NAME:Ayush JainRoll No.: 43Class: FY.BMS.Div:ASubject: environmental managementYear: 2013141.GLOBAL WARMINGGlobal warming is the talk of the town in this century, with itsdetrimental effects alreadybeingbrought tolimelight bythe recurringevents of massive floods, annihilatingdroughts andravagingcyclonesthroughout the globe. The average global temperatures are higher than theyhave ever been during the past millennium, and the levels of CO in theatmosphere have crossed all previous records. ! scrutiny of the past recordsof "## years indicates that $ndia figures in the first "# in the world in termsof fatalities and economic losses in a variety of climatic disasters.CLIMATEThe climate is defined as the general or average weather conditions of acertain region, including temperature, rainfall, and wind. The earthsclimate is most affected by latitude, the tilt of the %arth&s a'is, themovements of the %arth&s wind belts, and the difference in temperatures ofland and sea, and topography. (uman activity, especially relating to actionsrelating to the depletion of the o)one layer, is also an important factor. GREEN HOUSE EFFECTGreen(ouseeffect isthephenomenonwherebytheearth&satmospheretraps solar radiation, and is mediated by the presence in the atmosphere ofgases such as carbon dio'ide, water vapour, and methane that allowincoming sunlight to pass through, but absorb the heat radiated back fromthe earth&s surface.GLOBAL WARMING Global warming is defined as an increase in the average temperature of the%arth&s atmosphere, especially a sustained increase great enough to causechanges in the global climate.The term global warming is synonymous with %nhanced green house effect,implyinganincreaseintheamount ofgreenhousegasesintheearthsatmosphere, leading to entrapment of more and more solar radiations, andthus increasing the overall temperature of the earth.EFFECT OF GLOBAL WARMING ON THE EARTHSCLIMATE*etailed researches of climatic events of the past "+# years have revealedthat the temperatures haverisenall over theglobe, withthe warmingoccurring in two phases. The first phase was from ",", to ",-#, with anaverage temperature gain of #..+/C, and the second phase was from ",0#to the present, e'hibiting temperature gains of #.++/C.1ecords show thatthe past + years have been the warmest time of the past + centuries. Theglobal warming has resulted in the warming of the oceans, rising of the sealevels, meltingof glaciers, anddiminishedsnowcover inthe2orthern(emisphere.The recent catastrophic climatic events like the massive floods in 3akistanand $ndia, the (urricane 4atrina in the 5nited 6tates, the prolongeddroughts in !ustralia, China, 3akistan, $ndia and Te'as, are all the results ofincreasedtemperaturesduetoglobal warming. *uringthe"st century,climatic disasters occurred five times as fre7uently and killed or affectedseventy times as many people. 8etween ### and ##-, an average of 9climaticdisasterswasreportedeachyear.Thus, theimmensegeologicalchanges will continue their destruction unabated if steps to mitigate globalwarming are not taken.2.Effects OF DAMS ON THEENVIRONMENTThe human being has been struggling in order to shape the ecosphere in amanner he wants since the first day. The period in which this struggle wasobservedmost intensivelywastheperiodcoveringthetransitionfromamigrant andprimitivehuntersocietytoaresident lifeandfarming. Themost deep:seatedenvironmental modificationagainst thenaturethat hadbeenreali)edinthehistoryofthehumanbeinghasstartedat thistime.%ven the development and downfall of civili)ations are correlated to thisinteraction between the human being and nature.INTRODUCTION:*amshaveoneofthemost important rolesinutili)ingwaterresources.They were constructed long years before gaining present information abouthydrology and hydromechanics. They are not ordinary engineeringbuildings. *am pro;ects, which are useful in meeting the demand for waterindesiredtimes andinregulatingstreamregimes, haveundertakenanimportant function in the development of civili)ation.*ams have been constructed in order to prevent floods, to supply drinkingand domestic water, to generate energy and for irrigation purposes since theold:times.*ams have a great deal of positive and negative effects on the environmentbesides their benefits like controlling stream regimes, conse7uentlypreventing floods, obtaining domestic and irrigation water from the storedwater and generating energy. *ams hold possibilities of considerable harmfor livingbeingsinadditiontotheir advantagessuchasmeetingbasicre7uirements of the society and increasing living standards.THE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF DAMSON THE ENVIRONMENT$C@ as anintermediate. ! >$C production plant was added in ",0,. !fter the 8hopalplant wasbuilt, other manufacturersincluding8ayer producedcarbonylwithout >$C, though at a greater manufacturing cost. (owever, 8ayer alsousedthe 5CCprocess at the chemical plant once ownedby5CCat$nstitute, $C, whichwas thenreactedwith":naphtha to form the final product, carbonyl. This DrouteD differed from the>$C:freeroutesusedelsewhere, inwhichthesamerawmaterialswerecombined in a different manufacturing order, with phosgene first reactingwith naphtha to form a chloroform ate ester, which was then reacted withmethylamine. $n the early ",C#s, the demand for pesticides had fallen, butproduction continued, leading to build:up of stores of unused >$C.Con!#i()!ing fac!o#$Aactors leading to the magnitude of the gas leak mainly included problemssuch as storing >$C in large tanks and filling beyond recommended levels,poor maintenance after the plant ceased >$C production at the end of ",C-,failure of several safety systems due topoor maintenance, andsafetysystems beingswitchedoff tosave moneyJincludingthe >$Ctankrefrigeration system which could have mitigated the disaster severity. Thesituation was worsened by the mushrooming of slums in the vicinity of theplant, non:e'istent catastrophe plans, and shortcomings in health care andsocioeconomic rehabilitation. 3lant management deficiencies were alsoidentifiedGlackof skilledoperators, reductionof safetymanagement,insufficient maintenance, and inade7uate emergency action plans.+.,"r-n Tr")in%Carbon emissions trading is a form of emissions trading that specificallytargets carbon dio'ide ?calculated in tonnes of carbon dio'ide e7uivalent ortCOe@ and it currently constitutes the bulk of emissions trading.This form of permit trading is a common method countries utili)e in ordertomeet their obligations specifiedbythe 4yoto3rotocol= namelythereductionof carbonemissionsinanattempt toreduce?mitigate@ futureclimate change.Econo%ic$%missionstradingworksbysettinga7uantitativelimit ontheemissionsproduced by emitters. The economic basis for emissions trading is linked tothe concept of property rights.Co$!$ an* 'a+)a!ionThe economic problemwith climate change is that the emitters ofgreenhousegases?G(Gs@donot facethefull cost implicationsoftheiractions. Therearecoststhat emittersdoface, e.g., thecostsofthefuelbeing used, but there are other costs that are not necessarily included in theprice of a good or service. These other costs are called e'ternal costs.E!"ic$ an* fai#ne$$The way of dealing with climate change has particular ethical issues andotherissuesrelatedtothefairnessoftheproblem. Toactuallycalculatesocial costsre7uiresvalue;udgementsabout thevalueoffutureclimateimpacts. There is no consensus among economists over how to value thefairness ?economists use the term e7uity to mean fairness@ of a particularclimate policy. %.g. how to share the burden of costs for mitigating futureclimate change.There are methods to infer prices for Dnon:marketD goodsand services. (owever, these valuations can be controversial, e.g.,valuations of human health impacts, or ecosystems.E,)i!-OneoftheadvantagesofCoase&smodel isthat it suggeststhat fairness?e7uity@canbeaddressedinthedistributionofpropertyrights, andthatregardless of howthese property rights are assigned, the market willproduce the most efficient outcome. $n reality, according to the held view,marketsarenot perfect, andit isthereforepossiblethat atradeoffwilloccur between e7uity and efficiency.Ta.e$ 'e#$)$ ca$! large number of papers in the economics literature suggest that carbonta'es should be preferred to carbon trading. Counter:arguments to this areusuallybasedonthepossiblepreferencethat politicians mayhaveforemissions tradingcomparedwithta'es. One of these is that emissionpermitscanbefreelydistributedtopollutingindustries, rather thantherevenuesgoingtothegovernment.! purecarbonta'fi'esthepriceofcarbon, but allowstheamount ofcarbonemissionstovary= andapurecarbon cap places a limit on carbon emissions, letting the market price oftradable carbon allowances vary.T#a*ing$n an emissions trading system, permits may be traded by emitters who areliable to hold a sufficient number of permits in system. 6ome analysts arguethat allowing others to participate in trading insider...Nn/Bi)e%r")"-#e W"ste$t will 2OTbreakdownor at least 2OTbreakdownfor manyyears.%'amples of2on:biodegradable areplastics,metalandglass. *angerouschemicalsandto'insarealsonon:biodegradable, asareplasticgrocerybags, plastic water bottles and other similar materials.2on:biodegradable products are the products that do not breakdown, decay,or decompose into simpler forms of matter. 2ature cannot reuse theproducts whentheyarediscarded. >aterial that is not organicis non:biodegradable as opposedto biodegradable products that are made oforganic materials. 3roducts made with non:organic materials are non:biodegradable products or non:biodegradable material or waste. 6omee'amplesof non:biodegradableproductsincludeplastics, foamdrinkingcups, circuit boards, ceramics, metals, oil, aluminiumcans, and glassbottles.Wa-$ !o *ea+ /i!" non&*eg#a*a(+e /a$!e*isposal of non:biodegradable waste has become a ma;or concern for theresidents of the capital city, with 4udumbasree workers no longercollecting waste from homes.2ot ;ust plastic, a whole lot of other hard:to:dispose of waste isaccumulating in many homes. These include used tube lights, glass bottles,and thermocol packing material.$n ##., the amount of plastic waste generated by the city in a day used tobe ;ust one:and:a:half tonnes. Hast month, at the time of the closure of theIilappilsala garbage treatment plant, the amount of plastic waste landingthere daily was a whopping -# tonnes.Technology is now available to manufacture crude oil out of plastic= a unitutilisingsuchtechnologyiscomingupat 4ottayamonane'perimentalbasis. $t has also been suggested that the plastic be put through a shreddingmachine and the shredded plastic be mi'ed with bitumen for tarring roads.Rec-c+ing +a$!icThere are also technologies which can convert plastic bags into granules.2early 0## bags will be needed to make one kg of granules.BThere are several options for recycling plastic bags, which form a chunkof the plastic waste. 8ut for everything, we need clean plastic. 1ight now,we have toemploy people tocleanthe plastic collectedfromhomesbecause most of these are disposed of in a very soiled or wet condition, andthis is not economically viable,K says *. 6reekumar, the city Corporation&s(ealth Officer.(e feels that as part of the trainingtobe as environment:friendlyaspossible, people should get into the habit of washing out plastic bags G suchas milk sachets or plastic pouches in which wet dosa batter is packed or theonesinwhichfishisbrought homeGdryingit andthensellingit forrecycling.5sedtubelightsarealsoturningout tobeama;or headacheasthesecontain high levels of mercury and need to be disposed of safely.!long with technologies to promote home:based biodegradable wastemanagement, every city needs sanitary landfills to dispose of non:biodegradable waste, says *r. 6reekumar.BIBLIOGRA0H12 Studynation.com Google.com Studygs.com