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EMBEDDED SYSTEMS AND ITS

APPLICATIONS

PresentedBy

M.Suresh

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What is an Embedded System?An Embedded System is a microprocessor basedsystem that is embedded as a subsystem, in a

larger system (which may or may not be acomputer system).

OI

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CHARACTERISTICS OF EMBEDDED

SYSTEMS It acts as a single function

It is very reactive and real time constrained

Increasing high perfomance

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REQUIREMENTS OF EMBEDDED

SYSTEMS FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

DEPENDABILITY REQUIREMENTS

4

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Automotive electronics

Aircraft electronics

Trains

Telecommunication

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Application areas

Authentication

Military applications

Medical systems

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Application areas

Consumer electronics

Smart buildings

Fabrication equipment

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Essential Components

Microprocessor / DSP

Sensors

Converters (A-D and D-A) Actuators

Memory (On-chip and Off chip)

Communication path with the interactingenvironment

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Embedded System Structure

(Generic)

Memory

Processor &

ASICsA-

DSensor

D-

A

Actuator

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Essential Considerations

Response Time -- Real Time Systems

Area

Cost Portability

Low Power (Battery Life)

Fault Tolerance

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General Characteristics of Embedded

Systems

Perform a single task

Usually not general purpose

Increasingly high performance and real time

constrained Power, cost and reliability are important

considerations

HW-SW systems

Software is used for more features and flexibility Hardware (processors, ASICs, memory etc. are used

for performance and security

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General Characteristics of Embedded

Systems (contd.)

ASIPs and ASICs form a significant component

Adv: customization lower power, cost and enhanced performance

Disadv: higher development effort (debuggers, compilers etc.) and

larger time to market

ASIC s

Processor

Cores

Mem

Analog

IODigital

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Design Metrics

Unit cost the $ cost for each unit excludingdevelopment cost

NRE cost: $ cost for design and development

Size: The physical space reqd.

determined by bytes ofsw, number of gates and transistors in hw

Performance: execution time or throughput of thesystem

Power: lifetime of battery, cooling provisions

Flexibility: ability to change functionality without heavyNRE cost

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Design Metrics (contd.)

Time to market = Time to prototype + Time to refine +Time to produce in bulk

Correctness: Test and Validation

Safety:

Often these metrics are contradictory hence calls foroptimization

Processor choice, partitioning decisions, compilationknowledge

Requires expertise in hw and sw both

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Importance of Embedded Software

and Embedded Processors

... the New York Times has

estimated that the average

American comes into contact

with about 60 micro-processors every day....

[Camposano, 1996]

Latest top-level BMWscontain over 100 micro-

processors

[Personal communication]

Most of the

functionality

of embeddedsystems

will be

implemented

in software!

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