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Emerging Trends in

Vehicular Communications

Rajeev Shorey (Ph.D)

Fellow Indian National Academy of EngineeringSenior Member IEEE

President, NIIT University, India

www.niituniversity.in

(Formerly GM Research Labs)

IEEE New York(With collaboration with IEEE Delhi, India)

June 8, 2011

Forward radar

Computing platform

Event data recorder (EDR)

Positioning system

Rear radar

Communication facility

Display

Acknowledgement

• Chair, IEEE Delhi Section

– Prof. S. K. Koul, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India

• IEEE New York Section

– Dr. Amitava Dutta-Roy

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Structure of the Talk

• Introduction

– Convergence in the Automotive Sector

• A peek at OnStar by GM

• Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)

• Standardization Efforts

– Emergence of DSRC

• Dedicated Short Range Communications

• Emerging Applications and Services

• Technical & Research Challenges in VANETs

• Conclusion

Welcome to theWorld of

‘Smart Vehicles’

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Introduction & Motivation

• Vehicles are becoming smarter by the day

– Electronics, Controls, Software (ECS) is now the dominant component in vehicles !

– Advent of smart Computing & Communications

• Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)

– Safety Applications are the Key enablers for VANETs

– There are a plethora of challenges in VANETs

– Several OEMs need to collaborative to succeed in the highly competitive market

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Electronics, Controls & Software in Automotive Sector

• Increasing role of Electronics and Software in the automotive sector– From 15% in 1990s to 37% in the current decade, an

exponential increase of 146%

• Automotive electronics and control systems– Key properties

• High-integrity

• Real-time

• Distributed

• Hybrid systems

– Requiring development processes with robust verification and validation

– The activities in this thrust area are centered on formal methods based design and verification of control software

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Electronics, Controls & Software

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Automotive Software

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On-Board Systems (Smart Car)

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Convergence in the Automotive Sector

Applications

Emerging Services

NewBusinessModels

&Demands

Heterogeneous

Technologies(Hardware, Software,

Middleware)

• Emergency call

• Breakdown call• Vehicle diagnostics

• Stolen vehicle tracking• Remote immobilization• Remote lock/unlock• Online services

• Safety• Infotainment

• 3G • WLANs

• ZigBee• RFID • Sensors • GPS

• XM Radio, …

Automotive

Manufacturers

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Convergence of Technologies

Next Generation of Real Time Control, Communication and Computation for

Wireless Systems

Computation Communication

Control

Internet

Sensors and Actuators

Added Dimension

RFID Technology

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A Peek at OnStar

Vehicle to Infrastructure Communications

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OnStar System

V2V Communications

Enterprise

BackendOnStar Channel

Telematics

Platform

DSRC Communication

(IEEE 802.11p Standard)

Cellular Communication

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What is OnStar (by GM)?

• Provides multiple “Telematics” related services

• Leverages Cellular Channel

• Supports– Data

– Audio

• Customers subscribe to a set of services

• Cost depends upon the number of subscribed services

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Select OnStar Services

• Automatic Crash Response

• Automatic Air Bag Deployment Response

• Emergency Services

Vehicular Communications

V2V or C2C or VANETs

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Vehicular CommunicationsApproaches

• Vehicle to Infrastructure

• Roadside Units

• WLAN technologies

• Base stations

• Cellular technology

• Vehicle to Vehicle

• DSRC standard

• In Vehicle

• ZigBee

Enabling Technologies

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Vehicular Positioning

• Accurate autonomous geo-spatial positioning finds itself at the core of most VANET applications

– All Safety applications

• GPS: 10 – 15 m accuracy

• DGPS: approx 1 m positional accuracy

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On-Board Computation Platforms

• Capabilities of Computation Platforms

– Processing large amounts of sensor data

– High-bandwidth communications

– Highly integrated sensor fusion filters

– Complicated path prediction and application logic

• Computation platforms in the Automotive domain pose a tradeoff

– Cost & Performance

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A Modern Vehicle is a Computer on Wheels

Forward radar

Computing platform

Event data recorder (EDR)

Positioning system

Rear radar

Communication facility

Display

• Processing power: comparable with a Personal Computer + a few dozens of

specialized processors

• Communication: typically over a dedicated channel:

Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC)

• In the US, 75 MHz at 5.9 GHz;

• In Europe, 20 MHz requested but not yet allocated)

• Envisioned protocol: IEEE 802.11p

• Penetration will be progressive (over 2 decades or so)

(GPS)

- Human-Machine Interface

- Navigation system

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Sensor Networks for Automotive Applications

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Traditional Sensors in a Vehicle

• Radar

• Ultrasonic systems

• Vision and LIDAR systems

Traditional sensors have their natural limits

• They only sense the immediate vehicle environment

(short-haul)

• Mostly passive (radar has limited data capabilities)

• Relatively expensive and typically not versatile

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Vehicular Sensors

LongRange

Sensors

Short Range

Sensors

Short-RangeBlind-Spot Sensors

Rear Vision System• Object detection• Far IR capability

EnhancedDigital Map

System

Short-RangeSensors

Long-RangeScanning

Sensor

Forward Vision System• Lane tracking• Object detection• Far IR capability

Sensor Strategy

VANETs

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Vehicular Communications

Approaches

• Vehicle to Infrastructure

• Roadside Units

• WLAN technologies

• Base stations

• Cellular technology

• Vehicle to Vehicle

• DSRC standard

• In Vehicle

• ZigBee

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VANET: Freeway Topology

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Unique Characteristics of V2V Networks

• V2V is a special case of ad hoc network• Predictable, high mobility that can be exploited for system

optimization• Dynamic, rapidly changing topology

– Due to high mobility• Constrained

– Largely one-dimensional movement due to static roadway geometry

• Potentially large-scale• No significant power constraints

– Unlike sensor and other types of mobile networks• Limited battery life is a major concern

• Broadcasting takes precedence over Unicast routing– V2V networks are All Broadcast Networks

V2X Communications

Active Safety Applications

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Categories of Applications

• Active Safety

– Early Applications

– Later Applications

• Congestion Notification

• Infotainment

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VANET Applications Use Cases

• VANET communications (V2V and V2I) can be used for dozens of potential applications with highly diverse requirements

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Most Representative VANET Applications

Assist driver with signage

• Traffic Signal/Stop Sign/Rail Crossing Violation Warning

Assist Driver at Intersections

• Left Turn Assistance

• Intersection Collision Warning

Assist Driver on Special Road Conditions

• Work Zone Warning

• Rollover Warning

• Road Condition Warning (vehicle sensor based e.g. obstacles,

unpaved road, black ice, etc.)

• Road Condition Warning (infrastructure based)

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VANET Applications

Assist Driver in Potentially Dangerous Situations

• Forward Collision Warning

• Emergency Brake Lights

• Blind Spot Warning

• Lane Change Warning

• Wrong Way Driver Warning

• Rail Collision Warning

Assist Driver in Normal Situations

• Highway Merge Assistance

• Visibility Enhancer (through obtaining data from other cars)

• High Beam Turnoff request

• Assist Driver in Accident Situations

• Crash/breakdown Warning

• Pre-crash sensing (imminent or unavoidable collisions)

• Event Data Recording 34

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V2X Active Safety Applications• Event reporting applications

– Generate messages only for the duration of the event

– Report events based only on information present at sending vehicle

– Examples: EEBL (Emergency Electronic Brake Lights), RCHA (Road Condition Hazard Ahead)

• Persistent applications

– Require repeated exchange of vehicle kinematics in a local neighborhood

– Predict and report events by processing exchanged information

– Examples: CCW (Cooperative Collision Warning), BSW (Blind Spot Warning)

`̀

`̀

Driver InteractionDriver InteractionDriver InteractionDriver Interaction: Applications raise advisories or warnings

to help the driver avoid accidents

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Vehicle Safety Scenarios

Avoiding rear-end

collision

Avoiding lane

change collision

Vehicle brakes

hard

Collision mitigation

Traffic signal

Avoiding

intersection

collision

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Vehicle Safety Scenarios

Avoiding rear-end

collision

Vehicle brakes

hard

Collision mitigation

Traffic signal

Avoiding

intersection

collision

Solution : Vehicle to vehicle/ Infrastructure / Roadside communication of information

V2V Messages

� Very Adhoc ( > 40 MPH speeds)

� Low latency � High reliability (low PER) � Authenticated & Secure� Multihop

V2X Communications

Key Challenges

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Challenges

• Design and Development of VANET is a technically and economically challenging endeavour

• What are the Key Technical challenges?

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Key Technical Challenges

• Inherent characteristics of the Radio channel

– VANET presents scenarios with unfavorable characteristics for developing wireless communications

• Multipath

• Fading effects

• Very high speed

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Key Technical Challenges

• Lack of an online centralized management and coordination entity

– Totally decentralized and self-organizing network

• Fair and Efficient use of the available BW of the Wireless channel is a hard task

• Lack of an entity that is able to synchronize and manage the transmission events of different nodes

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Key Technical Challenges

• High mobility, scalability requirements and wide variety of environmental conditions

– High mobility presents a challenge to most iterative optimization algorithms aimed at making better use of the channel bandwidth

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Key Technical Challenges

• Security and Privacy needs and concerns

– Challenge in balancing Security and Privacy needs

– Rx want to make sure that they can trust the source of information

– The availability of such trust might contradict the privacy requirements of the sender !

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Key Technical Challenges

• Standardization versus Flexibility

– There is a need for standardizing communications to allow VANET to work across various makes and brands of OEM

– OEMs would want to create product differentiation with their VANET IP

– These goals are somewhat in tension !

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Key Challenges from an Application and Socio-Economic Perspective

• Analyzing and Quantifying the benefit of VANET for traffic safety and transport efficiency

• Analyzing and Quantifying the cost-benefit relationship of VANET

• Designing deployment strategies for VANET that are not based on a single infrastructure and/or service provider

• Embedding VANET in ITS architectures

– Truly cooperative systems need to be developed

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PKI Design for Secure V2X Communications for Safety

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Security Threats in V2V &V2I

Figure Source : http://ivc.epfl.ch/

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Example Attack: Generate “intelligent collisions”

SLOW

DOWN

The way

is clear

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Security Attributes for V2X Safety Apps

• Message Integrity and Entity Authentication

– Message has been transmitted by a genuine vehicle, and has not been tampered with in transit

• Non-repudiation

– The receiver of a message is able to prove afterwards that the sender in fact did transmit this message

• Privacy: Multiple notions of privacy

– Anonymity: Not possible to determine the identity of the vehicle from a message transmitted by the vehicle

– Unlinkability: Not possible to deduce that multiple transmissions were from the same vehicle.

• Correctness based on non-cryptographic techniques

– For detecting compromised/malfunctioning units

Design Objective: Satisfy above attributes without affecting performance

of V2X Safety Apps

• A successful authentication mechanism should fulfill several properties

– Secure Authentication

– Non-repudiation

– Denial of Service (DoS) resilience

– Support for multi-hop communication

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Authentication

• Authenticated data ensures receivers can verify that the message received was sent by the appropriate entity and that it has not been modified in transit

• If an attacker can pose as another entity or modify another entity’s packets without being detected, the mechanism fails to provide secure authentication

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Non-Repudiation

• Non-repudiation allows a receiver to prove to a third party that the sender is accountable for generating a message

• What happens if the broadcast mechanism lacks non-repudiation?

– A malicious party can claim another party generated the message

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Denial of Service (Dos) Resistant

• A mechanism should require little computational or memory resources such that other OBU operations may proceed unimpaired

• Given the relatively expensive nature of digital signature verification (7 ms for ECDSA), an attacker can launch a computational DoS by flooding a receiver with invalid signatures such that the receiver wastes processing power to verify the signatures

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Multi-Hop Authentication

• There should be a provision for Multi-Hop Authentication

• Inherent Challenges

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Reference Solution:Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)

• How PKI enables nodes to talk to one another:– Asymmetric Key Cryptography: A message is signed using the

Private key of the sender and verified using the Public key of the sender.

– Certificate: A message signed by a trusted entity called the Certificate Authority (CA) that binds a principal and its public key

• How PKI evicts compromised/malfunctioning nodes from system:– Certificate Revocation List (CRL): A message signed by the CA

that lists all the revoked principals

Message Structure

Digital certificate

Message payload (m)

Digital signature on ‘m’

CACA

NodeNode

NodeNode NodeNode

NodeNode

PKI High-level Architecture

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Design drivers for a PKI for V2X Communications for Active Safety

• Resource-constrained Platform– Participants have limited computational prowess– Limited memory and storage

• System-wide Scalability Issues– Large number of participants– Interactions are expected to be spatially localized

• Communication Aspects– Connection to Infrastructure is expected to be either

intermittent or costly

– Message transmissions are likely to be lossy and unreliable

• Interoperability– Security Architecture needs to be extensible

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Efforts in Standardization

WAVEWireless Access in a Vehicle Environment

Peek at Various Wireless Standards

IEEE 802.15.3 UWB, Bluetooth

Wi-Media, BTSIG, MBOA

WAN

MAN

LAN

PAN ETSI HiperPAN

IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi Alliance

ETSI-BRAN HiperLAN2

IEEE 802.16d WiMAX

ETSI HiperMAN & HIPERACCESS

IEEE 802.20IEEE 802.16e

3GPP (GPRS/UMTS)3GPP2 (1X--/CDMA2000)

GSMA, OMA

SensorsIEEE 802.15.4(Zigbee Alliance)

RFID(AutoID Center)

RANIEEE 802.22

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Standardization Efforts

• Vehicular Infrastructure Integration (VII)

• Vehicle Safety Communications (VSC)

– Backed up by

• Crash Avoidance Metrics Partnership (CAMP)

• US Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)

• US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)

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WAVE Communications Architecture & Standards

IEEE P1609 committee for DSRC standardization� P1609.1 -- Resource Manager � P1609.2 -- Security Services for Applications and Management Messages � P1609.3 -- Network Services - Intermediate Layers � P1609.4 -- Medium Access Control (MAC) Extension Services � 802.11p -- WAVE physical and lower MAC layers

PHY (IEEE 802.11p)

MAC (IEEE 1609.4)

LLC (IEEE 802.2)

WSMP(IEEE 1609.3)

IP

UDP

General AppsSafety Apps

Other Apps

PLME

MLME

IPLME

Data Plane

WME

LLCME

WSMLME

Management Plane

1609.2

SecurityStandard

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802.11p PHY as extension of 802.11a

Frequency (GHz)

5.8

55

5.8

60

5.8

65

5.8

70

5.8

75

5.8

80

5.8

85

5.8

90

5.8

95

5.9

00

5.9

05

5.9

10

5.9

15

5.9

20

5.9

25

Uplink

Downlink

IEEE 802.11a/RA WB - 52 carrier OFDM /w 48 data carriers, 10 MHz channels

Ch 172 Ch 174 Ch 176 Ch 178 Ch 180 Ch 184Ch 182

Optional 20 MHzOptional 20 MHz

Control

Channel

5.850 – 5.925 GHz for WAVE in NA. Licensed ITS radio service bands

OFDM with BPSK, n-QPSK & n-QAM and varied datarates

Frequency Bands

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CAMP Consortium

Research & Development North America, Inc.

A Daimler Company

Vehicle Safety Communications 2

Intelligent Transportation Systems

CAMP

Research & Development North America, Inc.

A Daimler Company

Vehicle Safety Communications 2

Intelligent Transportation Systems

CAMP

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Conclusion

• Vehicular Communications is a highly challenging area

• Slow penetration makes connectivity more difficult

• Security leads to a substantial overheads

– Must be taken into account from the beginning of the design process

• The field offers plenty of novel technical challenges

– Enabling PKI

– Scalability

– VANET Performance with multiple simultaneous applications

– Interoperability

– Infrastructure related issues

– Need for Multi-hop communications (?)

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Business Challenges

• Telematics Platform– Low cost– Light weight– Capable of supporting heterogeneous

applications/services with “low” footprint

• Key Question– What should be the most appropriate Architecture for

the Telematics Platform?• Interfaces• Technologies?

– WiMax, WiFi, ZigBee, 4G, LTE, …

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Conclusion: Technology

• Emergence of multi-modal distributed sensors for automotive applications

• Important Trends– Combination of Data/Audio/Video– 3D Machine Vision/Video Imaging Technologies

• Key Challenges– Low cost– Low complexity

• Management, Maintenance, Overheads

– Security

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Concluding Remarks

• OEMs will need more and more “flexibility”

– Ever changing technologies

– Newly emerging solutions/services

• Future vehicles are likely to be “plug and play”

– At least as far as ECS is concerned

• The sector is highly sensitive to ‘cost’

– Even a $1 addition is a huge challenge in the highly competitive market !

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Thank you