emergence of world patterns age of exploration [european hegemony]
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Emergence of World Emergence of World PatternsPatterns
AGE OF EXPLORATIONAGE OF EXPLORATION
[European Hegemony][European Hegemony]
GlobalGlobal HegemonyHegemony
•PortuguesePortuguese 1616thth Century Century
•SpainSpain 1717thth Century Century
•DutchDutch 1818thth Century Century
•EnglishEnglish 1919thth Century Century
•AmericanAmerican 2020thth Century Century
•???????????? 2121stst Century Century
ConceptsConcepts
•CapitalismCapitalism
•CaravelCaravel
•Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange
•FactorFactor
•Northwest PassageNorthwest Passage
Essential QuestionsEssential Questions• How and why was European How and why was European
hegemony the outcome of hegemony the outcome of exploration?exploration?
• Why did the Europeans invest so Why did the Europeans invest so much in exploration?much in exploration?
• What was the global impact of the What was the global impact of the biological diffusion of the era?biological diffusion of the era?
• What was the political and economic What was the political and economic impact of the Age of Exploration?impact of the Age of Exploration?
• How are present day global relations How are present day global relations impacted by the Age of Exploration?impacted by the Age of Exploration?
Motivations for ExplorationMotivations for Exploration
•Lure of trade Lure of trade [Gold][Gold]– Riches of the East w/o Muslim Riches of the East w/o Muslim
& Venetian intermediaries& Venetian intermediaries
•Religious diffusion [God]Religious diffusion [God]– New Testament urgedNew Testament urged– Replace CrusadesReplace Crusades
•GloryGlory– Seekers of wealth and renown Seekers of wealth and renown
ExplorationExploration
Exploration Time LineExploration Time Line
Advances in TechnologyAdvances in Technology
•MuslimsMuslims– Lateen sails Lateen sails – AstrolabeAstrolabe
•ChinaChina– Magnetic compass Magnetic compass – Multiple masts Multiple masts – Stem-post & reticulated rudder Stem-post & reticulated rudder
Technology Technology
Chinese Chinese Treasure Treasure ShipsShips
Portuguese ExplorationPortuguese Exploration
• Prince Henry the NavigatorPrince Henry the Navigator– School of geography and navigationSchool of geography and navigation
• Bartolomeu DiasBartolomeu Dias– Cape of Good Hope [1488]Cape of Good Hope [1488]
• Vasco de GammaVasco de Gamma– Calcut, India [1497]Calcut, India [1497]
• Admiral AlbuquerqueAdmiral Albuquerque– Hormuz [1508] – Goa [1510] Hormuz [1508] – Goa [1510] – Melaka [1511]Melaka [1511]
Admiral AlbuquerqueAdmiral Albuquerque
Spanish ExplorationSpanish Exploration• Christoforo ColomboChristoforo Colombo
– Paved way for conquest, settlement, Paved way for conquest, settlement, explorationexploration
• Hernan CortezHernan Cortez– Conquered AztecsConquered Aztecs
• Francisco PizarroFrancisco Pizarro– Conquered IncaConquered Inca
• Ferdinand MagellanFerdinand Magellan– Circumnavigated the earthCircumnavigated the earth
ColumbusColumbus
Hernan CortezHernan Cortez
Spanish ConquestSpanish Conquest• ConquistadoresConquistadores
– Spanish soldiers of Spanish soldiers of fortune fortune
• EncomiendaEncomienda– Forced labor > Forced labor >
Native Native Americans Americans [slavery] [slavery]
• De las CasasDe las Casas– Expose` of Spanish Expose` of Spanish
cruelty cruelty
RivalriesRivalries
•Spanish & PortugueseSpanish & Portuguese– Rivals over South AmericaRivals over South America– Settled by PopeSettled by Pope
•TREATY OF TORDESILLASTREATY OF TORDESILLAS– Portugal gets BrazilPortugal gets Brazil– Spain gets the restSpain gets the rest
Treaty of TordesillasTreaty of Tordesillas
The CompetitionThe Competition•EnglandEngland
– English East India Company English East India Company
•DutchDutch– United East India CompanyUnited East India Company
•SuccessfulSuccessful– Faster, cheaper, more powerful Faster, cheaper, more powerful
shipsships– Private enterprise with Private enterprise with
government supportgovernment support
United East IndiaUnited East IndiaCompany [DutchCompany [Dutch]]
Dutch Colonial InfluencesDutch Colonial Influences
East India Company East India Company [English][English]
Conquest of S.E. AsiaConquest of S.E. Asia
• SpainSpain– Legazpi >Legazpi >
•PhilippinesPhilippines
• DutchDutch– Jan Pierterzoon Coen Jan Pierterzoon Coen
• BataviaBatavia
• EnglishEnglish– Captain James CookCaptain James Cook
•Australia & Pacific IslandsAustralia & Pacific Islands
Conquest S.E. AsiaConquest S.E. Asia
Commercial RivalriesCommercial Rivalries
• Competition in S.E. AsiaCompetition in S.E. Asia– Dutch expel PortugueseDutch expel Portuguese
• Seven Years War [Global conflict]Seven Years War [Global conflict]– England & Prussia vs. France, England & Prussia vs. France,
Austria, RussiaAustria, Russia – British & French over North AmericaBritish & French over North America
• Caribbean controlCaribbean control– France & Spain limit British expansionFrance & Spain limit British expansion
Treaty of Paris 1763Treaty of Paris 1763
Columbian Columbian ExchangeExchange
• Biological exchange– Global diffusion of plants,
animals, human populations, and disease pathogens
• Impact on populations encountered– Epidemics: smallpox, measles,
diphtheria, whooping cough, and influenza
– B/w 1500-1800 – 100M people died of imported diseases
Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange• Impact on European populationsImpact on European populations
– Huge population increaseHuge population increase– World population increaseWorld population increase
•425 M [1500] to 900M [1800]425 M [1500] to 900M [1800]• Migrations Migrations
– African [slaves] largest migrationAfrican [slaves] largest migration• Origins of global tradeOrigins of global trade
– European merchants genuine European merchants genuine global tradeglobal trade
Columbian Columbian Exchange Exchange
African DiasporaAfrican Diaspora
Demographics Demographics
of of DiasporaDiaspora
Patterns of Global TradePatterns of Global Trade
•European trade privilegesEuropean trade privileges
•Proto-spheres of interestProto-spheres of interest
•RussiaRussia– European shipping companies European shipping companies
established agencies for trade established agencies for trade in Moscow & St. Petersburgin Moscow & St. Petersburg
– Enjoyed commercial privilegesEnjoyed commercial privileges
Enduring QuestionsEnduring Questions
•How can we measure the impact of the Age of Exploration on the process of globalization and the dominance of the West?
• Identify the West in terms of modern times.