emerging wmd threats and the proliferation of wmd material: nm ... · emerging wmd threats and the...

Emerging WMD threats and the Proliferation of WMD material: NM Perspectives

Vahid Majidi, DASD(NM)

March 2015

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Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense Programs

Interagency/National Effort (Joint TF, Regional, Multi-jurisdictional)

Tiered Deployment

Prevention Protection Mitigation Response* Recovery

Preparedness

National Preparedness Intelligence: Collection, Dissemination, Integration, Analysis and Action

Assessment Intelligence Countermeasures Policy & Planning

DoD Efforts (Planning, Programs, Policy, Operations) NCB/NM Efforts (Deterrence, Physical Security, International Engagements, Technical Capabilities)

Training/Exercises

* Response is both following an incident or response to informa6on leading to interdic6on

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Does Industry Have A Role?

§  Infrastructure & Vulnerability –  Electrical Grid –  Internet

§  Subject Matter Expertise –  Cyber, Physical Sciences, Manufacturing

§  Material Source –  Chem, Bio, Rad, Energetic Material

§  Unique Response Capabilities –  Deep Water Horizon (BP)

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USG CWMD Team Construct

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DNI

NCTC

NCPC

Treas

CIA

NSA FBI

STIG

DoD

DHS

DIA

DOC

DOE DOS

WH

IAEA INTERPOL UN 1540 GICNT

Global Partnership Nuclear Summit

WINS Bi-Lateral

Multi-Lateral

OSD

Joint Staff

CCMDs

Services

DTRA/ CCWMD

Defense Agencies

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5 Counterproliferation

Interdiction

DOD, DOE, DOS

Commerce, DOD, DOE, DOS, FBI, Treasury

DOD, DHS, FBI

Nonproliferation

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CP Discussion

§  Historical Perspective §  Case Study §  Counterproliferation Programs §  Attribution Process §  Community Partnership

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Manhattan Project

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Nuclear Programs

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US Russia

Iraq Libya Iran

N. Korea

China Pakistan

UK France

South Africa

India

1942 1950s 1970s 1980s

1994

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Proliferation Examples

§  Industrial Nexus – Intentional – Unintentional

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Proliferation Examples

Ohio

Libya

Iran Netherlands:

Urenco

Russia

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Dr. Gernot Zippe (1917-2008)

Invented the Zippe-Type centrifuge: The easiest way to make fuel for reactors and weapons.

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§  Born and raised in Austria

§  In 1945 he was kidnapped and held prisoner in the Soviet Union where he was ordered to develop a centrifuge program.

§  Having done as he was asked, he was freed by the Soviets (1957)!

Dr. Gernot Zippe

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Dr. Gernot Zippe

§  1957, Dr. Zippe flew to the United States and set up shop at the University of Virginia.

§  He managed to recreate the Russian centrifuge and returned to Europe in 1960.

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Dr. Gernot Zippe

§  In the 1960s, Dr. Zippe switched the rotor material from aluminum to maraging steel to allow for higher spin rates.

§  Rotors were made longer, which increased the collection of U-235.

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Dr. Gernot Zippe

§  In the 1970's, Urenco, a new European consortium for making nuclear fuel, adopted Zippe-type designs.

§  Dr. A. Q. Khan worked as a consultant at a Urenco plant and stole the designs.

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Dr. A. Q. Khan Proliferation

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Tiered Deployment


Preparedness




Training/Exercises

* Response is both following an incident or response to informa6on leading to interdic6on 17

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Iraq Insurgents Employ Chlorine in Bomb Attacks: February 22, 2007

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Gang Arrested Trying to Sell Enriched Uranium: November 29, 2007

Two Hungarians and a Ukrainian man were arrested by the Slovakian police as they tried to sell the uranium.

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Facility

Infrastructure

Materials

Network

Finance Support

X-Int

Tiered Deployment Assessment Intelligence Countermeasures Policy & Planning Training/Exercises


Preparedness

Preventing WMD Material Misappropriation

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Tiered Deployment


Preparedness




Training/Exercises

* Response is both following an incident or response to informa6on leading to interdic6on 21

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Develop Concept

Acquire Materials and Equipment

Develop Weapon

Deploy Weapon

Formulate Ini6al Design

Acquire Fissile Material

Acquire Explosives or Propellants

Acquire Materials, Equipment, and Components

Process Fissile Material

Make Weapon Components

Test Explosive and Assembly System

Assemble Weapon

Deploy and Detonate

Nuclear Programs WMD Proliferation

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WMD Material

Task 2

Task 3

Task 4

Task 5

Task 6 Penetrate

Boundaries Cross Secondary Area Penetrate Secondary

Area Cross Security Area Enter Facility

Task 7

Deter Detect Delay Deny Defeat

We only have to be successful once; the adversary has to be successful at every point.

Intel & Warning

The 5 Ds of CWMD Physical Security

Task 1

Adversary Surveillance, Plans and Preparation



Preparedness

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Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense Programs 24

Radiological Detection System (RDS) §  Detect, classify, and measure radioactive

materials –  Replaces legacy RADIAC meters –  Sensitivity covers operational and

occupational levels and quantities §  Network interoperability

–  Geographic location data enabled –  Autonomous and on-demand data entries,

network, and information exchange §  Procurement planned for USA, USAF,

USMC, USN



Preparedness

Preparedness – Monitoring and Verification

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PROJECT DISCREET OCULUS §  Prompt diagnostics research & development project by the Defense Threat

Reduction Agency. §  Ground-based sensor suite collects prompt outputs of a limited nuclear

event in an urban environment. –  Measured outputs include

seismic, infrasound, overpressure, electromagnetic pulse, gamma radiation, and optical signatures.

–  Sensor readings sent to the Air Force Technical Applications Center for analysis and reporting.

25 Tiered Deployment Assessment Intelligence Countermeasures Policy & Planning Training/Exercises


Preparedness

Preparedness – When has something happened?

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Harvester Particulate Airborne Collection System (PACS) §  Modular air sampling capability tested on C-130 and MQ-9

aircraft. §  Post-collection analysis: samples prepared in a deployable

clean room, radio-chemical analyses conducted at a lab.



Preparedness

Preparedness – Detecting What Happened

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Airborne Radiation Detection & Identification Measurement System (ARDIMS) §  Wide-area radiological reconnaissance

mapping capability to support ground collection.

§  Gamma and neutron detection pods mounted on UH-60 displays real-time gross count and dose rate and radiation mapping to inform collections.



Preparedness

Response – Use of WMD Materials

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Response – Material Collection and Analysis

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Ground Collections Task Force §  Collect radioactive debris samples quickly and

process, prepare, and package the evidence for transport to national laboratories.

§  Equipment –  Mojave suits, boots, booties, gloves,

M40 protective masks –  Ion chamber gamma detectors –  AN/UDR-14 dosimeters –  Humvee, GPS/maps,

satellite phone –  Collection kits, marking kits



Preparedness

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Nuclear Deterrent Preparedness

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Weapon



Preparedness

Material

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30 Counterproliferation

Interdiction

DOD, DOE, DOS

Commerce, DOD, DOE, DOS, FBI, Treasury

DOD, DHS, FBI

Nonproliferation

Inte

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Inte

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U.S. Response: Scale and Persistence Drives Lead

Fukushima/RAD (‘11)

W-Africa/Ebola (‘14)

Syria/Chem (‘14)

Phuket-hurricane (‘04)

Mumbai/T (‘08)

Spain/E (‘04)

UK/Rad (‘06)

Tiblisi/HEU (‘06 & 09)

FBI

600 Sapphire /Nuke (‘94)

DOD

DN

I

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2007: Chlorine Release During Railcar Unloading

Highlighting Infrastructure Vulnerabilities

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We all own this problem!!

Industry

Academia USG

Stuff & Expertise

Solution through collaboration. 33

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emerging wmd threats and the proliferation of wmd material: nm ... · emerging wmd threats and the...

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