emep steering body, geneva, 2014 heavy metal pollution assessment within emep oleg travnikov on...

EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014

Heavy metal pollution assessment within EMEP

Oleg Travnikov on behalf of MSC-E and

CCC


• Preparation of emissions data for modelling (4.3)

• Monitoring of heavy metals within EMEP (1.1.1-1.1.3)

• Operational modelling of HM transboundary pollution within EMEP region (1.3.2b)

• Assessment of long-term changes of HM transboundary pollution (1990-2010) (1.1.4, 1.3.2b)

• Country-scale pollution assessment – Case studies (1.3.5)

• Assessment of Hg intercontinental transport (1.3.6, 1.3.8c)

• Research and development:

Transition of the modelling system to the new EMEP grid (1.3.4)

Pilot simulations on the new EMEP grid and evaluation against measurements (1.3.4)

Elaboration of multi-media model approach for Hg (1.3.8c)

• Co-operation with subsidiary bodies, international organizations and programmes (1.6.2, 1.6.3, 1.1.7)

EMEP activities on heavy metals in 2014


Emissions data for modellingItem 4.3 Co-operation with TFEIP

EMEP official emissions data (Parties, CEIP):

• Time-series of national emission totals (Parties, annually)

• Gridded emissions for the latest reported year (CEIP, annually)

• Gridded sectoral emissions (Parties, once in five years)

• Emissions from Large Point Sources (Parties, once in five years)

Additional emissions data for modelling (MSC-E):

• Time-series of gridded annual emissions for 1990-2012

• Speciation of Hg emissions (Hg0, Hg(II)gas, Hg(II)part)

• Vertical distribution of anthropogenic emissions

• Emissions for the non-EMEP countries within the EMEP domain (Northern Africa and Middle East)

• Gridded emissions on a global scale (Hg)

• Natural and secondary sources (re-suspension and re-emission)


Pb in precipitation

59 sites

Pb in air

45 sites

Measurements of Pb, Cd and Hg in 2012

Monitoring of heavy metals within EMEP

Coverage of EMEP monitoring network for HMs is still limited

Cd in air

44 sites

Cd in precipitation

59 sites

Hg in air

18 sites

Hg in precipitation

27 sites

Items 1.1.1-1.1.3


- in air - in precip. - co-located

HM monitoring within EMEP

Benefits of moss data:

Wide spatial coverage

Large number of sites

Long period of measurements (1990-2010)

Evaluation of total (wet+dry) deposition

HM in mosses (2005)

Measurements of heavy metal concentration in mosses

Supplementary measurement dataCo-operation with WGEItem 1.1.6


HM in mosses (2005)HM in mosses (1990-2010)

Measurements of heavy metal concentration in mosses

Supplementary measurement dataCo-operation with WGEItem 1.1.6

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

Con

c. in

mos

ses,

mg/

kg

0

15

30

45

Tot

al d

epos

ition

, g/

km2 /y

Conc. in moss

Deposition fluxCd

0

3

6

9

12

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

Con

c. in

mos

ses,

mg/

kg

0.0

0.6

1.2

1.8

2.4

Tot

al d

epos

ition

, kg

/km2 /y

Conc. in moss

Deposition fluxPb


Selected sites

Pb, Cd

Hg

- in air - in precip. - co-located

Evaluation of long-term trendsJoint analysis of measurements and modelling

Items 1.1.4, 1.1.8, 1.3.2b Co-operation with TFMM

0

10

20

30

40

19

90

(Ja

n)

19

90

(A

ug

)

19

91

(M

ar)

19

91

(O

ct)

19

92

(M

ay)

19

92

(D

ec)

19

93

(Ju

l)

19

94

(F

eb

)

19

94

(S

ep

)

19

95

(A

pr)

19

95

(N

ov)

19

96

(Ju

n)

19

97

(Ja

n)

19

97

(A

ug

)

19

98

(M

ar)

19

98

(O

ct)

19

99

(M

ay)

19

99

(D

ec)

20

00

(Ju

l)

20

01

(F

eb

)

20

01

(S

ep

)

20

02

(A

pr)

20

02

(N

ov)

20

03

(Ju

n)

20

04

(Ja

n)

20

04

(A

ug

)

20

05

(M

ar)

20

05

(O

ct)

20

06

(M

ay)

20

06

(D

ec)

20

07

(Ju

l)

20

08

(F

eb

)

20

08

(S

ep

)

20

09

(A

pr)

20

09

(N

ov)

20

10

(Ju

n)

Co

nce

ntr

atio

ns

in a

ir,

ng

/m3

Observed Modelled

Trend (observed) Trend (modelled)

Pb (DE1, Germany)

0

1

2

3

19

90

(Ja

n)

19

90

(A

ug

)

19

91

(M

ar)

19

91

(O

ct)

19

92

(M

ay)

19

92

(D

ec)

19

93

(Ju

l)

19

94

(F

eb

)

19

94

(S

ep

)

19

95

(A

pr)

19

95

(N

ov)

19

96

(Ju

n)

19

97

(Ja

n)

19

97

(A

ug

)

19

98

(M

ar)

19

98

(O

ct)

19

99

(M

ay)

19

99

(D

ec)

20

00

(Ju

l)

20

01

(F

eb

)

20

01

(S

ep

)

20

02

(A

pr)

20

02

(N

ov)

20

03

(Ju

n)

20

04

(Ja

n)

20

04

(A

ug

)

20

05

(M

ar)

20

05

(O

ct)

20

06

(M

ay)

20

06

(D

ec)

20

07

(Ju

l)

20

08

(F

eb

)

20

08

(S

ep

)

We

t d

ep

osi

tion

, g

/km

2/m

on

th

Observed Modelled

Trend (observed) Trend (modelled)

Hg (SE2, SE14, Sweden)


0

5

10

15

201

99

0

19

95

20

00

20

05

20

10

Air

con

cen

tra

tion

, ng

/m3

Approximation

Model

Pb (DE3, Germany)

Evaluation of long-term trendsSmoothed approximation of long-term changes

2121

tt

eCeCy

Bi-exponential approximation:

, 2 – characteristic times

0

20

40

60

80

19

90

19

95

20

00

20

05

20

10

Me

an

de

po

sitio

n, g

/km

2 /y Approximation

ModelCd

Long-term changes of HM deposition to Europe

0

1

2

3

4

19

90

19

95

20

00

20

05

20

10

Me

an

de

po

sitio

n, k

g/k

m2 /y Approximation

ModelPb

0

5

10

15

20

19

90

19

95

20

00

20

05

20

10

Me

an

de

po

sitio

n, g

/km

2 /y Approximation

ModelHg



Evaluation of long-term trendsLong-term changes in EMEP countries (1990-2010)


0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

19

90

19

95

20

00

20

05

20

10

Me

an

de

po

sitio

n, k

g/k

m2 /y SwitzerlandPb

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

19

90

19

95

20

00

20

05

20

10

Me

an

de

po

sitio

n, k

g/k

m2 /y

SwedenPb

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

19

90

19

95

20

00

20

05

20

10

Me

an

de

po

sitio

n, k

g/k

m2 /y BelarusPb


Evaluation of long-term trendsLong-term changes in EMEP countries (1990-2010)

0

5

10

15

20

Sw

itze

rlan

dS

love

nia

Lu

xem

bo

urg

Un

ited

_K

ing

do

mF

ran

ceS

pa

inA

ust

riaB

elg

ium

Lith

ua

nia

Ne

the

rlan

ds

Ge

rma

ny

Sw

ed

en

Italy

Fin

lan

dM

on

aco

Po

rtu

ga

lB

ela

rus

Ukr

ain

eL

atv

iaE

sto

nia

De

nm

ark

No

rwa

yM

on

ten

eg

roH

un

ga

ryM

old

ova

Ire

lan

dC

roa

tiaC

zech

_R

ep

ub

licS

lova

kia

Po

lan

dB

osn

ia_

He

rze

go

vin

aR

om

an

iaR

uss

iaS

erb

iaG

ree

ceF

YR

_M

ace

do

nia

Bu

lga

riaA

lba

nia

Cyp

rus

Ma

ltaIc

ela

nd

Tu

rke

yG

eo

rgia

Arm

en

iaA

zerb

aija

nMe

an

re

du

ctio

n r

ate

, %

pe

r ye

ar

Pb

Items 1.1.4, 1.1.8, 1.3.2b

0

5

10

15

20

Sw

itze

rlan

dS

love

nia

Lu

xem

bo

urg

Un

ited

_K

ing

do

mF

ran

ceS

pa

inA

ust

riaB

elg

ium

Lith

ua

nia

Ne

the

rlan

ds

Ge

rma

ny

Sw

ed

en

Italy

Fin

lan

dM

on

aco

Po

rtu

ga

lB

ela

rus

Ukr

ain

eL

atv

iaE

sto

nia

De

nm

ark

No

rwa

yM

on

ten

eg

roH

un

ga

ryM

old

ova

Ire

lan

dC

roa

tiaC

zech

_R

ep

ub

licS

lova

kia

Po

lan

dB

osn

ia_

He

rze

go

vin

aR

om

an

iaR

uss

iaS

erb

iaG

ree

ceF

YR

_M

ace

do

nia

Bu

lga

riaA

lba

nia

Cyp

rus

Ma

ltaIc

ela

nd

Tu

rke

yG

eo

rgia

Arm

en

iaA

zerb

aija

nMe

an

re

du

ctio

n r

ate

, %

pe

r ye

ar

Hg

Analysis of long-term trends will be further discussed at TFMM Workshop (November, 2014)

Co-operation with TFMM


Country-scale pollution assessmentCase studies of HM pollution in selected EMEP countries

Approach: Evaluation of pollution levels in a country with fine spatial resolution involving variety of national data

Requirements:• Detailed emissions data (fine

resolution, source categories, LPS)• Additional measurements from

national monitoring networks• Participation of national experts in

joint analysis of the results

Countries involved:

Country Czech Rep

Croatia Netherlands

Belarus

Status complete complete

complete in progress

Croatia

Netherlands

Czech Republic

Co-operation with TFMMItems 1.3.5, 1.1.9


• Contribution of different emission source categories

Pb deposition in the Netherlands

Heavy metal pollution in the Netherlands

Additional information on country scale:

• Pollution levels with fine spatial resolution (down to 5×5 km2)

• Contamination of the country provinces

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Me

an

dep

osi

tion

, kg

/km

2/y

Source categories:

- Aviation- Small-scale combustion- Industrial processes- Transport

- Iron and steel production

- Other



Pb deposition in the Netherlands


Major foreign contributors:

- Germany- Belgium- United Kingdom- France

Major national contributor:

- Noord-Holland province


• Transboundary transport between country’s provinces



• Contamination of a country provinces




Percents

Contribution of LPS to Pb deposition(Tata Steel IJmuiden BV, Netherlands)

• Pollution from large point sources


• Transboundary transport between country’s provinces



• Contamination of a country provinces



Monitoring data:• 1 background site (Berezinsky

reserve)• 19 urban stations• Heavy metal measurements in soil

Case studies: Further activityCo-operation with TFMMItems 1.3.5, 1.1.9

Preparation of input data for modelling September, 2014

Pilot calculations with fine resolution October, 2014

Joint analysis of the results January, 2015

Calculation of country-specific information March, 2015

Preparation of the report April, 2015

Assessment of heavy metal pollution in EECCA countries (Belarus)

Emissions data (Pb, 2010):• Resolution – 10x10 km2

• Source categories• Large-point sources

Timeline:

Assessment results will be presented at the next TFMM meeting in spring 2015

Measurement sites in Belarus


Objective: Provide boundary concentrations of heavy metals for national scale simulations with MINNI model

Support of national scale modellingCo-operation with national experts from Italy (MINNI project)


Air concentrations of As over EMEP domain (simulated by

MSC-E)

Considered species: Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Ni, Cr, Zn, Cu, Se

Domain:Italy and surrounding territories

Period:2010

Emissions:EMEP official data, expert estimates

0.1

0.3

0

0.5

1

2

5

10

MINNI simulations

ng/m3

Should we intensify activities on heavy metals of second priority within EMEP?


Current activities on implementation of the new grid:

• Preparation of input information for the new EMEP domain

• Adaptation of GLEMOS model code for regional simulations on the new grid

• Pilot simulations on the new EMEP grid with high spatial resolution

• Preliminary evaluation against EMEP observations

Current and new EMEP domains

Current EMEP domain

New EMEP domain

Further development of GLEMOS(Global EMEP Multi-media Modelling System)

Transition of the modelling system to the new EMEP grid

Co-operation with TFMMItem 1.3.4


Required information:Orography (m, a.s.l.)

Precipitation (mm/month)

Input information for the new gridPreparation of variety of input information for modeling

Fraction of forests and shrubs (%)

Land cover information should be harmonized between the EMEP and WGE Centers

• Geophysical information (orography, …)• Generation of meteorological input (wind speed, precipitation, …)

• Land use/land cover information

• Characteristics of underlying surface and vegetation (LAI, OM content, …)• Data on reactants and aerosols in the atmosphere

• Generation of oceanic data (sea currents, salinity, …)



Pilot modelling on the new EMEP gridNested simulations of Hg deposition (January and July 2010)

Hg total deposition over the globe (1°×1°)

Hg deposition over the new EMEP grid (0.2°×0.2°)



Hg0 concentration (0.2°×0.2°) and locations of EMEP monitoring sites

Comparison of simulated Hg0 concentration with measurements

0

1

2

3

0 1 2 3Observed, ng/m3

Mod

elle

d, n

g/m

3

January

July

1:12:1

1:2

Evaluation of monthly mean Hg wet deposition

Evaluation of pilot modelling resultsCo-operation with TFMMItem 1.3.4


Comparison of simulated Hg wet deposition with measurements

Hg wet deposition (0.2°×0.2°) and locations of EMEP monitoring sites

0

1

2

0 1 2

Observed, g/km2/yM

odel

led,

g/k

m2 /y

January

July

1:12:1

1:2

Evaluation of monthly mean Hg wet deposition

Evaluation of pilot modelling resultsCo-operation with TFMMItem 1.3.4


Comparison of hourly Hg concentration (January 2010)

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

DOY

Hg0

co

nce

ntr

atio

n,

ng

/m3

Observed GLEMOS

0

30

60

90

120

150

180

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

DOY

Hg

(II) p

art c

on

cen

tra

tion

, p

g/m

3

Observed GLEMOS

ModelObservations

Hg0

Hg(II)part

Day of year

Day of year

Location of Waldhof site

Underlying map – Hg anthropogenic emissions

(0.2°x0.2°)

Evaluation of pilot modelling resultsSimulated Hg0 concentration vs. measurements at Waldhof

(DE2)

DE2


Evaluation of the model performance on the new EMEP grid will be continued with other pollutants (Pb, Cd,

POPs)


Elaboration of multi-media model approach for Hg

General cycling of Hg in the oceanDevelopment of model parameterizations:

• Air-water exchange of Hg between the atmosphere and the ocean

• Hg oxidation and reduction under solar and dark conditions

• Hg adsorption by suspended particulate matter and colloids

• Methylation and demethylation (biotic and abiotic)

Literature survey of Hg processes in seawater is published in Ocean Science Discussion (Batrakova et

al., 2014)

Simulated Hg concentration in seawater

Item 1.3.8c

Further development of GLEMOS


Objective: Multi-model assessment of Hg atmos. processes and Hg pollution levels over the globe and in selected regions

Mercury multi-model assessmentCo-operation with TF HTAP and EU GMOS project

Tasks of the analysis:• Global Hg concentration and

deposition patterns• Regional Hg patterns in Europe and

Asia• Hg dispersion and processes in the

Polar regions• Inverse modelling and evaluation of

Hg emissions• Source-receptor relationships on a

global scale

Hg processes in the atmosphere

Storage in centralized database

Simulations program

Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 …

Distributed analysis

MeasurementsSimulation results

Multi-model experiments

GMOSnetwork

Information flows of the study

Co-operation with TF HTAPItems 1.1.7, 1.3.6, 1.6.2, 1.6.3

TF HTAP


• Regional Hg networks (EMEP, AMAP, MDN, AMNet, NAtChem, …)

• GMOS global network for Hg (2012 - …)

Mercury multi-model assessment

GMOSGMOS

EMEP

EMEP

AMAP

NAtChem

MDNAMNet

NAtChemAMNetMDNAMAP

• Hg measurements within EMEP (1990 - …)

Co-operation with TF HTAP

More close co-operation between EMEP and other monitoring programs is required to get access to measurement data

Co-operation with TF HTAP and EU GMOS project

Monitoring networks and programs for Hg:

Items 1.1.7, 1.3.6, 1.6.2, 1.6.3


EMEP/MSC-E performs general coordination of the study and leads Hg model assessment on a global scale

Participating models:

Model Scale Institution

GLEMOS global/regional EMEP/MSC-E

ICHMERIT global CNR-IIA (Italy)

GRAHM global Environment Canada

GEOS-Chem global MIT (USA)

CMAQ-Hg-Hem

hemispheric Lamar University (USA)

WRF-Chem regional CNR-IIA (Italy)

CMAQ-Hg regional HZG (Germany)

Co-operation with TF HTAP

Mercury multi-model assessmentCo-operation with TF HTAP and EU GMOS project

Items 1.1.7, 1.3.6, 1.6.2, 1.6.3


Co-operation with international bodiesSupport of Minamata Convention on Mercury (UNEP)

EMEP/MSC-E activities:

• Participation in the Global Mercury Assessment 2013 for the 5th session of the Intergovernmental Negotiation Committee (Geneva, January 2013)• Updated model estimates for the Conference of Plenipotentiaries on adoption of the Minamata Convention (Japan, October 2013)

• Update of Global Mercury Assessment in co-operation with UNEP and AMAP for the 6th session of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (Thailand, November 2014)

Antarctica Arctic Middle East

CIS countries

c

Australia North America

Africa South America Europe

c

East Asia Central America Southeast Asia

South Asia Size scale (units: g/km2/y)

Europe

Africa

Middle East

North America

Central America Other

South Asia

East Asia

Southeast Asia

Australia

CIS countries

Natural / legacySouth America

510

20

Antarctica Arctic Middle East

CIS countries

cc

Australia North America

Africa South America Europe

cc

East Asia Central America Southeast Asia

South Asia Size scale (units: g/km2/y)

Europe

Africa

Middle East

North America

Central America Other

South Asia

East Asia

Southeast Asia

Australia

CIS countries

Natural / legacySouth America

510

20

510

20

Items 1.1.7, 1.3.6


Simulated Hg annual deposition in 2010 (GLEMOS)

Intercontinental transport of HgPilot estimates of source-receptor relationships for Hg

deposition

Source regions

South AsiaEast Asia

South East AsiaAustralia and New Zealand

AfricaMiddle East

North AmericaMexico & Central AmericaSouth America

EuropeCIS countries

ArcticAntarctica

Source/receptor regions:

Natural and legacy sources

Hg

depo

sitio

n flu

x, g

/km

2 /y

0

5

10

15

20

Items 1.3.6, 1.3.8c, 1.6.2


Simulated Hg annual deposition in 2010 (GLEMOS)

Hg deposition to the oceanSource attribution of Hg deposition to fishing areas (2010)

Hg

depo

sitio

n flu

x, g

/km

/y2

0

4

8

12

- Hg deposition flux

0

6

12

18

Fis

herie

s pr

oduc

tion,

x10

t/y

6

- Total marine capture fisheries production (FAO, 2013)

FAO fishing areas

18 - Arctic Sea21 - Northwest Atlantic27 - Northeast Atlantic31 - Western Central Atlantic34 - Eastern Central Atlantic37 - Mediterranean and Black Sea41 - Southwest Atlantic47 - Southeast Atlantic48 - Antarctic Atlantic51 - Western Indian Ocean57 - Eastern Indian Ocean58 - Antarctic Indian Ocean61 - Northwest Pacific67 - Northeast Pacific71 - Western Central Pacific77 - Eastern Central Pacific81 - Southwest Pacific87 - Southeast Pacific88 - Antarctic Pacific

Items 1.3.6, 1.3.8c, 1.6.2


Workplan elements on HMs for 2015

Assessment of heavy metal pollution:

Operational monitoring and modelling pollution levels within EMEP and evaluation of modelling results against measurements (1.1.4, 1.3.2b)

Country-scale assessment of HM pollution within the Case studies (Belarus) in co-operation with TFMM and national experts (1.3.5)

Evaluation of the role of large point sources (LPS) in HM pollution within EMEP countries (1.3.5)

Research and development:

Further testing and evaluation of regional modelling on the new EMEP grid (1.3.4)

Further development of multi-media modelling of Hg to assess contribution of secondary and legacy sources their interaction with climate change (1.3.6, 1.3.8c)

Refinement of wind re-suspension of HMs and study of Hg interaction with atmospheric aerosol (1.3.6, 1.3.8c)


Workplan elements on HMs for 2015

Co-operation with international bodies:

Assessment of HM pollution of the Baltic Sea (HELCOM) (1.1.7)

Coordination of multi-model study of Hg dispersion in the environment within GMOS/TFHTAP model experiments (1.1.7, 1.6.3, co-funded by EC)

Update of Global Mercury Assessment in co-operation with UNEP and AMAP to support Minamata Convention (1.1.7, 1.3.6, 1.6.2, co-funded by AMAP)

emep steering body, geneva, 2014 heavy metal pollution assessment within emep oleg travnikov on...

Documents