of Quenya "Arnanre"with S arn(a)dor>ardor [Letters:428]Arossiach fords of Aros; Aros (river name) + *iach (ford)Arothir noble lord; arod (noble) + hr (lord) S equivalent of Q Artaher [PM:346]Arthedain noblemen; arth (noble, lofty) + edain (pl. of adan man)Arvedui last king; r (king) + medui (last)Arvegil *royal sword; ar (prefix high, noble, royal) + megil (sword)

Arveleg *mighty king; ar(prefix high, noble, royal) + beleg (great, mighty)Arwen royal, noble maiden; ar (prefix high, noble, royal) + gwend (maiden,woman)

Athrad Angren (pl. Ethraid Engrin) iron ford; athrad (river-crossing, ford, way)+ angren (iron) * the first element could be interpreted as: ath (prefix on both sides,across") + rd (path, track)Athrad D(h)aer great ford; athrad (river-crossing, ford, way) + daer (great) *thevariation of the second element might reflect Tolkien's reluctance to use the "uncouth" digraph"dh"Athrad i-Negyth ford of the dwarves; athrad (river-crossing, ford, way) + in(pl.genitive article) + negyth (pl. of nogoth dwarf) *the first element could beinterpreted as: ath (prefix on both sides, across) + rd (path, track)[E RAT-]

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Balannor land of Gods; Balan (power, god) + (n-)dor (land, dwelling)Balrog - demon of power; bal- (stem cruel [EGWAL-]) + raug (powerful andhostile creature, demon)

Barad-dr dark tower; barad (tower) + dr (dark, somber) *dh could revert to dassimilated by the preceding d

Barad Nimras white-horn tower; barad (tower), nimp (white) + ras (horn) theoriginal form of ras would probably be rassin TA S with the final s dropped at the endof a polysyllable [F]Barad Eithel tower of [the] well; barad (tower) + eithel (spring, well)Baragund fiery prince; bara (fiery) + cund (prince)Barahir (Barachir) fiery lord; bara (fiery) + hr (lord)Baranduin gold-brown river; baran (gold-brown) + duin (long and large river)

David Salo: "dh and mh were liable to revert to d and m when they came to follow a nasalafter syncope" TolkLang message 19.31Bar-en-Danwedh house of ransom; bar (house) + en (genet.article) + *dan

(back) +*gwedh (bond) *we would expect it to be "Bar-e-Ndanwedh", but this could be adialectal variant of the nameBar-i-Ml home of the gulls; (m-)bar (dwell, inhabit) + in (gen. pl. article) +ml (pl. of mlgull)Barthan Earthbuilder (Aule); (m-)bar (dwell, inhabit) + tan (maker, smith)Basgorn a loaf of bread; (m-)bast (bread) + corn (round))Bauglir (Melkor) tyrant (*forcing-chain); baug (cruel, oppressive) + lr (row,range)

Belegaer great sea; beleg (great) + (g)aer (sea)

Belegost great fortress; beleg (great, mighty) + ost (fortress)Belegurth great death (Melkor) [PM:358]; beleg (great, mighty) + gurth (death)Beleriand the land of Balar; Balar (the name of the island, from PQ balre)+ iand (-andcommonly used suffix in the names of regions and countries

[UT:412])

Borlas *lasting, faithful joy (male name); br (faithful, enduring) + glass (joy)Brethiliand beech forest; brethil (beech) + and (commonly used suffix in thenames of regions and counries [UT:412])

Brithombar land of river Brithon; Brithon (name of the river pebbly [F]) +(m-)bar (dwell, inhabit)

Brilthor glittering torrent; bril (Ilk. glass, cristal) + thr (swooping, leapingdown)

Brithiach gravel ford; brith (Ilk. broken stones, gravel) + *iach (ford)Bruinen loud water; brui (loud) + nen (water)Cabed-en-Aras the deers leap; cabed (ger. of cab- leap) + en (gen.article) +aras (deer)

Cabed Naeramarth leap of dreadful doom; cabed (ger. of cab- leap),naer (sad, lamentable) + amarth (faith, doom)

Cair Andros ship of long foam; cair (ship), and (long) + ros (foam, rain) nd

doesnt become nn before r [LotR]; the original form of roswould probably be ross withthe final s dropped at the end of a polysyllable [F]

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Calben alight person; cal (from PQ "kala-" light) + pen (someone, anyone) issaid to be "formally" related to Q Kalaquend [WJ:362,376]Calenardhon green province; calen (green) + ardh (realm, region) + ond(commonly used suffix in the names of regions and countries [UT:412])

Calenhad green place; calen (green) + sad (limited area naturally or artificially

defined, a place, spot)Camlost (Beren) empty-handed; cam(b) (hand) + lost (empty)Carnen red water; car (from caran red) + nen (water)Carach Angren iron fang; carach (spike, tooth or rock) + angren (iron)Caradhras red horn; caran (red) + ras(horn, mountain peak) dhr is < n-r in

secondary contact;the original form of ras is probably rass with the final s dropped atthe end of a polysyllable [F]Caras Galadhon fortress of the trees; caras (*Nan moated fortress [UT:333]),galadh (tree) + *on (*could be Nan. genitive suffix [F])Carcharoth red maw; carch (tooth, fang) + car (from caran red) + *(h-)oth(*collective plural suffix)

Carchost fang citadel; carch (tooth, fang) + ost (fortress, stronghold)Celduin running river; cell (adj. running, flowing) + duin (big and large river)Celebdil silver tine; celeb (silver) + till (horn, point)Celeborn *high silver [UT:347]; celeb (silver) + orn (from PC "orn"uprising,tall) reinterpreted from earlier cilver tree; celeb (silver) + orn (tree); S equivalent of TelTelepornoCelebrant silver lode; celeb (silver) + rant (load, vein)Celebrimbor silver fist; celebrin (silver-like) + paur (a tightly closed hand as in

using an implement or a craft-tool) [PM:318] Sindarized form of Tel Telperimpar, QTyelpinquarCelebrindal silver foot; celebren (

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Crissaegrim cleft-peaks; criss (cleft) + aeg (Saegas mountain peak, thorn) +rim (collective plural suffix) [F]ss at the end of monosyllables is retained inintervocalic positionCthalion strong bow; c (bow) + thalion (strong, dauntless one) > thala(strong, dauntless) + ion (traditional male ending)

Daerachas great dread, fear; daer (great) + achas, gachas? [H] (dread, fear)Dagnir Glaurunga slayer of Glaurung; dag- (slay) + (n-)dr (man, adult male,here: doer) + Glaurung (dragon-name) + a (Doriathrin genitive ending) * themutation of dr to nir might be explained by the Doriathrin origin of the nameDagor Aglareb glorious battle; dagor (battle), aglar (glory) + eb (adjectivesuffix)

Dagor Bragollach battle of sudden flame; dagor (battle), bragol (sudden) +lach(flame)

Dagorlad battle plane; dagor (battle) + lad (plain, valley)Dagor-nuin-Giliath battle under the stars; dagor (battle) + nu (prep. under) + in(pl. article) + gl (star) + ath (collective plural suffix)

Dambeth response; dan (back) + peth (word)Damrod metal hammer; (n-)dam (hammer, beat) + raud (metal) S form of Q

Nambarauto; the second elementwaschanged from earlier copper[E RAUT-]Deld(w)ath horror night shadow; del (fear, disgust, horror) + d (nightfall,night, dimness) + gwath (shadow)

Dimbar sad land; dimb (Ilk. sad, gloomy [EDEM-]) + (m-)bar (land, dwelling) Dineth young lady, bride (Indis); d (bride, lady) + neth (young)

Dol Baran gold-brown hill; (n-)dol (hill), baran (gold-brown) *the lack of lenition

in "baran" could probably be explained by dialectal differencesDol Guldur hill of dark magic; (n-)dol (hill), (n-)gl (magic) + dr (dark)Dolmed wet head; (n-)dol (hill) + md (Dor. wet)Dor-Carthol land of bow and Helm; (n-)dr (land, dwelling-place), c (bow)+ ar (and) + thl (helm)

Dor Daedelos land of great/shadow of fear; (n-)dr (land, dwelling-place), dae(shadow) *or daer (great) + delos (abhorrence, loathing, detestation) [E DYEL-]

probably del (fear) + gos, goth (*gost? dread)Dor Dnen silent land;(n-)dr (land, dwelling-place), dn (silence) + en(adjective suffix) *the lack of lenition might be explained by Tolkien's dislike for "uncouth"digraph "dh"Dorgannas Iaur account of the shapes of the lands of old; (n-)dr (land,dwelling place) + cant (shape) + as (*abstract collective suffix) + iaur (old)

*suffix as probably denotes "a complete set of different things of one kind"Dor Firn-i-Chuinar land of the dead who live; (n-)dr (land, dwelling-place),firn (pl. of fern mortal)+ in (here: plural relative pronoun) + cuinar (3p pl. ofcuina - be alive)Doriath land of the fence; (n-)dr (land,dwelling) + ith (fence);genitival

sequences with possessor or qualifier second in the later period became fixed compounds, as

Driath [WJ:370];*probably reinterpreted by Tolkien from earlier " land of the cave"n at the end of fully accented monosyllables, such as thond[LotR]

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Methed-en-Glad end of wood; methed (end) + en (sing. gen. article) + glad(wood)

Methedras last peak; methed (last) + ras (horn, mountain peak) the original formof ras is probably rass with the final s dropped at the end of a polysyllable [F]Minas Anor the tower of the sun; minas (tower, fort), Anor (the sun)

Minas Ithil the tower of the moon; minas (tower, fort), Ithil (the moon)Minas Morgul tower of black magic; minas (tower, fort), morn (dark, black) +(n-)gl (magic, necromancy) as for the lenition inside the second word, in Letters:427,Tolkien explains that the triconsonantal group (rng) then being reduced to rgMinas Tirith tower watch; minas (tower, fort), tirith (watch, guard, vigilance)Mindolluin pale, *blue hill; mindon (isolated hill) + luin (*Dor. pale, *blue)Minhiriath between the rivers; min (prefix between) + sr (river) + ath (class

plural suffix)

Mr in Geleidh jewel of Noldor; mr (jewel, precious thing) + in (pl. genitivearticle) + Geleidh (pl. of (n-)Golodh Noldor) * in TA S would probably be Mr in Gelydh

Mirion great jewel (Silmaril); mr (jewel, precious thing) + on (*augmentativesuffix)

Mitheithel hoarwell; mith (grey) + eithel (spring, well)Mithlond Grey Havens; mith (grey) + lond (entrance to harbour, land-lockedhaven)

Mithrandir grey wanderer; mith (grey) + ran (wander, stray) + dr (man, adultmale)

Mithril silver-like metal; mith (grey) + rill (brilliance)Mithrim grey elves; mith (grey) + rim (collective plural suffix)

Mithrim *grey cold lake; mith (grey) + rimb (cold pool or lake)Morannon black gate; mor (from stem "mor"dark, black) + annon (great dooror gate)

Morben a dark person; morn (dark) + pen (someone anyone) is said to be"formally" related to Q Moriquendi; the first element could be "mora-", after "kala-" in

Kalaquendi [WJ:362]Morchant shadow; morn (dark) + cant (shape) * the second element seems to beliquid mutated (internal spirant mutation)Mordor black land; morn (dark, black) + (n-)dor (land, dwelling place)Morgai black fence; morn (dark, black) + cai (=cailfence)Morgoth dark enemy; morn (dark, black) + coth (enemy)Morgulduin - black magic river; morn (dark, black) + (n-)gl (magic,necromancy) + duin (long and large river)

Moria black chasm; mor (from stem "mor"dark, black) + i (abyss, void)Mormegil black sword; morn (dark, black) + megil (sword)Mornedhel dark elf; morn (black, dark) + edhel (elf)Morthond black root; morn (dark, black) + thond (root) nd doesnt become nn>n atthe end of fully accented monosyllables, such as thond[LotR]Morwen dark lady; mor (stem dark, black) + gwend (woman, maiden); [E WEN-]

since it shows no "-d" even in the archaic spelling, it probably contains derivative of "WEN-",not "WENED-" stem and the last element is Ilk. "gwen" (girl)

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Nan Dongoroth valley of dreadful death; nan (vally, grassland), don (swart,swarthy) + goroth (death);Dor. Dungorthin dunn (Dor. black) + (n-)gorthin(Dor. horrible);Dor. Dungortheb - dunn (Dor. black) + ngorth (Dor. horror) +eb (adjective suffix); suffix "-in" in Dungorthin Ardalambion interprets as Dor pluralending

Nanduhirion valley of dim streams; nan (vally, grassland) + d (nightfall,dimness) + sr (river) + ion (pl. genitive suffix)Nan Tathren willow-vale; nan (vally, grassland), tathar (willow) + en (adjectivesuffix) *the lack of lenition could probably be explained by dialectal differencesNardol fiery head; naur (fire) + (n-)dl (head) *the first element "naur" usually comesout as "nor" in compounds; the same vowel change is seen in Iarwain

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Nos Finrod house of Finrod; noss (house, family) + Finrod (see Finrodabove) double consonant in noss might be shortened because of the construct state of theword [F]Nrnen sad water; *nr (sad) + nen (water) *[H] the meaning of the first element ishighly hypotheticalOnodl entwash; onod (ent) + l (shallow lake, fenland)Orodruin mountain of blazing fire; orod (mountain) + ruin (fiery red)Orc(h)rist orc cleaver; orch (orc) + rist (from risto cleave) the stem of the lastelement blended with the stem "kris-" of similar meaning [Sil:440]Orfalch Echor *encircling, up-going valley;or (prefix above, over) + falch(deep cleft, ravine), echor (encircling)

Orthanc forked hight; or (from stem oro- up, rise, high) + thanc (split,forked)

Osgiliath city, fortress of stars; ost (fortress) + gl (star, bright spark) + ath(collective plural suffix)

Ossiriand land of seven rivers; od (from odog, Q otso seven) + sr (river)+ and (commonly used suffix in the names of regions and countries [UT:412])

Ost-in-Edhil city, fortress of elves; ost (fortress, city with wall around) + in (pl.gen. article) + edhil (pl. of edhel elf)Panthael fullwise; pant (full) + sael (wise)Parth Galen green sward; parth (field or enclosed grassland [UT:337]), calen(green)

Pelargir harbour of royal ships; pel (from stem pel- go round, revolve) +ar(a) (royal, noble) + cr (pl. of cair ship)

Pelennor fenced inner land; pel (from stem pel- go round, revolve) + end(from "enedh"middle)+ (n-)dor (land, dwelling)Pen-adar fatherless; pen (without, lacking) + adar (father)Peredhel half-elf; per ( stem of perin halve) + edhel (elf)Pinnath Gelin green ridges; pinnath (collective plural of ? [H]), celin (pl. ofcalen- green)

Radhrim east march; [F] radh (Dor. radhon east) + rim (Dor. edge, hem,border)

Ramdal wall end; ram(b) + tl (foot, here: end)

Rammas Echor great wall circle; ram(b) (wall) + as (*abstract collectivesuffix), echor (outer circle, outer ring) < ed (prefix forth, out) + cr>caur (round,globed) *this suffix probably denotes a complete set of different items of one kind ratherthat mere pluralityRas Arphain high snow peak; ras (horn, mountain peak), ar(a) (here: high) +

phain (white) * the second element is an alternative spelling of "fain"Rath Dnen silent street; rath (climbing passage, street), dnen (silent) in WJ the

form found is Rath Dhnen, with regular lenitionRath Celerdain street of lampwrights; rath (street), celerdain (pl. of calardanlampwtights < calar (lamp) + tan (maker, smith)

Rauros roaring foam; rau (lion) + ros (foam, rain) the original form of ros isprobably ross with the final s dropped at the end of a polysyllable [F]

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Region holly-tree area; [F] reg (Dor.regorn holly tree) + ion (Dor. gen. pl.suffix) = Dor. Regornion [E ERK-]Rhudaur east(ern) forest; rhu (from rhn east(ern)) + taur (forest)Ran crown-gift; r (crown) + an (from anna- give)Ringl cold water; ring (cold) + l (shallow lake, fenland)

Rohan (ASRochand [UT:412]) horse country; roh (from roch horse) + and(commonly used suffix in the names of regions and countries [UT:412])

Rohr horse lords; roh (from roch horse) + hr (pl. of hr lord)Sammath Naur chambers of fire; sam(b) (chamber, room) + ath (collective

plural suffix), naur (fire)

Sarch nia Hn Hrin grave of the children of Hrin; sarch (grave), nia (pre-LotR period plural genitive article, later changed to "in" WJ:160) hn (pl. ofhn child), hr (vigour, fiery spirit) + ind (inner thought, heart)Sarn Athrad stone ford; sarn (stone as a material), athrad (ger. of athra-

river-crossing, ford, way); *the second element could be interpreted as: ath (prefix onboth sides, across) + rd (path, track)Sarn Gebir stone spikes; sarn (stone as a m aterial) cebir (pl. of ceber stake,spike)

Seregon blood of stone; sereg (blood) + gond (great stone, rock)Sirannon gate-stream; sr (river) + annon (great door or gate)Sirion the great river; sr (river) + on (augmentative suffix) *another possibleinterpretation - the land of the waters where ion is archaic pl. genitive suffixSirannon gate river; sr (river) + annon (great door, gate)Sr Ninglor gladden (water-gold) river; sr (river), nn (pl. of nen water) +

glaur (gold); not clear why the second element of Ninglor is not lenited, David Salo states thatgh before a nasal could probably revert back to g , before it became zero, TolkLang message19.31Talath Dirnen guarded plain; talath (flat surface, plain), tirnen (p.p. of tir- watch, guard, gaze, look at)

Talath Rhnen eastern plain; talath (flat surface, plain), rhnen (eastern) lack oflenition probably shows that "rh" could sometimes resist lenition, functioning as "r", cf"Amrn" [F]Taur-e-Ndaedelos forest of the great (shadow of) fear (Mirkwood); taur (greatwood, forest) + en (sing. gen. article) + *daer (great) or *dae (shadow) + delos

(abhorrence, loathing, detestation) [E DYEL-] probably del (fear) + gos, goth (*gost? dread); *"dae" is not found in E, but the stem is probably NDAYTaur-en-Faroth forest of a hunter, hunters; taur (great wood, forest) + en (pl.gen. article) + faroth (hunter, hunters ? [H]) *the last element in "Faroth" could be suffix"(-h)oth" also found in Lossoth, Esgaroth and LammothTaur-im-Duinath forest between rivers; taur (great wood, forest) + im (prefix

between) + duin (long and large river) + ath (collective plural suffix)

Taur-nu-Fuin forest under night (Mirkwood); taur (great wood, forest) + nu(under) + fuin (night, gloom, darkness)

Tauros forest dread (Orom) [E TWAR-]; taur (great wood, forest) + goss(dread, fear); in [PM:358] the S name of Orom is given as (Aran) Tauron the

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(king) forester < aran (king), taur (great wood, forest) + on (traditional ending for

male names)

Tawar-in-Dredain forest of wild men; tawar (great wood, forest) + in (pl. gen.article) + dr (Sadaptation of their native word "drughu") + edain (pl. of adan man)

Tawarwaith forest people; tawar (great wood, forest) + gwaith (people, folk)Tegilbor pen-hand; tegil (Sindarized Q "tekil" pen) + paur (a tightly closed handas in using an implement or a craft-tool) [PM:318]

Thangorodrim mountains of tyranny; thang (compulsion, opression) + orod(mountain) + rim (class plural suffix)

Tharbad crossroads; thar (prefix across) + pad (way)Thargelion crossing of Gelion; thar (prefix across) + Gelion (river name)Thingol grey cloak; thind (Dor, Sgrey, pale) + coll (cloak, mantle); S form of Q"Sindikollo"; the second element was reinterpreted from earlier "gl" (wise)[E THIN-]Thorondor eagle lord; thoron (eagle) + taur (king)Thorongil eagle of star; thoron (eagle) + gl (star, bright spark)Tinnviel daughter of twilight; [E TIN-] tindumh (AS twilight) + iell (daughter,child [E SEL-D] traditional ending for womens names) [E] AS Tindmiselde, QTindmerelTindobel starlit village, city; tindu (AS twilight) + gobel (village, town) *nddoesnt become nn within one morpheme as its an archaic nameTol Brandir *high island; toll (island), brand (lofty, noble, fine) + dr(traditional suffix for proper names [EDER- ]) double consonant in toll might be

shortened because of the construct state of the word [F] * the second element seems to be a

noun (high, noble man?) in an adjectival position, and that could explain the lack of mutationTol-ereb lonely island (Tol-eressea);toll (island) + ereb (isolated, lonely)Tol Galen green isle; toll (island) + calen (green)Tol-in-Gaurhoth isle of werewolves; toll (island) + in (pl. gen. article) + gaur(werewolf) + hoth (class plural suffix) *[F]with collective plurals ending in"-hoth" thearticle can be optionally singular, cf "Naur dan i ngaurhoth"Tolfalas coast isle; toll (island) + falas (coast, beach, shore)Tol(l)ondren stone isle; toll (island) + gond (stone) + ren (adjectival suffix)Torath kings; taur (legitimate king of a tribe) + ath (collective plural suffix)Tumladen *open valley; tum (deep valley) + laden (clear, open, wide)

Tramarth master of doom; tr (mastery, victory) + amarth (fate, doom)Turgon master-shout (if interpretable at all [PM:344]); tr (mastery, victory) +caun (outcry, clamour [PM:362]) S name of TuruknoTrin *victorious heart; tr (mastery,victory) + ind (inner thought, heart, mind)Tyrn Gorthad - Barrow Downs; tyrn (n. pl. downs [H]) + gorth (dead) + sad(place)

Uilos ever-white snow; *ui (stem of "uireb"eternal) + loss (snow) final s inloss is dropped at the end of a polysyllable [F]Uldor *hideous king; ul (stem hideous, horrible) + *taur (king)

Ulfang *hideous beard; ul (stem hideous, horrible) + fang (beard)Ulfast *hideous hair; ul (stem hideous, horrible) + *fast (shaggy hair)Ulwarth *hideous betrayer; ul (stem hideous, horrible) + gwarth (betrayer)

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Umboth Muilin veiled pool; umboth (Dor. large pool) + muilin (Dor. secret,veiled)