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Zoo Design ConferenceWroclaw Zoo 5-7 April 2017
Jon Coe
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Jon Coe Jon Coe Design Pty. Ltd.
How many architects...animal care people...scientists? Purpose of presentation A) Background, B), Expand concept of EE to BigPicture
1Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
My Four Messages for you:
• Environmental enrichment is
a big deal ‒ Key to long term
animal welfare
• Brief history and future trends
• Practical applications
• Integrative design process
Useful definitions
2Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
EnrichmentHas become de facto the
primary tool for addressing
psychological wellbeing in
zoo and aquarium animals*.
* David Shepherdson 2013
Why is EE important?
3Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
A dynamic process
which structures and changes
an animal’s environment
in a way that provides
behavioral choices to animals
and draws out their
species-appropriate behaviors
and abilities and
enhances their welfare*.*D. Shepherdson 2010
Enrichment Definition
What is EE?
4Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
Evolution ofEnvironmental Enrichment
Hal Markowitz1982
1998
1999
1993
2017
2nd Nature Published
EE added to AZA Accreditation
Training Program at AZA
Wroclaw Zoo Design Conference: New Five Freedoms
AZA Enrichment School
2000 AZA AWC formed
Enrichment
Training
Behavioral Husbandry
Animal Welfare
2003 EE for Captive animals published
Welfare symposia e.g. CZS & Detroit Zoo
SHAPE of Enrichment
Old Five Freedoms1979
1992
Chart adapted from
D. Shepherdson, 2013
1st ICEE Portland, OR
1991
Important date in the evolution of environment
5Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
“Old Five Freedoms”... from:
• Hunger and Thirst
• Discomfort
• Pain, Injury or Disease
• Fear and Distress
• To Express Normal Behaviour
UK Farm Animal Welfare Council. 1979
To...?
These old “freedoms” are mportant but simplistic. Must be based upon Science with empathy!
6Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
New Five Freedoms...to:
• Achieve Competence: “Effective
performance of normal functions”
• Have Choice: “The right or ability to
choose.”
• Take Control: “The power to
influence...the course of events”
• Experience Variety “The quality of
being different or diverse; the absence of
uniformity or monotony.”
• Engage Complexity: “The quality of
being intricate or complex”
Definitions: Oxford Living Dictionary (Online)
Big new idea! Note that variety and complexity multiply the benefits of competence, control and choice.
7Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
2.
Environment
-/+
3.
Health
-/+
5.
Mental
State
-/+
Five Domains of Animal Welfare
4.
Behavior
-/+
Welfare
Status
Physical / Functional / Situational
Domains
Affective / Experience
Domain
Adapted from Mellor, D.J. & Beausoleil, N.J. 2015
Choice or Agency
1.
Nutrition
-/+
Many enrichment programs follow this model.
8Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
“The organism with the
greatest number of choices
has the greatest freedom.”
Jon Coe
Choice + Control
= Freedom
None of us are truly free. People and other animals have limitations, but choice and control give relative freedom
9Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
The Next Frontier
Giving Animals Choices
10Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
Micro-climate Choice
Ventilation
Light
Heat
Humidity
Rainforest
Animals move through gradients of microclimate in natural environments to meet their needs.
11Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
Micro-climate Choice?
Light
Ventilation
Temperature
Humidity
Zoo Holding areas
Most indoor animal areas have uniform microclimates and animals have no choices for control. It should not be this way.
12Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
The Competent Wild Ape
Genetic Competence +
Behavioural Competence
13Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
Genetic Competence
+Behavioural Competence
Maintaining behavioural competence in managed species over many generations is just as important as maintaining genetic competence over many generations. Environmental enrichment is the key to maintaining behavioural competence.
14Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
The Competent Zoo Ape
Genetic Competence +
Behavioural Competence
Zoo Guadalajara 24m in the air!
15Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
Zoo Design Fundamentals:
“Nature is the Model”*
• Landscape immersion ‒ look and
function is ‘natural’
• Naturalistic ‒ artificial appearance, natural
function
• Soft Zoo Architecture** ‒ plantings,
mulch, logs, etc.
• Hard Zoo Architecture** ‒ tile, concrete,
steel, glass, etc.
Useful definitions. Soft and hard architecture are terms first used by Dr Terry Maple when director at Zoo Atlanta.
16Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
Permanent Enriching Structures
Lion Rocks
Cool shady place
as retreat with
cooling fan.
High Point for
basking with
panoramic views.
Warm, sheltered
place for basking
with heated area
for cool days.
I designed these artificial rock formations as solar furniture based upon solar angles in summer and winter. Animals will never tire of using this massive built-in enrichment feature.
17Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
Artificial
Termite Mound
Permanent Enriching Structures
Fill the hopper inside this artificial tree stump with chilled live crickets and meal worms. When these insects warm up they will exit the drain tubes at naturally random times and become available food for the larger animals. In this way animals must search for food nearby and don’t associate this food with humans.
18Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
Hidden Bungee Feeder
Moving Enrichment Features
Use of hidden steel springs or bungee lines animates attached treat items, causing carnivores to pull on and play with the item.
19Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
Sway Branch
Everything MovesDenver Zoo
Moving Enrichment Features
Sway branches are loosely attached at the base and hung from a rope or line so that they sway naturally when animals climb or perch on them. This increases animal’s ability to balance and improves overall dexterity and fine muscle control. Sway branches can be lowered for provisioning with enrichment items and raised into a variety of positions using a small winch.
20Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
Low-Tech Sway Branch
Changeable Bamboo
Cricket/Meal Worm
Feeders
Bamboo Pole
Note: Place in
bamboo clump
Steel Rod
driven into
ground
Moving Enrichment
Features
Sway branches can be hung from other trees or bamboo groves in immersion exhibits. Bamboo sway poles can be provisioned with trets for small climbing animals and birds.
21Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
Bait fixed at top of post requires ladder to change
Pole doesn’t move
Artificial Feeding Pole(From Young 2002 Fig 8.1)
Sway Feeding Pole Sway Feeding PoleAttached to Building
Pulley hidden by existing tree.
Vine or rope fixed to post
Sway pole moves with tiger – more challenging and natural
Sway pole raised with electric winch
Pole anchored to shackle
Hidden pulley
Hidden winch
Moving Enrichment Features
Feeding Poles
Large logs with branches can be hung from natural trees of other structures to sway when heavy animals climb up them for food, increasing the animals physical fitness.
22Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
Moving Enrichment Features
Balancing Treat Logs
Balancing logs offer play opportunities, especially when small holes are drilled into them and filled with tasty food items. Logs attached flexibly to pool edges and moved by waves are often attractive to bears, seals, sea otters and other swimming mammals and perhaps attractive to large aquatic reptiles and large fish. These balancing logs must be well attached to prevent accidental injuries.
23Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
Moving EnrichmentArtificial Hunt
Artificial “Prey” is a
bag filled with sand
scented with blood, perfume
or animal scent
Big powerful animals need to attach and test their strength against heavy moveable objects.
24Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
Artificial Hunt
“Clothes Line”
The Bored Big Cat
A continuous line controlled from outside the animal area can be used to position heavy animal treats or attractions for the animals, or the animals can be allowed to drag the treat along of length of the line.
25Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
Lure Coursing for
Cheetahs and Canids
Exercise For Zoo Animals
Cincinnati Zoo, Ohio
This video of lure coursing at Cincinnati Zoo can’t be shown on this PDF.
26Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
PVC Cricket or Meal Worm Feeders
Dead TreeFeeding Features being positioned
Food-Based Enrichment
On the left a PVC pipe section with holes drilled in it and both ends capped is provisioned with chilled crickets or mealworms as on page 18. When the insects become active they fall to the ground in a pile of leaves or branches for foraging animals. On the right, a long branched flexibly attached at the bottom end can be lowered for placement of food provisions as was shown earlier with sway branches.
27Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
Babirusa Root Feeder
Pour nuts, meal worms etc. into PVC pipe.
Cement grout and boulders
Flexible high pressure radiator hose with holes drilled for food to fall out when shaken.
Will the Babirusa use it?
How well does is it liked?
Prototype at Houston Zoo
Active Feeding Features
Enough to
cuddle while sleeping!
This slides shows testing of a feeding feature for babirusa pigs made of a strong rubber tube with holes drilled in it to release food items when shaken. The pig liked it so much she slept with it!
28Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
Tree in upright position
Range of motion.
Large Log
Secure ropes usedto raise browse
Truck tires set in sand(seen at Disney’s Animal Kingdom)
Moving Enrichment
Features
Elephant Push Tree
Logs set into buried tyres ove somewhat when pushed by elephants or other powerful animals Hanging food from the top encourages the animals to use this, building strength.
29Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
Conditioning and Training
© Louisville Zoo
Healesville
Sanctuary
Positive reinforcement training is very useful in showing animals how to use unfamiliar enrichment features and in rotating between areas.
30Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
Animal Rotation
Transfers
Training
The Louisville Zoo Islands exhibit complex has four exhibit areas interconnected with hidden raceways. Orang-utan, siamang, tapir, babirusa and Sumatran tiger are rotated among the four exhibit areas on a random bases several times each day. Thus at the end of the day each animals has many behavioural opportunities. Five years of independent behavioural study found this rotation enriching and not overly stressful for any of the animals. Training for transfers is key and all animals transfer readily whenever requested by the keepers based upon target training with food rewards.
31Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
Hediger’s Concept of Territory
Home BaseResource Sites
Resource Sites
Secondary
Retreat
Secondary
Retreat
Path Network
32Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
1. Single Exhibit
2. Adjacent Rotation
3. Rotation Circuit
Evolution of Animal Rotation Networks
4. Long Distance Overhead Rotation/Movement
33Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
Big Idea: “Why can't we
hook up everything in the
zoo to everything else and
let the animals have the run
of the place?”
(Coe, 2009)
34Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
Evolution of Animal Rotation Networks
1. Single Exhibit
2. Adjacent Rotation
3. Rotation Circuit
5. Animal Trail Network
Node
Land Trail
4. Long Distance Overhead Rotation
35Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
Animal Trail Network
Zoo Wide Concept
Node
Land Trail
Animal Rotation Networks
Overhead
Trail
Nature is the ModelHediger’s Concept of
Territory
36Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
Jon Coe Design P/L
SanctuaryRotation
Center for Great Apes
37Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
Rotation and Animal Trails
Tree Top Trail, Philadelphia Zoo
38Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
Long-Term PhasingPhiladelphia Zoo
Restaurant and Demonstration Area
Large Mammals
Big Cats Great Apes KidZooU
Small Primates
African Plains Bears
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1011
12 1314
39Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
Tree-Tops Trail
Species Using
Phase One
40Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
Great Ape Trail
41Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
Big Cat andTiger Crossing
Photos and video: Philadelphia Zoo
42Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
Integrating Enrichment Activities
Built-in (“Hardware”)
Staff Provided (“Software”)
• Melbourne Model - Enrichment-driven design (EE + Training & Conditioning)
• Animal wellbeing co-equal with visitor
experience, staff needs and zoo expenses.
• Staff & facility costs
▪ Determined at each design stage
▪ Short term
▪ Long term
43Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
Stakeholders Bill of Rights
• Zoo Animals
• Free-Ranging Animals in the Zoo
• Zoo Plants
• Zoo Staff and Volunteers
• Zoo Visitors
• Zoo as a Business
44Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
Designer
CareGivers
SeniorManagers
Operations
Educators Security
EnrichmentConditioningSpecialists
A Seat at the Table
Veterinarians
Collaboration
45Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
.
Typical Questions
• What animal welfare benefits are
desired?
• Type of stimulus?
• Species and individual animal
personality?
• Training and conditioning?
• Visual/thematic/educational aspect?
• Materials in contact with animals?
• Mechanical system proposed?
• Likely Cost?
46Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
Why is EE important?
To Animals:
• Compensate for shortcomings
in the captive environment
• Help animals reach optimum health
and wellbeing
• Maintain long-term behavioural
competence within the population
47Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
Why is EE important?
To Keepers:
• Benefits “their animals”
• Novel, interesting work
• Additional job skills and
professional growth
• Peer recognition
48Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
Why is EE important?
To Visitors:
• See animal better, (active animals
are more interesting)
• See that animals are well cared for
(people think animals doing
interesting things are happier)
49Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
Why is EE important?
To Visitors:
• Watch caregivers providing
training and enrichment is
interesting and informative
• To occasionally participate in
enrichment activities themselves
50Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
1. What is best for the animals?
✓ Develops competence
✓ A great place to live
2. What is best for the visitors?
✓ Fun and exciting
✓ What’s the message?
3. What is best for the business?
✓ Short term
✓ Long term
4. What is best for zoo staff?
✓ Safe
✓ Rewarding
5. What is best for research?
✓ Original
✓ Useful
Summary
51Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
Let’s think hard...What are
things we do for the animals
that they could do better for
themselves?
52Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
Exhibits are a
Zoo’s Natural Voice
Make enrichment count
for
BOTHVisitors and Animals!
Woodland Park Zoo Photo: L. Sammons
53Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org
54Jon Charles Coe, Jon Coe Designs Pty. Ldt.
Embedding Environmental Enrichment Into Zoo Animal Facility Design
Zoodesign Conference 2017, Wroclaw, Poland www.zoolex.org