1. EMERGING TREND IN WASTE WATER TREATMENT PRACTICES Mr.N.S.VENKATARAMAN, Director Nandini Consultancy Centre Pvt.Ltd., Chennai Website: www.nandinichemical.com 9th November 2013

2. EMERGING TREND IN WASTE WATER TREATMENT PRACTICESPage 2 3. EMERGING TREND To avoid waste generation at all by modifying the existing technology, developing new technology and discarding the effluent prone technology. Convert the effluent to value added products, instead of merely treating the effluent away. There are plenty of things to be gained by pollution control and profit is one of them. Page 3 4. CASE STUDY OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE TECHNOLOGY The sulphate route process technology generates ferrous sulphate and free sulphuric acid as effluent, which is the old process. Later on, the chloride route process technology was developed, which operates on zero discharge basis. The emissions are recirculated in the process. Now, sulphate route process is steadily giving way to chloride route process. Page 4 5. UTILISATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE GAS Carbon dioxide is emitted in large quantity by several projects including cement plants and thermal power plants. Carbon dioxide contributes to global warming There is huge international concerns about the global warming effects of carbon dioxide that call for measures to mitigate the emission of carbon dioxide. Now, steps have been taken to convert carbon dioxide to useful products in multiple ways. Page 5 6. PRODUCTS UNDER DEVELOPMENT BASED ON CARBON DIOXIDE Converting CO2 hydrogen, methanol/ into dimethyl ether /gasoline Conversion CO2 into polymers Conversion of CO2 into polycarbonate Pilot plant from carbon dioxide to ethanol Formic acid from CO2 Succinic acid from CO2 Page 6 7. PRODUCTS UNDER DEVELOPMENT BASED ON CARBON DIOXIDE Polyol from CO2 Carbon dioxide to isobutanol Acrylate from carbon di oxide CO2 refrigerant (R744)Page 7 8. BURNING MUNICIPAL WASTE IN CEMENT KILN Technology developed by ACC Ltd Waste material may consist of paint sludge, sludge from effluent treatment plants and cotton wastes (from cleaning oily surfaces). Expired goodsmedicines, foods and other FMCG products Burning municipal waste in cement kilns is better than destroying them in incinerators or using them as landfill. This is because the temperature inside a cement kiln can go as high as 2,000 degree celsius at the main burner. Furthermore, the emissions out of the kilns do not get influenced by the burning of these waste materials. Page 8 9. USE OF COPPER SLAG IN CEMENT PRODUCTIONTechnology developed by Holcim, Singapore India produces large amount of copper slag from copper smelters, which are not well used. Copper slag can be used in cement production, which is a well established technology abroadPage 9 10. COMMON SALT FREE TANNING TECHNOLOGY Technology developed by Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI) Percolation of salt water has the risk of contaminating the soil and ground water. The Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR CLRI) has developed a common salt free tanning technology, adding economic and environmental benefits to leather making. This technology not only eliminates the usage of salt in the tanning process but also shortens the tanning process by avoiding the steps of acidification and basification.Page 10 11. WASTE WATER REDUCTION IN DENIM PROCESSING Technology developed by Clariant 2,900 gallons of water are required to produce one pair of blue jeans The new technology reduces the water consumption by upto 92%, prevents approximately 63% of cotton waste and saves up to 30% of the required energy. In the conventional denim indigo dyeing process, the fabric passes through a line of 10 to 14 vats, depending on the equipment used. Clariants Advanced Denim concept (Denim-Ox process) brings this sequence down to four and its Pad/Sizing Ox reduces this further to just one vat. Page 11 12. BIO HYDROGEN & BIO PLASTICS FROM WASTE Technology developed by IICT, Hyderabad Bio hydrogen can be generated from wastewater by dark fermentation and bio electricity can be obtained through microbial fuel cells (MFC). IICT, Hyderabad have been operating a 50 litre capacity reactor to produce bio hydrogen and bio plastics under a project funded by the Ministry of Non Renewable Energy. Now, the plan is to scale up the process for producing bio hydrogen in a 10,000 litre capacity reactor. Page 12 13. PHOSPHO GYPSUM India produces large quantity of phospho gypsum from phosphoric acid plants, which largely remain unutilized, causing disposal problems. Every tonne of phosphoric acid production, 4.5 tonnes of phospho gypsum is generated as by product. Phospho gypsum production in India is around 7.1 million tonnes per annum. Several projects can be set up for making gypsum wallboard and ceilings that can reduce the need for cement / river bed sand to some extent. This is well established practice in developed countries. Page 13