emissions trading. a transatlantic journey for an idea?

7/27/2019 Emissions Trading. A Transatlantic Journey for an Idea?

1/29

Emissions Trading

A Tlc Juy f I?

Kj Bf

N. 45 | S 2012

WORKING PAPER


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2 | KFGWorking Paper No. 45 | September 2012

KFG Working Paper Series

Edited by the Kolleg-Forschergruppe Th Tv Pw Ep

Th KFG W P S v h ch ul f h Kll-Fchu y

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l f-u@fu-l..

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El c uc: C Bluuh Sh R

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S 2012, Kll-Fchu (KFG) Th Tfv Pw f Eu F Uv Bl.

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Emissions Trading | 3

Emissions Trading

A Transatlantic Journey for an Idea

Katja Biedenkopf

Abstract

Th x h wy whch h EU hu (GHG) y (ETS) f-

fc h f l Nh Ac. I v h c u whch EU

lcy c ly l x-EU juc lcy-. Th cl v

h h EU f w uccful x. Th EU uc

h c f GHG Nh Ac. Th EU ETS, hwv, ly

l h c f h Nh Ac . Ac l f l f h EU y.

Dc Nh Ac fc w h v f h -

h lcy whl h EU ETS cly cu h lcy ful c.

Th EU ETS ly l h chcl lvl h h h lvl f lcl l c-

. Th EU lcy h Nh Ac. Th c

cv Nh Ac w cv fc. Th EU w u u. L

f h ETS w c -v.

Th Ah

Katja Biedenkopf A Pf h Uvy f A, Th

Nhl S Ac Fllw h Iu f Eu Su

h Vj Uv Bul, Blu. I 2011-2012, h w Pcl

Fllw h KFG Th Tfv Pw f Eu. H ch fcu

h xl c f EU vl lcy ll vl

vc.

cc: [email protected]


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Contents

1. Iuc 5

2. E T 6

2.1 The Idea of Emissions Trading 6

2.2 US Pioneering Eorts in the 1990s 7

2.3 The EU Taking Over Pioneership 8

2.4 Unsuccessful North American Federal Iniaves in the 2000s 8

2.5 The Emergence of North American Subnaonal Emissions Trading

Iniaves 9

3. Tf Mch Dc Fc 10

3.1 Transfer Mechanisms 11

3.2 Domesc Factors 12

3.3 Research Methods 14

4. Th Rl f h EU ETS Nh Ac Iv 15

4.1 Triggers of the Iniaves 15

4.2 The Role of the EU ETS and the Transfer Mechanisms 18

4.3 Contact Paerns and EU Policy Promoon 19

4.4 Transferred Elements 20

4.5 Comparison 21

5. Cclu 23

Lu 25


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1. I1

Th x h wy whch h Eu U (EU) hu (GHG)

y (ETS) c h f l Nh Ac. I v h c uwhch EU lcy c ly l x-EU juc lcy-. Th f

w l h 1990 h US f ulhu x (SO2) x (NOX)

. I h l l h 1997 Ky Pcl, h US v uh

f h clu f GHG u ully v h Pcl. I h fllw y,

GHG u h EU c f h c f EU cl lcy.

I h -2000, US C vc ul l GHG

. Th EU h f GHG Nh Ac. EU ETS x

f h UK w c Clf u f ETS x v c

wh c vlv h f h Nh Ac . Th c f

h Nh Ac GHG cul hu hv h ul f h EU lcy

u hy cul l hv h ul f h vu c xc wh SO2 NOX

. Th uy h lyz wh x h EU lcy

w uccful c lcy vl Nh Ac. I v w h

qu: W Nh Ac GHG c y h EU ETS? If y, wh

wy u wh c?

Th cl v h h EU f w uccful

x. Th EU uc h c f GHG Nh

Ac. Th EU ETS, hwv, ly l h c f h Nh Ac . Ac

l f l f h EU y. Dc Nh Ac fc w h v

f h - h lcy whl h EU ETS c

cu h lcy ful c. Th EU ETS ly l h chcl lvl h h

h lvl f lcl l c-. Th EU lcy

h Nh Ac. Th c cv Nh Ac w cv fc.

Th EU w u u. L f h ETS w c -v.

Th c h f h c ch h uc f EU xl cl ch

lc (Ty 2012). Nh Ac c ch f f u h ETS. Th uly f l-

l y EU c lc f; ly huh h c f h

W Cl Iv huh h c f EU x.

Th cu lu lcy u h l f EU x-

l vc (Kll/Tu 2009; Lvx l. 2009; Lvx/Schlf 2009; Schlf

2009; Kl 2010; D 2012), cul h uy f h EU lh y xl

lcy . Th ly v h h c c f xl

c f EU lcy h c f l c ccv u. Th

1 Th uh wul Th ch h w w fu y h KFG Th Tfv Pw

f Eu. Th uh cully ful f h u y Tj Bzl Th R wll h hl-

ful c y y h KFG cllu. Th uh l wul l h h vw f h

h h vlul h.


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c hzl c c c w qul

hchcl lh whch h EU cul u lv, f xl h f f cl-

y (Schlf/Sl 2004), cc lcy ch (Kll/Tu 2009). Th US l

v h Ky Pcl wh c. Hzl c clu -v c whch x-EU c cvly ch f l f EU lcy h EU

v, wll uly-v c whch EU c cvly l w f EU

lc. Th c h l f wh wul ll EU xl vc. Ic whch

x-EU juc uly v EU lcy lly h w c ul

f xl f EU lcy c h c f xl vc. Thy hwv

uv f lcy u u. Th cc f EU xl vc vlv u-

ful vlv f h EU h u c c c ully c c f

cv uly x. Exl uc huh w lc vl l

clu vc cu h EU cvly h c (Lvx 2011). Th

ly fcu l c c hw lw h w fu h f

ch h c f GHG f h EU Nh Ac vc. Th

-h ly f h c lvl c f h f f (l f) h EU ETS cu

u h c u whch h EU c cvly c lcy vl

y .

Th fllw c xl h f c h hy f l

h EU Nh Ac. Sc h cu h f ch c fc

h cu h lycl fw whch h cl v . Sc fu -

h ul f h uy c v cclu wh cu f h lc f h uy f

EU xl vc lly.

2. Emissions Trading

Th c v h cu h uy h . I xl h c -

f . Th c h hy f h US h

EU chlcl . E w y h US fl v. Th EU

v h l h f h Ky Pcl. I h -2000, US

C vc h ul l GHG

h c f fl ul.

2.1 The Idea of Emissions Trading

Th uc hful y xu cl f c h -

llwc h 1960. Th c c c h

C cc f Jh H. Dl. I h 1968 Pllu, Py Pc, h l u


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h c lc f lv llu l huh (Dl 1968). H, hwv,

v cvly vc h lcy u ul h 1990 f l-cl l-

, whch w h US SO2 y.

I y juc-w xu l f c l-

f ch uch uc l. Th wh h cv y -

llwc. Th u f llwc h f u ch cul .

Exc llwc c l h v f h fuu. Exc u

cv y h uch f x llwc f h . Th llwc c v cc-

uly. I l h c f h cclly vl lu f

h uy llwc v uc u. Th chc f uc u

f. N cc chl c. E - lcy u wh

cl v c-cv, v f xly chv vll

uc l (T 2006; v Al 2010: 126).

2.2 US Pioneering Eorts in the 1990s

Th US h uc f y h 1990. Thuh

f h Cl A Ac, -w SO2 y w uc. I chv l

lly c ucc (Blul 2008: 225-226). I h y, -

uly f lw h vll l llwc u (Schl l. 1998). Th 1990

Cl A Ac l h uc f NOX y, whch w

l 2003. Th w, hwv, -w y. I l 12 2 w, hu,

h l-cl l v (Ell 2000).

I h l 1990, US fl lcy ch cu wh . Whl P

Cl ly vc h clu f GHG h 1997 Ky

Pcl (Dl 2000: 82-86), c h h h ch. I Ju 1997, S R By

(Dc, W V) S Chl Hl (Rulc, N) uc lu -

h h US hul y l cl ch h ) wul w

c f h US ul l c f vl cu, h ) wul

ul u h h U S cy (US S 1997). Th S h f h

llu h cully qu fy y l h lu-

uuly. Alhuh P Cl h Ky Pcl 1998, h v u

S f c. I Mch 2001, h ucc P G W. Buh uc h US wh-

wl f h Ky Pcl (Su 2003; Su 2004; H 2007). Th US hu v

h Pcl.

2 M, Nw Hh, V, Mchu, Cccu, Rh Il, Nw Y, Nw Jy, Pylv,

Myl, Dlw h Dc f Clu.


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2.3 The EU Taking Over Pioneership

I h l f h Ky Pcl, h US cly vc h clu f GHG

(Dl 2000: 82-86) h EU ly lucly cc h US (D/Luc Mz 2003, H 2010: 80-82, v Al 2010: 126-127). Fllw h f h Ky

Pcl c Eu, h EU l GHG y h 2000,

whch h c l f cl ch lcy x (By/Buvll 2008; Chl l. 2008).

I h f h EU ETS, h US xc ly ul l. US cul w vlv

h f h ul h f EU G P u fw 2000 (Sh/W

2010: 67-68). Th E T Dcv w 2003 Juy 2005

(Eu Cucl 2003). I 2009, f y f h 2013-2020 w

(Eu Cucl 2009; Oh/Pll 2010: 35-36, 46-52).

A lcy u h w wh lucc Ky h c h c cl ch -

u f h EU (Fu/P 2008: 4). Th EU h c ul GHG -

(Ell/Buch 2007: 67-69; Sh/W 2009; Wuzl/Clly 2011: 7-8).

Iuc ETS w f h lcy c f h EU uc GHG . Th

EU ETS h wl l ch. I cv v 10,000 y ul l

clu h v c c 2012. I 2012, h Eu C cul

h f clu h h c ch. Th c clu h

y y 2011 l f u 50 c f h EU CO2 . Nwy, Icl

Lch j h y 2008.

2.4 Unsuccessful North American Federal Iniaves in the 2000s

Whl h EU c wh h f h ETS, h 2000 l w u f ll-

v h h US. I Juy 2003, US S Jh L (Dc, l

I, Cccu) S Jh McC (Rulc, Az) uc llv -

l f Cl Swh Ac (S. 139) h clu v h uc f US -

w GHG y. Th ll, hwv, w . I h fllw cl

l l w u u (Plv l. 2003; Sl/VDv 2009:

128-129). I h c f llly ul, cl vc cy vluy GHG

ch h Chc Cl Exch whch 2003. I 2008, u

300 c c (Mcl 2011: 139-142). Y, 2010, c cu

h ll h c h fll u 10 US C f v 7.50 US Dll 2008.

Wh P O c 2009, w uc y w

u. Th u, u w c h vu cl -

, v h Dcc j h hu f h llu. Rv Hy Wx

(Dc, Clf) Rv Ew My (Dc, Mchu) uc h

Ac Cl Ey Scuy Ac (H.R. 2454) My 2009. Th ll h Hu wh v f

219 212. Suquly, S Jh Ky (Dc, Mchu) S B Bx


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(Dc, Clf) uc l llv l, l clu y,

h S. Th S ly v u h ll cquly . Wh h,

h llv fl (H 2010: 92; Bll/H 2011: 83-84).

Cy h US, C h Ky Pcl 2002. Y, h fl v h

ccz f lc f cv cl ch. GHG c 1990 lvl

f h 6 c uc l Ky. Wh h Cvv v c

2006, h cl ch cu h w l u c (S 2009). C

whw f h Ky Pcl 2011.

2.5 The Emergence of North American Subnaonal Emissions Trading Iniaves

Whl h f lz y cc fl c uc GHG -

, u f US wll C vc ll h fl uly v. Th

vl ly cl ch lcy h; l h vl , -

vul uc h w lw v fl c. M h hlf f h US uc

CO2 uc x f cl ch lc, h -

. Th ul l GHG y w h cu f h 2000

h Rl Ghu G Iv (RGGI), h W Cl Iv (WCI) h Mw

Ghu G Ruc Acc (MGGRA).

RGGI w h ul 2012 h ly l US GHG . I 2005,

h Nh f Cccu, Dlw, M, Nw Hh, Nw Jy, Nw Y,

V Mu f U c RGGI. L, Mchu, Rh Il

Myl j h v. I 2011, Nw Jy v c whw f h . I

, h Nw Jy llu v fv f h f RGGI. Th Mu

f U h l f lz f CO2 lh f ch f h ul

h y 2015 h f ch f h fu y 2015, 2016, 2017 2018 uc f 2.5 c

h y h f 2018 10 c uc chv. A l ul w jly. Ech

c lh CO2 c h cv y

huh ll. E c llwc wh h RGGI . Th v cv

CO2 f lccy (Blul 2008: 227-231; R 2009: 77; Sl/VDv 2009:

120-123).

WCI clu Az, Clf, Nw Mxc, O Wh S h f c

Fuy 2007 (Blul 2008: 232-234). L, Uh, M h C vc Bh

Clu, O, Quc M j h v. A u f h US , C

vc Mxc c v. A f Clf, h h US l

whw f h cu (Bll/H 2011: 83). I S 2008, WCI u c-

f y 2012. WCI lh fw f


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f ull c (El/Och 2008: 126). I c h

h f RGGI. O 12 Juy 2012, WCI h 2012 l l f wh

lly c h l c Nh Ac. Clf Quc lly h

2012 uc h WCI . Oh vc xc jh v l .

I Nv 2007, h Mw f Wc, M, Ill, Iw, Mch, K

h C vc M MGGRA. Th u j

y (Blul 2008: 234-235). A hl u vl l ul, whch w, hwv,

c u y y f h c vc. Th MGGRA l hu hv l-

h h c u h ly v wll.

A h cu v hw, US cv GHG uu wh

u f h fl h lcy- (fl ll) l (MGGRA) c. RGGI,

hwv, y WCI wll wy c l 2012. E -

h US hu chcz y l ul f h c- v, f.

Th h Nh Ac ul GHG v vy wh h ,

ucc . F h , hy ucv c u f cv ly. RGGI w

l h WCI MGGRA ly l. WCI lly l 2012

MGGRA ully v l. RGGI lly u, whl WCI h hh -

. Th lvl f f MGGRA w cvly lw.

3. T Mh D F

Th EU f M S f GHG Nh Ac h

f h c f h Nh Ac ul l u h h -

cul hv c y h ETS. Th c ul h l c huh whch

h EU ETS cul hv c h Nh Ac v. I vl lycl fw

f ch c fc, whch v h f h uy f h l f h

EU ETS h h Nh Ac v c fu. Th c f

h lc juy f h ETS cculz w . F, h EU lcy c h lcy

f Nh Ac c huh f h ch l, ul

c c. Whh h c cv c huh

ch c fc ly h lc lcy l. Sc, h c

wh v lcy h c lcy- c, whch -

y c fc. Th h lc, u lcy l.


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3.1 Transfer Mechanisms

L, ul c cul lul ch huh whch h EU ETS cul hv

c h Nh Ac v. Acc lu vu ch huh whchEU lcy cul c Nh Ac lcy (f vvw f xl Bzl/R 2012; Gl

2012). S f h ch l ccv u c, hwv,

xclu. L ul cul l xl hf v h f h

cl v. Th ly fv f GHG y ull c-

v y c c c xclu f f h h Nh Ac

, ly h W Cl Iv (WCI) w hf clu h cl

v.

L cul xl h f f h f GHG f h EU Nh Ac.

L lc wh c whch vlv h Nh Ac lcy- c

w l f f u h EU ETS cquly u ( f) h lcy

. L c h cv c f lyz EU lcy. Th ul f l c

h v c f c lcy h hy uu lcy l

EU lcy h Nh Ac lcy- c , h c, h hy uu lcy

f h EU lcy, whch wul c f v l (Lvy 1994: 290; Lf/

Vl 2001: 400; Wyl 2009: 392-393, 399-401; Gl 2012). M c c w l-

u . Thy w f ll vll f hy v .

Rh, c hv c l wlvw h h wh c f

lc h (S 1965; Mu 2006).

Eul cul l xl EU c Nh Ac. Eul ccu wh c h vlv

h Nh Ac lcy- c ch fl c h lcy -

y h lf h EU lcy l u h hul l -

uc h juc (Mch/Ol 1989: 23, 160-162). I c l, ul

ucl v f EU lcy f ly. Eul c v c.

Nv ul h hc f US c lf h h

EU lcy . Mc ul hh f h EU h c f

h EU lc uccful l (F/S 1998: 891, 901, 906; Plll/Gull

2005; Sh/Vl 2008: 842-843). Eul clu c whch c u EU lcy jufy

lcy h hy hv u f l (Dlwz 2006: 268).

L ul c - uly-v c. Nh Ac c c cvly

ch f f u h ETS l ul c hu v y h . Th

EU c, hwv, l h f lcy . Th c u h f c.

L ul c cul cquly v l cuu w

- uly-v u.


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A c- -l ch cul lly xl lc c h c f

WCI. C h cv h EU Nh Ac cul hv uh f lcy l

h EU lcy Nh Ac lvl h ly l wh c h xcluvly

cv Nh Ac. C h cv h EU h v clc wh h EU ETS.Th c c wh Nh Ac c h hv v EU cl-

c. Th cul c c uh f l lcy h h v u y

ll c (Vl 1997). Th ch ly lly xl h c f f h

Nh Ac GHG . Th w h ly cv lccy -

, whch ly lcl l - ull c. Oly h WCI

cv uy c uch , l, c, l, ul , whch ull c

c fu. Sc h c l clu h EU ETS, hy cul hv uh f h

f GHG Nh Ac wh h h hy wul lvl h ly l wh

c c h h EU .

Whl h EU ETS cul hv c Nh Ac huh c

f h h ch, c fc cul lv xl. I h c, h EU

ETS wul hv ly l h Nh Ac c. Ally, c fc Nh

Ac c xl h c c u whch h ch ccu h f f

ETS l lly. I h v f uc f h EU ETS h Nh Ac v, h

ly w lc c c fc lly. Th EU ETS cul hv ly

l h c, f Nh Ac

. I cul ly hv f cc c f GHG cc f h Nh

Ac lcy- c. I cul, hwv, l hv h lu f h

Nh Ac . A uc vw f lcy f hu . Th EU ETS uch cul

hv c h vl Nh Ac u cul l hv c l f

c f h lcy cycl. Th h cv f h Nh Ac fc

wh h EU ETS. Th c lw cu h c fc l h h ch.

3.2 Domesc Factors

Dc fc v xl f whh wh x Nh Ac vc

cv c f h EU ETS. Th u f c fc uh: lc, u-

h lcy l. I h f h c h EU lcy c h lcy

f Nh Ac c huh f h ch h lc lcy l

fc ly wfl l. O h h, hy cul lv xl h uc f h

EU ETS xl h c f v Nh Ac. I f l,

ul c-v xl, h xc f h lcy l f cl ch

h lcl c cvc f h vlv hl cul v xl

f h c h f RGGI, WCI MGGRA. Hwv, hy c l xl h llh f

c l ul. I h c f h c c wh v lcy

h c lcy- c, whch c l lcy uu


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c y EU lcy h h u f c fc c v xl f h llh f

h lc juy f h EU ETS.

Th lc fc l h lcl jy cll h llu h lf lv hl. Th ly f c h l lly cv h

ETS (u l). Th u f cv c whh hy c jy

uh h . Th vll lcl cx whch hy c h

c cu hy ully uu wh hy cv h h f h

lcl c h lcl l. Sc lcy- c c ul w

vccy u (Dw 1995: 150), whh h uc u lh

u f lcy u uccful (Schlf/Sl 2004:

664-665; Lvx/Schlf 2009: 805). Plcl u f lcy l h EU ETS

lly juc whch h jy f lv hl h l h

cl wh h c f h EU lcy (Kz l. 1963: 249-250). F wh h l

cly h hy u h . Ily c u vhl wh

h c cc f EU lcy. Th lcl cx c v xl f why why

lc uu vc c lcy u (Mu/Gl 2009: 533-534).

Th l f h c vlv h Nh Ac lcy- c h hu

l cv l ul. Thy v xl f h ccuc h f

h w ch. Ally, h lcl jy cll v xl f whh

wh h c h l f ul h EU ETS c uccfully uh f h (v)

lcy h c h lcy uu.

Iu h fw whch h lc lc (Mch/Ol 1989: 18). Iu,

ly, clu h wy whch juc h lcy- c z, l-

y x lcy wll ly-cc h h juc y (Guwz 2006:

310-311). Nx h lcl cx h h c , h ul cx h wh

hy hv hw y c qu uh f . Th fw f fl lcy-

cu fl c v u c f lcy-lv

- c uu h f lcy (Duch 1966: 147). Fl ul -

c fcl cul f c cc h lcy- c.

Th u f cc h lcy- c f v f lcy- lc

lcy l c uc h ul f h lcy- c. S lcl y c

cul h h uc cl lcy ch (Iu 1990; Cll 1997: 395-396).

Ifl u uch cu v juc lcl culu c

l fcl uc h uc f c lcy u (R-K 1994: 208-212). A h

ul l h c ul f x lc fucu (Lv 1997:

28-29; Sl 2006: 12). Th ul fc hu v l xl f whh

wh l ul c uccfully vc lc c y h EU ETS.

Th lcy l fc l h xc f f h l h lcy qu-

. I lly h l uh u f c juc cv vc

GHG wh fc wh l h qu uch lcy . I c


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whch US C vc fc lcy l h c wh u -

l v EU lcy, c cl uc lc h u (Hy 1996; Gl l.

2009). N ly h jcv xc f lcy l u l h wy whch c f wh

h lcy fc. Cl ch ll l c Eu NhAc l wy. Y, lcy-, hl h ulc f h l ly

vy, h hc c h . Th c l

vy cclu whh wh wh cl ch hul ,

whch l h ly f c h lc fc. Ally, whh lcy-

h hl cv h l u y c hw uch hy u

h vccy fv f h f lcy . Th f f h lcy l f xl

vl, cc cl l l c h wy whch lcy u

(Tw 2005: 69-70; Pc/Rh 2006: 1121; Lvx/Wch 2009: 98). Th xc f

f h lcy l cu hu xl whh c cv l ul-

cu f lu l h lly. Mv, h c

c f lcy l l GHG c h lc, cul

l lcy u.

3.3 Research Methods

Th l lc c f h EU ETS w x wh qulv cv c uy

ch. Th h c cu h clx f c f h c.

Ac v l yc c cu wll u f quly. Th

uy lly 32 l vw. Th l f h vw w h c-

f h y c h f h GHG .

Th c h hv vlv h c h v-

w f v h h l c h lc. Thuh -

qu, l f h wy h c lc cul cuc cul l w h

EU ETS h Nh Ac cul v. Axly vw w c-

uc f ch f h h . Gv h h u f vlv h c w

lvly ll, lvly h f y c w vw. Th u f vw l

ul, hu vfy h f vw huh h f h. F h

u f ul, cv f h w ly vlv vw -

f cl cc NGO u v w clu. Th c f

chc f vw w h lvl f vlv h c. A uqu c w h

c c hl c f h ul f h wh-c ly.

Th vw wh qu u h vw f h f h -

uc f h cv GHG . Th qu v whh

h EU ETS w c whh c h xl fc w c hv

h c l h v. Th w fllw y f qu l


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h lc, ul lcy l fc. Oly h, h l f h EU ETS w cly

. I w whh h ETS ly l f wh f l. Dc c

cc w EU Nh Ac c w v cc f h l f h EU

ETS fcu u. Th ul f h uvy c fu lw.

4. Th R h EU ETS Nh A Iv

Th cl ly hw h h EU ETS ly l h Nh Ac GHG

. Evy vw c h. Th ETS cu ly h h f h -

, c h v w h lcl u x. Dc fc w h f

h v. Thy xl h c l h cl f f h. Th ETS l cul

c fc , u l f h c c. Th

ch w l, whch lc h chcl h h h lcl lvl. Th c -

lw h ul f h uy h f h h v h

h l f h EU ETS h c.

4.1 Triggers of the Iniaves

Th cl ly vl h h EU ETS w h h l h c f h h

Nh Ac GHG . Wh f h f h f

h cv c, ll vw xcluvly c fc. Th lc

fc w h f h h v. A h f h c, cl ch w

l h qu lcy h cv . Th c f h fl

lvl l l c y lc f h f lvl . Th

l c f ch h cu f w h f h c f h

2000. Th ul fw f h US C cu l h vc

v h wh h lcy v h c f fl cvy.

Th lc f fl cl ul w fquly y vw (RGGI 82 c,

WCI 92 c, MGGRA 100 c) ll h c h f h c. Th

w w cc y lc xlc c h cl ch w l h

huh lcy u. A h f c f h , h w

w vll lcl c f h f cl lcy. Fl c h uc-

c P Buh l f whh Rulc Dcc lc w lc w

c. I h c f RGGI WCI, vw h h cv w

uh h fl lvl c cv cl ch. D h GHG w

fl uccful wll ul u u h fl v c w


16/29


v, h RGGI WCI.3 I h c f MGGRA, h l fl c h lhly

l. N uh h fl v c cv ful cl lcy u

h u h h Mw w h f h cuv f h c fl lcy w h

v. Th w xl h c h cul f h c- Mw .4 Th cul culc RGGI WCI, whch

u l w uc wh cc ucu lcl .

Whl ll h fl v v ll h , h cul y w vhl .

RGGI WCI v u xl u u h fl v f

fl ul whl MGGRA w lv xl c h h

c u f xc h fl ul w uvl.

US fl cl lcy vy lly h h lc f P O

h w y h lc. Bh l c h 2008 lc c u

fv f cl ul c f h lc. Rulc c Jh McC c-

llv l 2003, 2005 2007 h US S h l

c h u y cu US 60 c lw 1990 lvl y 2050 (Cl

2008). Dcc c l P B O fl cl ll

u h f Rv Wx My wh hy h Ac Cl

Ey Scuy Ac (H.R. 2454) My 2009. Th ll h Hu f Rv u fl

S (H 2010: 92; Bll/H 2011: 83-84). Th w hu f u whch

h vll xc f fl cl ll w vy hh v c h

fl v c. Th h l fw whch h -lvl lcy- c.

Thy uh f h fl lcy. RGGI fll h f h Buh cy u-

whch fl ul w vy ully u h w v y h v ul u

u h fl lvl. WCI w lhly l u fllw l . MGGRA w

c h c f fl lcy wh h f h h lcy h c

cul cc f h Mw .

Gul lh h c fquly fc ll h c (RGGI 73 -

c, WCI 75 c, MGGRA 57 c). I h c f RGGI, ll vw h f u-

l lh h lh f Gv G P f Nw Y S. H RGGI y

l h fllw Nh v, v h c f j cl lcy

3 Ivw: Evl Th T, Wh, DC, 22 Fuy 2012; Cul Ey, Cl

Ruly Iu, B, 27 Fuy 2012; Evl NGO, B, 27 Fuy 2012; Evl NGO,

Nw Y, 28 Fuy 2012; Evl NGO, Wh, DC, 2 Mch 2012; Evl NGO, B,

7 Mch 2012; Evl NGO, B, 8 Mch 2012; Ey Uly, W, 26 Al 2012; Gv

Acy, Tuc, 26 Al 2012; Gv Acy, Dv, 1 My 2012; Ev D, S F, 9 My

2012; Evl NGO, Sl, 9 My 2012; Ev D, Oly, 10 My 2012; Evl

D, Hl, 22 My 2012; Evl NGO, Sl, 23 My 2012; Gv Acy, Sc,

25 My 2012.

4 Ivw: Evl Acy, Sl, 24 My 2012; Evl NGO, Wh, DC, 11 My 2012;

Evl D, L, 1 My 2012; Cc D, Sl, 7 My 2012; Iuy, S.

Pul, 30 Al 42012; Aculul Oz, Wh, DC, 23 Al 2012; Acc, Wh, DC, 1 My

2012.


17/29


GHG . Gv P w f v fc h h c,

u fcl h c f RGGI.5 I h c f WCI, Gv Schwz

w y u f vw. H cl ch f h uh f

h f h Clf cl lw AB 32. H l lu wh h W v-. Ivw , hwv, h vul v h lh

h cul h WCI c. M f h h cl lc

l ly. Th c l w c cu h x

uy f v lh.6 I h c f MGGRA, ul lh

l ly l. I h c w u f v. Gv Pwly f M Dyl f

Wc w l u f h . I , h l cvc

f h v ly j l v h c f u y h llu, whch w

h c M. I h , uch Wh S O, h v jy

u f h lc llu.7

Th fl y f h US C v h l f v

h wh h w cl v h c f fl c. Th US C cu-

v f lvly lwy f ul c lcy h ul y

h fl lvl. I h fl ul fw, h xc f cl lcy

h c f h GHG v h h RGGI, WCI

MGGRA cul ul u. Th lvly fvl ul fc w cl y

h fvl lc h f h c f h . D v hw

lh ul u y c h c f fl c. Eclly Gv

P w f y u f vw c h lh RGGI wy

l l. A h , h w c u f h Rulc ccy f P.

Acc vw, Gv Schwz w cl lcy f h lcy u

hlf l. Plcl c ly l,

clly h c f h c f RGGI WCI. Th c f cl ch lcy

l w h fc cu h c f h h GHG v.

5 Ivw: Cul Ey, Cl Ruly Iu, B, 27 Fuy 2012; Evl NGO,

B, 27 Fuy 2012; Evl NGO, Nw Y, 28 Fuy 2012; Evl NGO, B, 7 Mch

2012; Oc f Cwlh Dvl, B, 12 Mch 2012; G O, B, 13 Mch 2012;

Evl D, Nw Y, 19 Mch 2012; Iuy Ac, Mluh, 21 Mch 2012.

6 Ivw: Ey Uly, W, 26 Al 2012; Gv Acy, Tuc, 26 Al 2012; Gv

Acy, Dv, 1 My 2012; Evl D, S F, 9 My 2012; Evl NGO, Sl, 9 My

2012; Evl D, Hl, 22 My 2012; Evl NGO, Sl, 23 My 2012; Gv

D, L, 16 My 2012; Gv D, L, 23 My 2012.

7 Ivw: Gv Acy, Tuc, 26 Al 2012; Gv Acy, Dv, 01 My 2012; Iuy, S.

Pul, 30 Al 2012; Aculul Oz, Wh, DC, 23 Al 2012.


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4.2 The Role of the EU ETS and the Transfer Mechanisms

Whl c fc h EU ETS h c f h Nh Ac GHG

v, h EU lcy vhl ly l h Nh Ac c.L w h f ch. Oc h w h

vc w u h l v, h EU ETS h c. I h

c whch h l ul f h w , h ETS w c

xl h c w l f. All vw w whh hy h h h EU ETS

ly l h cv vy c h. M vw u h

l c h c f w l f h EU xc. I h cx f h

l cv, vw c c whch h ETS v v xl w

l f. M , hwv, vw c l f h h h EU

h h f h ETS. Th l w l c h EU v f h ETS v

h c h h.

Whl ll vw f l f h EU ETS h c f h cv

ul, hy h h ETS ly l h lcl cu. S vw

c h h lc w fvl uh f uch u. A u f lc h

llu wul c Eu lcy l -l. A fc h EU ETS

v xl wul fll cv u. F h , fc h ETS lcl

w h .8 Th h lw f ul l f l

h cx f chcl cu h f h . Evc f h ch l

cc c w fu. Ivw uy vccy fv f

Nh Ac GHG h f lvl h ly l wh c

c. S vw h u uch c l ufcu w

WCI.9

I h l f h EU ETS, clly h c f RGGI u l WCI, c x

f h SO2 NOX w . Th f h RGGI l ul

w h NOX h h h h l h ly 2000.

I h c f WCI, vw h h RGGI xc w ccu

l f h ETS h SO2 . Th MGGRA c w y y y -

vw l c y l f h h w-l h cul f

h cy.

8 Ivw: Oc f Cwlh Dvl, B, 12 Mch 2012; Evl Th T, Wh,

DC, 22 Fuy 2012; Evl NGO, B, 8 Mch 2012; Evl D, Nw Y, 19

Mch 2012; Ev My, Quc, 23/04/12; Ey Uly, W, 26 Al 2012; Gv

Acy, Tuc, 26 Al 2012; Gv Acy, Dv, 1 My 2012; Evl D, Oly,

10 My 2012; Evl D, Hl, 22 My 2012; Evl NGO, Sl, 23 My 2012;



9 Ivw: Evl D, Oly, 10 My 2012; Ev My, Quc, 23 Al 2012;

Evl D, S F, 9 My 2012; Evl D, Hl, 22 My 2012; Evl

NGO, Sl, 23 My 2012.


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4.3 Contact Paerns and EU Policy Promoon

Th EU ETS huh u f c cc wh Nh Ac c cu h

EU xc, whch l fcl l cv. Th y f h cc, hwv,v w h c. I ll h c, vw f u f cc whch EU

x vll h US v u h ETS.10 I h c f RGGI, u f c

h w vlv h f h l ul w c cc wh ETS x h EU. Th

clu x f h Eu C f EU M S u. Eclly h

cl h w ly ch f h RGGI l ul w hv h ul

EU cc. Th cl w fl wh h EU ETS. 11 Th cc ly h f f

y EU x h h vll h US C Dl wll -l

lh cc.

I h c f WCI, h EU lcy huh c cc wh Nh Ac c w h

. Tw EU ETS x w c Clf f x f u h

h. Thy w cly vlv u f w h wh h

c WCI ul. O f h x w h Clf A Ruc B, h -

z h ch f l Clf GHG lcy, h c x w

wh h Clf Evl Pc Acy wh vu c z. A

h EU ETS x w c Bh Clu. Whl h EU x w y EU M

S, ly h U K (UK), h Eu C cu h c f h

cv. Th f M S h h h C x Nh Ac

w, h h, uc. Th C uc f c x

cl lc lvly l. O h h h, h UK Clf Mu f

U h c v h xch f x. Th v fw wh

whch h f UK cl w fcl.12

10 Ivw: Evl NGO, B, 27 Fuy 2012; Evl NGO, Nw Y, 28 Fuy 2012;

Evl NGO, B, 7 Mch 2012; Oc f Cwlh Dvl, B, 12 Mch 2012;

Evl D, Nw Y, 19 Mch 2012; Gv Acy, Tuc, 26 Al 2012; GvAcy, Dv, 1My 2012; Evl D, S F, 9 My 2012; Evl NGO, Sl, 9

My 2012; Evl D, Hl, 22 My 2012; Gv Acy, Sc, 25 My 2012;

Evl D, L, 1 My 2012; Aculul Oz, Wh, DC, 23 Al 2012;

Acc, Wh, DC, 1 My 2012; Gv D, L, 16 My 2012; Gv D,

L, 23 My 2012.


B, 27 Fuy 2012; Evl NGO, Nw Y, 28 Fuy 2012; Evl NGO, Wh, DC,

2 Mch 2012; Oc f Cwlh Dvl, B, 12 Mch 2012; Evl D, Nw

Y, 19 Mch 2012.

12 Ivw: Gv D, L, 16 My 2012; Gv D, L, 23 My 2012;

Gv Acy, Sc, 25 My 2012; Evl D, Hl, 22 My 2012; EvlD, Oly, 10 My 2012; Evl NGO, Sl, 9 My 2012; Evl D, S

F, 9 My 2012; Gv Acy, Tuc, 26 Al 2012; Ev My, Quc, 23 Al 2012.


20/29


I h c f MGGRA, l c cc wh EU c w fu. Ivw f c-

c w, cul, h cul f h c EU c f

v y EU c h h vll h US. My f h h hl vlv h c

hv c cc wh x f h EU u h f f , cul h cul, h uc f f uch clz .13 Th f

h ETS y EU c hu cly w h h . Th f uch cvy

y Nh Ac c ly l. M cv c cc wh h EU. Th

EU hv fllw h uuv ch.

4.4 Transferred Elements

Th l f h EU ETS f whch Nh Ac c w l w RGGI, WCI

MGGRA. I h c f RGGI, vw f l w f h EU c h

u llwc f f h ETS h. Th l wfll y c h -

cv llwc whu c vhl ch h cu. M vw

h w vy h RGGI u whh uc llwc u h

whu ch l lyz f h EU xl. Th ETS xc hl h

c fv f uc, whch w c h RGGI l ul.14 Whl h RGGI Mu

f U y h c v ul h 25 c f llwc u

uc, cc, l 100 c uc. O vw h h ETS w

cu hw h l cl cul .15

I h c f WCI, vw f u f l h ly l. O l h

w y vw h c f . Thy h WCI w h

l f h ETS h l l v v-llc, whch wh h

h ETS h.16 Ivw h cuy ch h ccu h EU wh

h ETS y c h WCI w l f. Th l f EU

cu w f cuy c h WCI ul.17 Th c f clz y

h h h w fc h GHG l h WCI w

hv w f h ETS. Hwv, v cul c, US C

vc c f uch w jly lh z. Th wul qu vl

13 Ivw: Evl Acy, Sl, 24 My 2012; Evl NGO, Wh, DC, 11 My 2012;




B, 27 Fuy 2012; Evl NGO, Nw Y, 28 Fuy 2012; Evl NGO, B, 7 Mch

2012; Evl NGO, B, 8 Mch 2012; Oc f Cwlh Dvl, B, 12 Mch

2012; G O, B, 13 Mch 2012; Evl D, Nw Y, 19 Mch 2012.

15 Ivw: Evl NGO, B, 8 Mch 2012.

16 Ivw: Evl D, S F, 9 My 2012; Gv D, L, 16 My 2012.

17 Ivw: Ey Uly, W, 26 Al 2012; Gv Acy, Dv, 1 My 2012.


21/29


f h fl C, whch vy ully.18 Th ETS w f xl h hw

h GHG w l wlhy cy whu j cu cc

wh.19 A u f vw h vu l wh h l

f h ETS f h WCI c, whu fuh cfy h l.

Du h c f h l ul, vw , l u y cc

l f h EU ETS ly l. EU c w u h vl f h l ul. 20 Th

z f w h EU cu h l h uc MGGRA

wh cu w vc.21

4.5 Comparison

Th EU ETS ly l ll h Nh Ac ul GHG v. I ll

h c, h c f h u c h lcl cc w cclu,

l f h ETS w clu h cu. L w h ch-

ll c. Whl h vll v wh h ETS l l, h l

w RGGI, WCI MGGRA. Th y f l cv, h chl f cc f -

f f u h ETS wll h l h w f . Dc fc

h cv vc xl h vc.

Th l cv w l h c f WCI, wh h xch w

EU Nh Ac c ccu l u f l w lyz wh

l l f h WCI . Th f l c xl y

f cv f l f h ETS lvl f f h . Th cv-

f c h vc c xl y h l f h c h

vll juc lf-c, h vll ulc cv vl u v-

v, h uy ucu , l h, h y f hl

wll h hy f vl lcy h c h c. Th fc w

h h h uc GHG v. Whl -h l uy

f h c fc y h ly h , h vw c h hy

xl h vc.

Th lvl f c f RGGI, WCI MGGRA v xl f h u

y f l h w f. WCI h u wh h c.

Gv h lvl f clxy, h c c h , whch -

v y f l f h EU ETS. Gv h ETS lvl f , whch c lly

18 Ivw: Gv Acy, Sc, 25 My 2012; Gv D, L, 16 My 2012.

19 Ivw: Evl NGO, Sl, 23 My 2012.

20 Ivw: Evl D, L, 1 My 2012; Cc D, Sl, 7 My 2012.

21 Ivw: Iuy, S. Pul, 30 Al 2012.


22/29


c lvly hh, WCI h cl . Th ETS l lv f-

l WCI.

Th chl f cc EU lcy cv c l h lc ju-c lf-c wll h u f h . Clf

Gv Schwz h lc Clf ly lh h -

c cx u l ly ll l.22 H Mu f U cl ch

wh UK P M Ty Bl u h lvl f f Clf cl lcy wh

h uch h UK. I f h l, Gv Schwz f xl

:

By designing a cap-and-trade program that will achieve our greenhouse gas reducon goals without

impairing robust economic growth, California has the opportunity to provide a model for the rest of the

country, and indeed the rest of the world. [] so it is no exaggeraon to say that the eyes of the world

will be upon [our] work.(Oc f Gv Al Schwz 2009)

Th c u cl lcy cu xl h y f h cc -

w EU Clf x. Th C vc Quc Bh Clu y wy

cl Clf.

Th vll lcl c w h Nh US wh EU M S h EU -

u l xv h Clf u vhl wll-vl. A v, h

c f h l h f h c f RGGI US-fcu.

Ally, h ly h xc wh h l NOX . Th

xl h l f h ETS u l f w vu xc.

Th Mw vc f h EU f MGGRA lvl f

h h h vc w chv wh . Th l w uc l

fl ll h cc h cul f h Mw, whch cul

c l u wh uc l. Gv h c fcu h

lvly l c w MGGRA h EU ETS, h f cc wh EU x w

lw h Mw h h Nh h h WCI vc.

22 Ivw: Ey Uly, W, 26 Al 2012; Gv Acy, Tuc, 26 Al 2012.


23/29


5. C

Th EU ETS c Nh Ac GHG . Th EU ETS

h h c. Th y f c lcy cv c xly h cv f h cv Nh Ac c juc. Th l

fc uch , h lcl ly h uly c c cl-

lcy. Th ch huh whch h ETS Nh Ac l. Eclly

h WCI, whch cl h ETS f c lvl f , h ETS v

ucv xl y u. Al h RGGI c, l f h

ETS uc h c. I h MGGRA l ul c, l l f h ETS

w c. Th c fc, clly h lcl ly, h v-

c lf-c h uly hy wh vl lcy, v

xl f h hh f y f cc l WCI h MGGRA, wh RGGI

w h w v. Th uc f h EU ETS wv f l GHG

Nh Ac. Nvhl, h ETS ly l h

f h Nh Ac v, cul h WCI h RGGI. Oc c fc

h c f h Nh Ac v, h ETS v fc h cu u

h f h .

Th cl v hw h h c h w chy vlv h f h

GHG l f h EU ETS. Th ETS cu chcl

lvl cu hl, whch w vlv h cu. I h lcl

, fc h EU ETS l l w l .

Th uy h hw h EU lcy c c lcy h juc

f h lcy cycl (Hwl/Rh 2003: 11-15). Whl cul lul h EU lcy

f h h lcy vl -EU juc, h h h c f

GHG . I h c, h EU ETS h lcy cycl h lcy ful . Th

lcy l c, h lc h ul cx w fvl l h c-

f RGGI, WCI MGGRA. Th h l f w l f h EU xc. Th

cly f h c fc, c f WCI wh h EU ETS xl

h l f h ETS h c.

Th EU lcy ly l w c Nh Ac. Th Mu

f U w Clf h UK h c f EU x Clf w -

cly v y Gv Schwz. Th EU lv f ly wh h w

wh cv v c huh h l lc f GHG

h cv lcy . Th c f h ETS Nh Ac v h lcy

h c hu lly xl y h fc h h EU ly lcy

cv h h. Th u c xl y h Nh Ac f h

cv. Th c ucv EU lcy- h EU lcy

. Th c w ccu f h c fc h cv x-

EU juc cucl f h ucc f h . Rcv c c c h


24/29


llh f uccful f EU lcy huh l.

Rl h, , l u cy- EU lcy. I h c lyz h ,

l w w f h l f h EU ETS h. Th - h c cx x-EU juc h h EU v ucv

hlful xc, whch, hwv, lly h cul ccuc h cv

juc. Th c ucv f EU lcy- cu hy v h h h

uh v f u h cv EU lcy. Th x-EU cx

c lly xl huh lu wh lcy- f h cv juc.

P-cv cuc f l u h uccful l uccful xc f h EU wh

lc c wh w f x-EU juc cv f l f

h EU, fly huh lu, c f uccful f EU

lcy . Th h h EU cv h l cuc c ,

h x-EU juc h wh.


25/29


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