emerging nonthermal technologies (chapter 3 and 4)

8/9/2019 Emerging Nonthermal Technologies (Chapter 3 and 4)

1/52

EMERGING NON-THERMALTECHNOLOGY

Course onCourse onFood Processing Machineries and EquipmentFood Processing Machineries and Equipment

ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN FOOD PROCESSING

DEPARTMENT OF AGRO-IND!TRIA" ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENTDEPARTMENT OF AGRO-IND!TRIA" ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENTFAC"T# OF AGRO-IND!TRIA" TEC$NO"OG#FAC"T# OF AGRO-IND!TRIA" TEC$NO"OG#

PAD%AD%ARAN NI&ER!IT#PAD%AD%ARAN NI&ER!IT#

'()*'()*


2/52

Processes

+ Thermal processi!, use arge amount o.energ/ that is random in e..ect , ma/ causeman/ other reactions in a .ood0 1hie some are

desira2e0 some are un1anted3 e3g34 Micro1a5e0Ohmic heating0 Dieectric0 In.rared0 Radio.requenc/3

+ No-"hermal Processi! # .oods areprocessing at reduced temps 6ma/ use acom2ination o. sight/ ee5ated temps pus thisadditiona treatment7


3/52

!trateg/

+ $urde concept - se a com2ination o.ess intensi5e treatments 6compared toheating7 to produce a sa.e0 sta2e higher

quait/ product3

+ This mandates the com2ination o.

treatments, E3g3 process pus re.rigeration0 p$ reduction0

controed atmosphere storage0 1ater acti5it/0or preser5ati5es


4/52

Non-therma techniques

)7 $igh h/drostatic pressures 6studied as ear/ as )899 , .ound pressuresca3 :08(( atmospheres stopped grape .ermentation7

'7 Osciating magnetic .ieds 6studies on the gro1th o. /easts and 2acteriain )9*8

*7 Intense ight puses 6reati5e/ ne1 concept7

;7 $igh intensit/ pused eectric .ieds 6mi< pasteuri=ed 1ith eectricit/ in)9*>7

>7 Irradiation 62een around man/ /ears , timing3 Pro2em FDA considersirradiation a ?.ood additi5e? 1hich means it must 2e a2eed as 2eingirradiated7

:7 Chemicas 6sugar0 sat0 5inegar , odest techniques


5/52

CHAPTER 3

PULSED ELECTRIC FIELDS,

Co$rse o

Foo% Processi! Machieries a% E&$ipme"

DEPARTMENT OF AGRO-IND!TRIA" ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENTDEPARTMENT OF AGRO-IND!TRIA" ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

FAC"T# OF AGRO-IND!TRIA" TEC$NO"OG#FAC"T# OF AGRO-IND!TRIA" TEC$NO"OG#


'()''()'


6/52

P'LSED ELECTRIC FIELDS

+ Ear/ use 1as ust to produce heating ,

ohmic heating

+ Recent - static or osciating eectric .ieds

6>-*(


7/52

Micro-organisms

+ is 5egetati5e ces , not spores

+$o1, Formation o. pores in ce mem2ranes , ces

s1e and rupture

, Eectro/sis products are toBic

, OBidationreduction processes disrupt cestructure

, $eat .rom process


8/52

i

&er/ dependent upon .ood and process

Ma/ or ma/ not ha5e an e..ect on

en=/mes


9/52


10/52

ene.its

+ Energ/ e..icient

+ "itte e..ect on coor0 .a5or0 nutrients

+ No e5idence o. negati5e heath e..ects+ &er/ rapid treatment


11/52

ea


12/52


13/52

Micro2ia i

+ is micro-organisms 2/ com2ination o.

photochemica and phototherma e..ects

, & a2sor2ed in protein and nuceic acids ,

disrupts ceuar meta2oism at high e5es

6aso 1oud a..ect .oods as 1e , oBidation7

, "ight is energ/ , heat generated in .ood 5er/rapid/


14/52

Appications

+ !terii=ation o. pac


15/52

OT$ER EMERGING

TEC$NO"OGIE!

+ Thermosoi+ica"io, treatment o. .ood

1ith utrasound 6'(


16/52


17/52

CHAPTER 4FOOD IRRADIATION

Co$rse o

Foo% Processi! Machieries a% E&$ipme"

DEPARTMENT OF AGRO-IND!TRIA" ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENTDEPARTMENT OF AGRO-IND!TRIA" ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

FAC"T# OF AGRO-IND!TRIA" TEC$NO"OG#FAC"T# OF AGRO-IND!TRIA" TEC$NO"OG#


'()''()'


18/52

.ha" is Foo% Irra%ia"io/

+ A technoog/ .or controing spoiage

and eiminating .ood-2orne pathogens3/ using the energ/ o. ioni=ing

radiation3


19/52

Pas"e$ri0a"io a% Irra%ia"io

+ Pasteuri=ation and irradiation are aso


20/52

Pas"e$ri0a"io a% Irra%ia"io

The .undamenta di..erence is the source

o. the energ/ the/ re/ on to destro/ themicro2es3

+ Pasteuri=ation reies on heat

+ Irradiation reies on the energ/ o.ioni=ing radiation


21/52

The proce%$re

+ The .ood is eBposed to ionising radiation0

either .rom gamma ra/s or a high energ/eectron 2eam or po1er.u H-ra/s3

+ The ra/s pass through the .ood 2ut the

.ood does not heat up to an/ signi.icant eBtent3


22/52

The proce%$re


23/52


24/52

The so$rce o+ ra%ia"io $se%Co1al"-23 Gamma so$rces

Co1al"-23has se5era ad5antages4

+ p to 9> o. its emitted energ/ is a5aia2e .or

use

+ Penetrates deep/

+ #ieds su2stantia uni.ormit/ o. the dose in the

.ood product+ Deca/s to non-radioacti5e nic


25/52


Disad5antages4

+ Co2at-:( ?pencis? require .requentrepenishment

+ Treatment o. the .ood is reati5e/ so1


26/52


+ Cesium-)*@ is a gamma source that is

aso used .or irradiation3+ Cesium-)*@ has a ess penetrating

gamma 2eam and a onger ha.-i.e0

ma


27/52



28/52

The so$rce o+ ra%ia"io $se%Elec"ro 4eam Facili"ies

+ Elec"ro 1eam.aciities generate e-

2eams 1ith an eectron 2eam inearacceerator3

+ The eectrons are concentrated and

acceerated to 99 o. the speed o. ightand energies o. up to )( Me&3


29/52



30/52


Ad5antages4

+ The/ can 2e turned on on/ as needed+ The/ do not require repenishment o.

the source as does co2at-:(

+ There is no radioacti5e 1aste


31/52


Disad5antages4

+ !hao1 depth o. penetration+ E-2eams must 2e con5erted to H-ra/s to

penetrate arge items such as carcasses

+ $igh eectric po1er consumption

+ CompeBit/0 and potentia/ high maintenance


32/52

The so$rce o+ ra%ia"io $se%5-Ra Facili"ies

+ 5-ra.aciities use an eectron 2eam

acceerator to target eectrons on a meta pate3

+ !ome energ/ is a2sor2ed0 the rest is con5erted

to H-ra/s3

+ H-ra/s are penetrating0 and can 2e used on .ood

2oBes )> inches thic< or more3 This ao1s .oodto 2e processed in a shipping container3


33/52

Dose a% e++ec" o+ ra%ia"io

The JDoseK is the amount o. radiation

a2sor2ed 2/ the .ood and it is not the sameas the e5e o. energ/ transmitted .rom the

radiation sources


34/52


Low Dose,


35/52


Medium Dose, 1-10kGy

+ Contro Salmonella, Shigella, Campylabacter,Yerisinia, Listeria and E.coli in meat0 poutr/ and

.ish

+ Dea/ mod gro1th on stra12erries and other

.ruits


36/52


Hi! Dose, "10kGy

+ i microorganisms and insects in spices+ Commercia/ sterii=e .oods0 destro/ing a

microorganisms o. pu2ic heath concern 6i3e30

specia diets .or peope 1ith 1ea


37/52

Classi+ica"io o+ irra%ia"io o++oo%s


38/52

Irra%ia"io o+ +oo%s ca 1e classi+ie%

as6

+ Ra%$ri0a"io, radiation pasteurization

- "o1 dose 4 (3; to )(


39/52


as6

+ Ra%ici%a"io, radiation disinfection

- "o1 dose 4 ' to 8


40/52


as6

+ Ra%apper"i0a"io, radiation sterilization

- $igh dose 4 )( to >(


41/52

Ho) %oes irra%ia"io 7ill1ac"eria /


42/52

Ho) %oes irra%ia"io 7ill 1ac"eria

/

+ $igh energ/ 2rea


43/52

Ho) %oes irra%ia"io 7ill 1ac"eria

/

+ Organisms that are responsi2e .or

spoiing .oods - such as insects0 moudsand 2acteria incuding some important

.ood poisoning 2acteria - can 2e


44/52

The 1ee+i"s o+ +oo%irra%ia"io


45/52

The 1ee+i"s o+ +oo% irra%ia"io

+ EBtended she. i.e o. some products+

"ess .ood spoiage+ Reduced ris< o. .ood-2orne diseases

caused 2/ micro-organisms0 such as

Campylobacter0 Salmonella, E coli and

Listeria6especia/ in meat0 poutr/ and

.ish7


46/52

The 1ee+i"s o+ +oo% irra%ia"io

+ "ess need .or pesticides+

"ess need .or some additi5es0 such aspreser5ati5es and antioBidants+ "o1er ris< o. importing or eBporting insect

pests hidden inside .ood products


47/52

Di++eri! e++ec" o +oo%


48/52


+ !ome .oods0 such as dair/ .oods and

eggs0 cannot 2e irradiated 2ecause it causes changes in .a5our or teBture3


49/52


+ The process aters the nutrient content o.

some .oods 2ecause it reduces the e5e o.

some o. the -group 5itamins0 2ut this oss

is simiar to other accepted .ood processing

techniques0 such as canning or 2anching3


50/52

The i"era"ioal +oo% irra%ia"iosm1ol


51/52

The i"era"ioal +oo% irra%ia"io

sm1ol

JThe Ra%$raK

Treated 1ith Radiation

Treated 2/ Irradiation


52/52

The i"era"ioal +oo% irra%ia"io

sm1ol

emerging nonthermal technologies (chapter 3 and 4)

Documents