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Kelly Lager, DVM, PhD Research Leader Virus Prion Research Unit National Animal Disease Center USDA, Agricultural Research Service Emerging Swine Diseases Around the Globe, Producer Impact and the need for Vaccinations

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Kelly Lager, DVM, PhDResearch Leader

Virus Prion Research UnitNational Animal Disease Center

USDA, Agricultural Research Service

Emerging Swine Diseases Around the Globe, Producer Impact and the need for Vaccinations

OUTLINE

• Work of Others

• Update on Senecavirus A

• Commentary

• Research Perspective

• Producer Impact

• Need for vaccines

Foreign animal disease / Transboundary disease /Emerging and Re-emerging disease

• Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University

• Institute for Infectious Animal Diseases, Texas A&M University

• Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Kansas State University

• Swine Health and Information Center

• National Pork Board

• USDA – APHIS NVSL, VS

• USDA-ARS-PIADC, SEPRL, NADC

• Department of Homeland Security

Personal Testimony for Emerging Swine Viral Diseases in USA

• Sustained economic impact since 1989

• Porcine respiratory coronavirus late 1980s

• Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1991

• Porcine circovirus type 2 1996

• Influenza A H3 subtype 1998

• Influenza A H1 and H3 combos 2000 to present

• Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus 2013

• Senecavirus A 2015

So Far, Less Significant Swine Viruses In USA

• Too Many to List

• Include the world, even more to list

• Additional animal and human viruses……………….

CONSTANT CHANGE OR

“IT IS ALWAYS SOMETHING”*• Influenza A viruses

• Senecavirus A

• Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus

• Japanese Encephalitis Virus Riklin et al. Nat. Commun. 7:10832 doi: 10.1038/ncomms10832 (2016).

• Zika virus - insect vector, sexual transmission, vertical transmission, horizontal transmission - close contact ?

* It’s Always Something by Gilda Radner

Montiel N, Buckley A, Guo B, Kulshreshtha V, vanGeelen A, Hoang H, Rademacher C, Yoon K, Lager K

VESICULAR DISEASE IN SWINE INFECTED WITH

SENECA VALLEY VIRUS (SENECAVIRUS A)

Senecavirus A (SVA) History• First isolated in late 1980s, but not classified.• Detected in several cases of idiopathic vesicular disease in the

US and Canada since late 1980s.• SVA was also isolated a few times from normal swine.• Family Picornaviridae

• Genus Senecavirus: Senecavirus A• Genus Apthovirus: Foot-and-mouth disease virus

• Koch’s postulates have not yet been fulfilled.

2014

• Brazil first reported cases of idiopathic vesicular disease in late 2014.

• SVA was isolated from

• Vesicular fluids from mature swine

• Lesions on feet

• Serum from neonatal pigs that had diarrhea and died soon after birth

• Many herds were affected

2015• Since July of 2015 there has been a growing number of

cases in the Mid-West of swine developing a vesicular disease that resembles foot-and-mouth disease

• SVA has been identified and isolated from lesion, vesicular fluid and serum from sows

• April 2016 - About 160 cases throughout Midwest

• Mostly sows and finishing age pigs

• Reports of neonatal mortality

July – December 2015 100 cases

January – May 2016 60 cases

Dr. K-J YoonIowa State University

Provided SVA virus that had been tested by next generation sequencing for purity

Guo, et al. Emerging Inf Dis 2016:22;1325-7.

Montiel, et al. Emerging Inf Dis 2016:22;1246-8.

9-week-old pigs

CLINICAL FINDINGS- VESICLES 4-5 DPI

CLINICAL FINDINGS- VESICLES >10 DPI

Bilateral necrosis and ulceration with sloughing of hoof wall

SVA IN TISSUES

1.00E+00

1.00E+01

1.00E+02

1.00E+03

1.00E+04

1.00E+05

1.00E+06

1.00E+07

2 dpi 4 dpi 6 dpi 8 dpi 12 dpi

Pig #234 Pig #235 Pig #236 Pig #237 Pig #238

Geno

mic

copi

es/u

Lof

tiss

ue

TonsilCoronary BandHeartKidneylarge IntestLiverInguinal LNMesenteric LNLungRPLNsmall IntestSnoutSpinal CordSpleenBrainSerum

VESICULAR DISEASE IN MARKET WEIGHT GILTS INFECTED WITH SENECAVIRUS A (SVA)

3 dpi

6 dpi

5 dpi

7 dpi

8 dpi

9 dpi

10 dpi

12 dpi

11 dpi

5 dpi 6 dpi

6 dpi 9 dpi

Inoculate pig - Intranasal

VesicularDisease

Market weight gilts 48 h

Pathogenesis

9-week-old pigs 96 h

6-week-old pigs * 96 h Sows * 72 h <1-week-old pigs ???

*Not all pigs in group displayed vesicular lesions.

Inoculate pig Intranasal Disease

FecalOral

Pathogenesis

0 7 14 21DPI

Viremia

FeetSnout

+ ++ +

SkinEpidermis

Vesicles within epidermis

V

V

Day 3 Post SVA inoculation: coronary band skin

V: vesicleE: Epidermis, D: Dermis

Intense staining aroundEpidermal Intercellular bridges adjacent to vesicle

E

D

Sections of Skin from coronary band: Insitu hybridization

Day 5

QUESTIONS

• Where is the virus at 1 DPI, 28 DPI, 56 DPI?

• Why is SVA a Problem Now?

• How much more to invest in research for this virus?

Research Perspective – A Shared Story

• Response time dependent on • Clinical presentation

• Staffing

• Resources

• Paperwork

• What is already known!!!!

PEDV vs. SVA

• May 2013

• State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories

• USDA – NVSL

• USDA – ARS-NADC-VPRU- Me

• January

• March

• May

• 2014

• Increase in funding for PEDV studies -

• 2014• Increase in funding for PEDV studies –• Increase staffing begin PEDV studies to complement

ongoing studies by others• 2015

• PEDV studies• SVA breaking - August• Re-direct resources, staffing• September animal studies

PRODUCER IMPACT

• Neonatal pig

• Weaned pig

• Grow/finisher pig

• Replacement gilt

• Sow

• Boar

VACCINES

• Vaccine Stockpiling

• Passive Immunity Dilemma

• Immunity Gap

• Timing

• Broad-based non-specific immunostimulation & antiviral

Concluding Comments• Emerging Swine Diseases Around the Globe

• Many potential diseases• Only a problem if make it to the US.• Probability?

• PEDV• PDCoV?• SVA Brazil / USA

• Thank Goodness for Federal and State Veterinary Diagnostic Labs• Diagnostic Fees• Research grants• Federal funds - HPAIV, SIV, PEDV

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education

Deb AdolphsonTom Donohoe

Sarah AndersonAnimal Caretakers

(Brad, Jason, Aaron, Justin, Keiko)