Emily GallEmily GallAllison McGinnis Allison McGinnis

Kate PelchKate PelchKinsley ReinhartKinsley ReinhartRanjot Dhillon Ranjot Dhillon

Period 4Period 4

• Most of the middle class budget was spent on food.- Meat took about 10% of all money earned- 25% went to other food and drink

• Upper-Middle Class families were notorious party throwers, hosting large dinner parties for 8 to 12 people almost every week.

Middle Class Culture

• Upper-Middle Class rented apartments instead of purchasing homes• Middle Class women became very clothes-conscious

- Clothes cheaper because of factories, department stores, and sewing machines

- Wife hired many servants- Had one main, full time servant- Working class nicknamed them “the Servant-Keeping Class”

• Education became more important, which was an added expense • Middle class united by strict moral code of behavior and morality

- Crime, drunkenness, and gambling were looked down upon- Sexual purity and fidelity were celebrated virtues

Example of apartments in England

Wage InequalityWage Inequality Life improved for many people during the late 19Life improved for many people during the late 19thth century. century.

– Minimum wage doubled in 1850- 1906Minimum wage doubled in 1850- 1906 Labor force realized they could work for more than they were. Labor force realized they could work for more than they were.

This didn’t change much, the rich were still rich and the poor This didn’t change much, the rich were still rich and the poor In all industrial countries:In all industrial countries:

– The richest 5% were raking in 33% of the country’s incomeThe richest 5% were raking in 33% of the country’s income– The richest 20% were making 50-60% of the country’s incomeThe richest 20% were making 50-60% of the country’s income– The other 80% were only making 40-50% of country’s incomeThe other 80% were only making 40-50% of country’s income– The poorest 30% were only making 10% or less country’s incomeThe poorest 30% were only making 10% or less country’s income

Middle class made up under 20% of the populationMiddle class made up under 20% of the population The wealthy had very light weight income taxesThe wealthy had very light weight income taxes Communities were diversified economicallyCommunities were diversified economically The very rich were separated from the very poor by several sub-classesThe very rich were separated from the very poor by several sub-classes

– A complex hierarchy of classesA complex hierarchy of classes Economic inequality still major factor in the economyEconomic inequality still major factor in the economy

Upper middle class family and poor working class family

Women’s fashion 1850- 1914Women’s fashion 1850- 1914 The dress making industry was a big dealThe dress making industry was a big deal The fashions were constantly changingThe fashions were constantly changing

– Middle class women followed the trends especiallyMiddle class women followed the trends especially– Department stores began to developDepartment stores began to develop

Clothes showed difference between classes and difference between Clothes showed difference between classes and difference between gendersgenders

Most changes originated in 19Most changes originated in 19thth century Paris century Paris In the 1850s-60s wealthy women wore huge tailored dresses w/ skirts In the 1850s-60s wealthy women wore huge tailored dresses w/ skirts

made circular by huge metal hoops along w/ corsetsmade circular by huge metal hoops along w/ corsets 1870s bustles made popular, they accentuated the back of the dress rather 1870s bustles made popular, they accentuated the back of the dress rather

than go all the way aroundthan go all the way around– The middle class bought cheaper versions of both stylesThe middle class bought cheaper versions of both styles 1890s began a trend called alternative dress1890s began a trend called alternative dress– Men’s wear pieces such as hats, ties, and jacketsMen’s wear pieces such as hats, ties, and jackets– Probably due to mass of women now working Probably due to mass of women now working

Not in laborNot in labor– Corsets still worn along with long skirtsCorsets still worn along with long skirts

In 1910s the corset was ditched for good and the more comfortable loose In 1910s the corset was ditched for good and the more comfortable loose flowy dresses came into favor.flowy dresses came into favor.– Due to more women's rights that were granted at the time?Due to more women's rights that were granted at the time?

Or was it to reaffirm some gender boundaries that were dropped Or was it to reaffirm some gender boundaries that were dropped during the alternative dress trendduring the alternative dress trend

The Working ClassesThe Working Classes The working class was divided into three subcategories. The working class was divided into three subcategories. The working classes inside the working class worked similar to the old social structureThe working classes inside the working class worked similar to the old social structure

1.1. SkilledSkilled 15% of the working class15% of the working class The bosses and foremen The bosses and foremen Long term pressure to stay employed due to the constant need and loss of Long term pressure to stay employed due to the constant need and loss of

labor demand. labor demand. Strong moralityStrong morality The aristocrats of the working classesThe aristocrats of the working classes

2.2. SemiskilledSemiskilled Carpenters, bricklayers, pipefitter were the top of the semiskilledCarpenters, bricklayers, pipefitter were the top of the semiskilled The rest were factory workersThe rest were factory workers The middle class of the working classesThe middle class of the working classes

3.3. UnskilledUnskilled Longshoremen, wagon-driving teamsters, teenagers, and ‘helpers’Longshoremen, wagon-driving teamsters, teenagers, and ‘helpers’ Most were skilled but were unorganized and dividedMost were skilled but were unorganized and divided The lower class of the working classes The lower class of the working classes

Working class leisure and religionWorking class leisure and religionLeisure Leisure

The urban working class wanted fun and recreationThe urban working class wanted fun and recreation Across Europe drinking was still the favorite leisure time activity for the working Across Europe drinking was still the favorite leisure time activity for the working

peoplepeople- Moralists saw the love of drink as bad- Moralists saw the love of drink as bad- Was said to be the cause of dispute and misery in working class homes- Was said to be the cause of dispute and misery in working class homes

At the same time drinking became more public and socialAt the same time drinking became more public and social-Married couples and sweethearts began to take part in social drinking-Married couples and sweethearts began to take part in social drinking

- Greater participation by women helped civilize drinking- Greater participation by women helped civilize drinking ““Problem drinking” declined in the late 19Problem drinking” declined in the late 19 thth century century

-It became less socially accepted-It became less socially accepted The two other leisure time activities were sports and music hallsThe two other leisure time activities were sports and music halls- There was a big decline in “cruel sports” (ex. Cockfighting and bull baiting)There was a big decline in “cruel sports” (ex. Cockfighting and bull baiting) - Were replaced by modern sports (ex. Racing and soccer)- Were replaced by modern sports (ex. Racing and soccer)- Music hall performances were interesting to the publicMusic hall performances were interesting to the public - Were usually about drunkenness, pregnancy before marriage, marital difficulties, and - Were usually about drunkenness, pregnancy before marriage, marital difficulties, and

problems with Mother-in-laws.problems with Mother-in-laws.

ReligionReligion Religion and churches continued to provide meaning. Religion and churches continued to provide meaning. - The early 19The early 19thth century was seen as an age of religious revival. century was seen as an age of religious revival. But by the last two or three decades the was decline in church attendance and But by the last two or three decades the was decline in church attendance and

donations.donations.- It seemed people became more secular and less religious.It seemed people became more secular and less religious.- One reason was because the construction of churches could not keep up with the One reason was because the construction of churches could not keep up with the

population.population.- The working class was concerned with politics, which had been separated from The working class was concerned with politics, which had been separated from

religion.religion. The pattern was different in the United States.The pattern was different in the United States.- Churches were often identified with an ethnic group rather than with a social class.Churches were often identified with an ethnic group rather than with a social class.- Churches thrived because they were a means of asserting ethnic identity. Churches thrived because they were a means of asserting ethnic identity.

Middle ClassesMiddle Classes By the 20By the 20thth century, diversity began to increase within the middle century, diversity began to increase within the middle

classes.classes. Upper middle class mostly consisted of successful business Upper middle class mostly consisted of successful business

families from banking, industry and large scale commerce.families from banking, industry and large scale commerce. - Drawn toward aristocratic lifestyle- Drawn toward aristocratic lifestyle - Tried to replace old aristocracy by forming new class- Tried to replace old aristocracy by forming new class The middle middle class were larger, less wealthy and increasingly The middle middle class were larger, less wealthy and increasingly

diversified.diversified. - Successful industrialists, merchants, and professionals in law - Successful industrialists, merchants, and professionals in law and medicineand medicine -Expansion of industry and technology resulted in a demand for -Expansion of industry and technology resulted in a demand for expertsexperts

The lower middle class was the independent shopkeepers, small The lower middle class was the independent shopkeepers, small traders, tiny manufactures and white-collar employees.traders, tiny manufactures and white-collar employees.

Aristocrats

-Upper-Middle Class- Middle-Middle Class- Lower-Middle Class

-Highly Skilled Workers- Semi-Skilled Workers

- Unskilled Workers