emollient w3 nov 21-09-hanout - mae fah luang university
TRANSCRIPT
MFU 1
Raw Materials For Skin Care ProductsRaw Materials For Skin Care Products
Ampa Jimtaisong, PhD1702702 Advanced Cosmetic Science for Skin (2/2009)School of Cosmetic Science-Mae Fah Luang University
Outline
1. Oils and oil-miscible materials (emollient)2. Humectants3. Surfactants4 Thickening agents (polymers)
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4. Thickening agents (polymers) 5. Water6. Anti-aging and antioxidants7. Whitening agents, Sunscreens, Anti-acne8. Other additives, preservatives
Raw Materials For Skin Care ProductsRaw Materials For Skin Care Products
Creams, lotions ==> EmulsionOils and oil-miscible materials
Emollients: oily materials (esters, fatty acids, silicone oils)Wax materialsEmulsifiers
3
Water and water miscible materialsHumectantsThickening agent (Water-soluble polymers)
PreservativesAdditives
Active ingredientsAntioxidants, fragrances, coloring agents
Oily MaterialsOily Materials
Emollient Esters and Oils
Oils & OilOils & Oil--miscible Materialsmiscible MaterialsEmollient Esters and Oils
Oils and fatsWax esters
Wax materials
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Wax materialsHydrocarbonsHigher fatty acidsHigher alcoholsSilicones
EstersEstersEstersEstersR' C
O
O R
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EstersEsters1. Naturally Occurring Esters
2. Simple Esters
3. Complex Esters
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O C
O
DOA
IPM
Naturally Occurring EstersNaturally Occurring Esters
The first used and still in wide use today
Perform well and has the properties closely mimic the lipids components
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occurring naturally in skin and hair.
1. Triglycerides2. Lanolin and Lanolin Derivatives
TriglyceridesTriglycerides: Naturally Occurring Esters: Naturally Occurring Esters
Three fatty acid radicals are united by oxygen (in an ester linkage) to glycerin
H2C
HC
H2C
O C
O
R
O C
O
R'
O C
O
R''
9
TriglyceridesTriglycerides: Naturally Occurring Esters: Naturally Occurring Esters
Fat splitting==> Alkaline hydrolysis (sponification)
H2C OHH2C O C
O
RO
R C
O
ONa
ONaOHH2C OH
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HC
H2C
OH
OH
HC
H2C
O C R'
O C
O
R''
R' C ONa
R'' C
O
ONa
+H2O, Heat
Triglyceride(Fat / oil)
Glycerol Mixture of fatty acid soaps
HC
H2C
OH
OH
TriglyceridesTriglycerides: Naturally Occurring Esters: Naturally Occurring Esters
Acid hydrolysis
R C
O
ONa
O Acid (HCl)R C
O
OH
O
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R' C
O
ONa
R'' C
O
ONa
+( )
H2O
Mixture of fatty acidsMixture of fatty acid soaps
R' C
O
OH
R'' C
O
OH
NaCl
TriglyceridesTriglycerides: Naturally Occurring Esters: Naturally Occurring Esters
Triglycerides compose the largest group of oils and fats found in both vegetables and animals.
Triglycerides are differentiated by their fatty acid
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composition
H2C
HC
H2C
O C
O
R
O C
O
R'
O C
O
R''
Handout Table 1
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TriglyceridesTriglycerides: Naturally Occurring Esters: Naturally Occurring Esters
1. Vegetable Triglycerides
2. Animal Triglycerides
3. Marine Triglycerides
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3. Marine Triglycerides
TriglyceridesTriglycerides: Naturally Occurring Esters: Naturally Occurring Esters
1. Vegetable TriglyceridesVegetable triglycerides are called oilsAnimal triglycerides are referred to as fats
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Olive oil: original emollients
Vegetable oils: fluid at room temperature
H2C
HC
H2C
O C
O
R
O C
O
R'
O C
O
R''
TriglyceridesTriglycerides: Naturally Occurring Esters: Naturally Occurring Esters
1. Vegetable Triglycerides
Composition and nature of fatty acid composition
Vegetable oils contain a high proportion of
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unsaturated fatty acid triglyceride esters.
C=C bond: a kink in the fatty acid chain
H2C
HC
H2C
O C
O
R
O C
O
R'
O C
O
R''
TriglyceridesTriglycerides: Naturally Occurring Esters: Naturally Occurring Esters
1. Vegetable TriglyceridesA kink make it more difficult for the molecule to form an ordered structure ≠> solidification
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H3CCOOH
H3CCOOH
Stearic acid
Oleic acid
TriglyceridesTriglycerides: Naturally Occurring Esters: Naturally Occurring Esters
Cis – and Trans-isomersTrans- Oleic acid =Elaidic acid
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•cis-Δ9-octadecenoic acid•Oleic acid; C18:1,cis-, Δ9
TriglyceridesTriglycerides: Naturally Occurring Esters: Naturally Occurring Esters
1. Vegetable TriglyceridesVegetable oils: important role as emollients
Vegetable oils: lack of stability to oxidation
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Oxidation reaction = rancidity unpleasant odor and taste.
Vegetable oils => soften skin but oily feelH2C
HC
H2C
O C
O
R
O C
O
R'
O C
O
R''
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TriglyceridesTriglycerides: Naturally Occurring Esters: Naturally Occurring Esters
1. Vegetable Triglycerides
Vegetable oils: large size (three fatty acids)
Easier to emulsify the smaller molecule
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Use large emulsifier to emulsify the oils
H2C
HC
H2C
O C
O
R
O C
O
R'
O C
O
R''
TriglyceridesTriglycerides: Naturally Occurring Esters: Naturally Occurring Esters
1. Vegetable TriglyceridesVegetable oils: trace compounds
Oxidation of trace compounds aldehydes,
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ketones
Potential irritants or degradation
H2C
HC
H2C
O C
O
R
O C
O
R'
O C
O
R''Handout Table 2
Vegetable TriglyceridesVegetable TriglyceridesOlive oil (Olive oil (OleaOlea europaeaeuropaea LinnLinnéé))Fruit of olive tree
Oleic acid (C18:1) 65-85%Palmitic acid (C16) 7-16%Linoleic acid (C18:2)4-15%
Naturally O
ccN
aturally Occ
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Linoleic acid (C18:2)4 15%
H3CCOOH
Oleic acid
curring Esterscurring Esters
H3CCOOH
Palmitic acid
HO
O
Linolenic acid
Vegetable TriglyceridesVegetable TriglyceridesOlive oilOlive oil
Naturally O
ccN
aturally Occ
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curring Esterscurring Esters
H2C
HC
H2C
O C
O
O C
O
O C
O
H2C
HC
H2C
O C
O
O C
O
O C
O
Vegetable TriglyceridesVegetable Triglycerides
Caster oilCaster oilSeed of caster plant (Ricinus communis)Ricinolic acid as the hydroxy acid (85-95%)
Naturally O
ccN
aturally Occ
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Hydrophilic, viscous and soluble in ethanol
curring Esterscurring Esters
Vegetable TriglyceridesVegetable Triglycerides
Sesame oilSesame oilPalmitic acid C16:0 7-12 %Palmitoleic C16:1 ~0.5 %St i id C18 0 3 5 6 %
Naturally O
ccN
aturally Occ
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Stearic acid C18:0 3.5-6 %Oleic acid C18:1 35-50%Linoleic acid C18:2 35-50%Linolenic acid(C18:3)Eicosenoic(C20:1)
Penetrate the skin easily
curring Esterscurring Esters
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Vegetable TriglyceridesVegetable Triglycerides
Jojoba oilJojoba oilLiquid wax ester from seed of wild jojoba plant (Simmondsia chinensis
d Si d i lif i )
Naturally O
ccurN
aturally Occur
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and Simmondsia californica )Unsaturated higher alcohols and
unsaturated fatty acids (C36-C46)
Pleasant touch to the skin
ring ring W
axW
axEstersEsters
Naturally Occurring EstersNaturally Occurring Esters
2. Animal Triglycerides
HC chain length of component fatty acids
Degree of unsaturation of component fatty acids
H2C
HC
H2C
O C
O
R
O C
O
R'
O C
O
R''
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Degree of unsaturation of component fatty acids
Presence of trace components
Naturally Occurring EstersNaturally Occurring Esters
2. Animal TriglyceridesAnimal fats : the subcutaneous fat layer (mostly)
Animal fats : other sources-- egg oil and milk fat
H2C
HC
H2C
O C
O
R
O C
O
R'
O C
O
R''
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(butter)
Animal fats : high content of saturated fatty acid
Handout Table 3
Naturally Occurring Esters2. Animal Triglycerides
Animal fats : beef tallow and lard Soft solids except mink oil.
H2C
HC
H2C
O C
O
R
O C
O
R'
O C
O
R''
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Animal TriglyceridesAnimal Triglycerides
Tallow and lardTallow is a rendered form of beef or mutton fat, processed from suet. Lard refers to pig fat in both its rendered and
Naturally O
ccN
aturally Occ
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Lard refers to pig fat in both its rendered and unrendered forms.Traditionally, soap is made by the reaction between a fat and a strong alkali such as NaOH, KOH, NaHCO3
curring Esterscurring Esters
Animal TriglyceridesAnimal Triglycerides
Soap is a salt of a fatty acid. Fat (Triglyceride) + a strong alkali
Naturally O
ccN
aturally Occ
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curring Esterscurring Esters
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Animal TriglyceridesAnimal Triglycerides
Mink oilMink oil is a source of palmitoleic acid which possesses physical properties similar to human sebum
Naturally O
ccN
aturally Occ
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human sebum. Botanical alternatives to mink oil as a source of palmitoleic acid include macadamia nut oil which contain a larger percentage of palmitoleic acid (22%) than does mink oil (17%).
curring Esterscurring Esters
TriglyceridesTriglycerides: Naturally Occurring Esters: Naturally Occurring Esters
3. Marine Triglycerides
Emollients & aiding the biological functioning of the skin due to the highly polyunsaturated oils.
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Cold-water fish: salmon, anchovy, menhaden
TriglyceridesTriglycerides: Naturally Occurring Esters: Naturally Occurring Esters3. Marine Triglycerides
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA):EPA, DHAEPA : Eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5)DHA: Docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6)H t iti d bi h i l
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Human nutrition and biophysiologyExtreme sensitivity to oxidationFishy odorRancidity--> paint-like smell
COOH
CH3 CH3
COOHEPA DHA
LanolinLanolin : Naturally Occurring Esters: Naturally Occurring Esters
2. Lanolin and Lanolin Derivatives
Alcohol fraction of triglycerides: glycerin
Al h l f ti f l li di
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Alcohol fraction of lanolin: very diverse
Two classes of alcohol fraction :
Aliphatic alcohols
Steroidal alcohols
LanolinLanolin : Naturally Occurring Esters: Naturally Occurring Esters
2. Lanolin and Lanolin Derivatives
Cholesterol, Lanosterol
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Cholesterol
Lanosterol
LanolinLanolin : Naturally Occurring Esters: Naturally Occurring Esters
2. Lanolin and Lanolin Derivatives
Lanolin: the purified form of wool wax, or
wool grease (lipid in fleece of sheep)
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wool grease (lipid in fleece of sheep).
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LanolinLanolin : Naturally Occurring Esters: Naturally Occurring Esters
2. Lanolin and Lanolin Derivatives
Lanolin: a soft, tenacious solid, Mp ~ 40°C
U d lli t d ili l ifi
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Used as emollient and auxiliary emulsifier
of the W/O type
Lanolin : Lanolin : Naturally Occurring EstersNaturally Occurring Esters
2. Lanolin and Lanolin Derivatives
2.1 Lanolin Oil
Mi ibl ith i l il i ll ti
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Miscible with mineral oil in all proportions
2.2 Lanolin Derivatives
Physical form and solubility characteristics
EstersEsters1. Naturally Occurring Esters
2. Simple Esters
3. Complex Esters
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O C
O
DOA
IPM
Simple EstersSimple EstersEsterification reaction
Alcohols + Acids Esters
R O H O C R'+ R O C
O
R'
O
+ H OH
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R O H O C R'+ R O C R' + H2OH
alcohol carboxylic acid ester water
Simple EstersSimple EstersEsterification reaction
R O H O C R'+ R O C
O
R'
O
+ H2OH
alcohol carboxylic acid ester t
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alcohol carboxylic acid ester water
Properties of Esters1. HC chain length of the component acid and alcohol2. Degree of unsaturation 3. Presence of brancing4. Presence of multiple acid or alcohol fractions5. Presence of trace components
Simple EstersSimple EstersEsterification reaction
R O H O C R'+ R O C
O
R'
O
+ H2OH
alcohol carboxylic acid ester water
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y
Alcohol Carboxylic acid EsterMethanol Benzoic acid Methyl benzoateLinalool Linalyl acetate
Propyl phenylacetateMethyl salicylate
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Simple EstersSimple EstersIsopropyl myristate
O H O C+
O
H
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O C
O
Isopropyl Myristate : IPM
+ H2O
Acid, Heat
Simple EstersSimple Esters
Isopropyl myristate is a fluid emollient ester
O C
O
Isopropyl Myristate : IPM
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Isopropyl myristate is a fluid emollient esterNo unsaturation of fatty component—fluid?Branching helps interrupt the orderly association
Changes in the alcohol fraction can substitute for variations in the acid fractionBranching can be substitution for unsaturation with regard to fluidity
Simple EstersSimple Esters1. Straight-Chain Esters
Straight HC chain fatty acidStraight HC chain fatty alcohol
2 Branched-Chain Esters
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2. Branched Chain Esters
O C
O
Isopropyl Myristate : IPM
Simple EstersSimple EstersStraight-Chain Esters
1. Acid Component VariationsKeeping the alcohol the same
H O C
O
n
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As the n increase, - the Mp of the resulting ester increase- the fluidity decrease- the hydrophobicity increase- oilier-feeling ester (or waxier feeling if MW up)
Simple EstersSimple EstersStraight-Chain Esters
1. Acid Component VariationsSimple straight-chain emollient esters used in
H O C
O
n
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Simple straight chain emollient esters used in cosmetics: Lauric (C12:0) to Stearic (C18:0)Shorter HC chains: NOT capable of delivering non-greasy, lubricating emollient feelHigher HC chains: esters with Mp well above skin temperature==> Wax Esters
Simple EstersSimple EstersStraight-Chain Esters
1. Acid Component VariationsSimple straight-chain esters can be based on unsaturated fatty acids: Oleic (C ) Linoleic
H O C
O
n
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unsaturated fatty acids: Oleic (C18:1), Linoleic (C18:2) and the less common palmitoleic (C16:1)
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Simple EstersSimple EstersStraight-Chain Esters
2. Fatty Alcohol Component VariationsWith the n increase, the Mp and Bp of the resulting esters increase
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resulting esters increase.
H O n
Simple EstersSimple Esters
1. Straight-Chain Esters2. Branched-Chain Esters
Short Branched-Chain Alcohols
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Branched-Chain Fatty Alcohols
Simple EstersSimple Esters
2. Branched-Chain EstersBranched chain molecules remain fluid over a much greater temperature range
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Higher spreading factor on skinLess oily-feelingLow irritationSkin feeling- “cushiony”
Simple EstersSimple Esters
Examples:
1. Isopropyl myristate (IPM)
2. Isopropyl stearate (Cetiol 868)
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3. Isopropyl palmitate
4. Butyl stearate
Complex EstersComplex Esters
Complex Esters: multifunctional acids and alcoholsEconomic, Very fluid, light-feeling, extreme non greasy
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extreme non-greasyDioctyl sebacate, Dioctyl adipate, Dioctylmaleate
Complex EstersComplex Esters
Dioctyl sebacate
Dioctyl adipate (DOA)
2-ethylhexanol
sebacic acid
Octanol
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Dioctylmaleate (DOM)
Octanol
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Complex EstersComplex EstersStearate ester: stearic acid + ethylene glycol HOCH2CH2OHGlycol monostearate ester, Glycol distearate esterGlycols: diethylene or triethylene
HOOH
ethylene glycol
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In emulsion: Low HLB emulsifierIn surfactant: opacity and pearlescence
HOO
OH
diethylene glycolstearic acid
HOO
OOH
triethylene glycol
Complex EstersComplex Esters
PEG-150 distearate (or PEG-6000 distearate)Synonym: Polyethylene glycol distearate
CAS:9005-08-7
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PEG 6000 distearate
Viscosity-building agent
Formula:(C2H4O)nC36H70O3
CH3(CH2)16CO(OCH2CH2)nO2C(CH2)16CH3
Complex EstersComplex Esters
Caprylic/capric estersEmollient, pigment-wetting agent
A mixed triester of caprylic and capric acids, is
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a highly refined medium chain triglyceride (MCT) oil possessing excellent oxidation stability with an almost indefinite shelf life.
Complex EstersComplex Esters
Caprylic/capric estersCCT is a desirable emollient with quick skin penetration and has no color, odor or taste.
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Great as a dispersing agent and useful as a solvent for vitamins and actives.
Excellent as a superfatting oil in soapmaking and improves spreading of skin care formulas.
Oils & OilOils & Oil--miscible Materialsmiscible MaterialsEmollient Esters and Oils
Oils and fatsWax esters
Wax materials
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Wax materialsHydrocarbonsHigher fatty acidsHigher alcoholsSilicones
Carnauba wax
Canauba palms
INCI name is Copernicia Cerifera (carnauba) wax
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Ester of C20-C32 fatty acids and C28-C34 alcohols
Mp 80-86 °C
Improve gross
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Candelilla waxCandelilla plant (Euphorbia cerifera, Euphorbia antisyphilitica)45 % Hydrocarbon(C31H64)30% C16-C34 fatty acid esters
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30% C16 C34 fatty acid esters25% free alcohols (e.g. myricyl alcoholResins, etc.Mp 70 oCImprove gross
Hives of honeybees of the genus ApisCeryl 16-hydroxypalmitate
Beeswax
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(C15H30(OH)COOC26H35)Ceryl palmitate (C15H31COOC26H53)Miricyl palmitate (C15H31COOC31H63)
Oils & OilOils & Oil--miscible Materialsmiscible MaterialsEmollient Esters and Oils
Oils and fatsWax esters
Wax materials
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Wax materialsHydrocarbonsHigher fatty acidsHigher alcoholsSilicones
HydrocarbonsHydrocarbonsHydrocarbonsHydrocarbons
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HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons
ParaffinMineral oilPetrolatumMineral wax (solid paraffin)
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Mineral wax (solid paraffin)Squalene, squalene
HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons
Paraffin or Paraffin HydrocarbonIn chemistry, paraffin is the common name for the alkane hydrocarbons with the general formula C H
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formula CnH2n+2
The simplest paraffin molecule: Methane, CH4
Heavier members of the series: Octane C8H18,
The solid forms of paraffin: paraffin wax, C20H42
to C40H82
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HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons
Paraffin or Paraffin HydrocarbonTechnical name for a linear, or normalalkane
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Branched alkane, or isoalkanes: isoparaffins
Non-polar and very unreactive.
HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons
Mineral oilor liquid petrolatum: by-product in the distillation of petroleum to produce gasoline
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Mixture of heavier alkanes (typically 15 to 40 Cs)
Transparent, colorless oil, density of ~ 0.8 g/cm3
Low value, produced in very large quantities
Mineral oil : light and heavy grades
HydrocarbonsHydrocarbonsNames: Mineral oilNujol, adepsine oil, alboline, glymol, medicinal paraffin, saxol, USP mineral oilBaby Oil Liquid paraffin Paraffin oil
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Baby Oil, Liquid paraffin, Paraffin oil, Liquid petroleumWhite oil Cable oil Lignite oil Mineral Seal Oil Synthetic (Motor) Oil
HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons
Petrolatum
Petroleum jelly or soft paraffin
Semi-solid mixture of HCs (with C >25 atoms)
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Topical ointment for its healing properties. Its folkloric medicinal value as a "cure-all" has since been limited by better scientific understanding of appropriate and inappropriate uses
HydrocarbonsHydrocarbonsMineral wax (solid paraffin)
Macro-crystalline waxes (normal alkanes)Relatively large brittle crystals (Macrocrystalline) Generally have little affinity for oilParaffin wax
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Paraffin waxMicrocrystalline waxes (branched and cyclic saturated hydrocarbons, in addition to normal alkanes)
have very minute crystals (Micro Crystals) flexible, with a greater affinity for oil, which is held tightly in the crystal lattice and does not migrate to the surface.Ozokerite, ceresine (refine grade of ozokerite)
HydrocarbonsHydrocarbonsTypical Properties of Mineral wax
Property WaxMacrocrystalline Microcrystalline
Flash point closed cup, C 204 260
Viscosity at 98.90C, mm-9/s 4 2-7 4 10 2-25
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Viscosity at 98.90C, mm 9/s 4.2 7.4 10.2 25
Melting range, ~C 46-68 60-93
Refractive index at 98.9~C 1.430-1.433 1.435-1.445
Number average molecular weight 350-420 600-800
Carbon atoms per molecule 20-36 30-75
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HydrocarbonsHydrocarbonsParaffin wax (Macrocrystalline wax)Solid alkane hydrocarbons with n=20–40 (C20H42, C40H82)Brittle solid40-90 wt % normal alkanes
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40 90 wt % normal alkanesC18-C36 isoalkanes and cycloalkanes. Paraffin wax has little affinity for oil content: fully refined paraffin has less than 1 wt %; crude scale, 1-2 wt %. Within these classes, the melting point of the wax determines the actual grade, with a range of about 46-71ºC
HydrocarbonsHydrocarbonsOzokerite & Ceresine (refine grade of ozokerite)a product of Poland, Austria, and in the former USSR where it was mined. True ozokerite no longer seems to be an article of commerce and has been replaced ith blends of
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commerce, and has been replaced with blends of petroleum-derived paraffin and microcrystalline waxes.
Ceresin wax [8001-75-0] originally was a refined and bleached ozokerite wax.
HydrocarbonsHydrocarbonsSqualene, squaleneSqualene is a natural organic compound originally obtained for commercial purposes primarily from shark liver oil, though there are
Squalene
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botanic sources as well, including rice bran, wheat germ, and olives. All higher organisms produce squalene, including humans. It is a hydrocarbon and a triterpene.
Squalane (C30H62)Squalene (C30H50)
HydrocarbonsHydrocarbonsSqualene, squaleneSqualane is a light and stable version of squalene with a long shelf life. It is extremely useful (and widely used) as an
Squalane (C30H62)
Squalene (C30H50)
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y ( y )emollient, skin conditioner and carrier oil in cosmetic applications and hair care. Easy to emulsify, Squalane is soluble in most cosmetic oils including Cyclomethicone. Often referred to as “mother nature’s face lift”, Squalane is found in human sebum at 12 %
HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons
squalene
Squalane (C30H62)
Squalene (C30H50)
77squalane
Oils & OilOils & Oil--miscible Materialsmiscible MaterialsEmollient Esters and Oils
Oils and fatsWax esters
Wax materials
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Wax materialsHydrocarbonsHigher fatty acidsHigher alcoholsSilicones
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Higher Fatty AcidsHigher Fatty Acids
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Higher Fatty AcidsHigher Fatty AcidsRCOOH, R= saturated alkyl group or unsaturated alkenyl groupMix with caustic soda and TEA –emulsifier
R C
O
O H
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Lauric acidMyristic acidPalmitic acidStearic acidIsostearic acid
Triethanolamine stearateC17H35COOH•N(CH2CH2OH)3
HO
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N
OH OHO O
H
triethanolamine stearate
Higher Fatty AcidsHigher Fatty Acids
Palmitic acid: CH3(CH2)14COOH
One of the most common saturated fatty acids found in
animals and plants.
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As its name indicates, it is a major component of the oil
from palm trees (palm oil and palm kernel oil).
Higher Fatty AcidsHigher Fatty Acids
Stearic acid, CH3(CH2)16COOH
Common stearic acid is actually a mix of stearic acid and
palmitic acid, although purified stearic acid is available
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separately.
Used in cream to modify the cream consistency and
hardness.
Higher Fatty AcidsHigher Fatty Acids
Isostearic acid
The C18-saturated fatty acid with a branched
structure
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structure
Liquid ingredient
Heat stability
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Oils & OilOils & Oil--miscible Materialsmiscible MaterialsEmollient Esters and Oils
Oils and fatsWax esters
Wax materials
85
Wax materialsHydrocarbonsHigher fatty acidsHigher alcoholsSilicones
Higher AlcoholsHigher Alcohols
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Higher Alcohols (Fatty alcohols)Higher Alcohols (Fatty alcohols)Monovalent alcohols with C6 or moreOily material and emulsion stabilizerCetyl alcoholStearyl alcohol
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Stearyl alcoholCetostearyl alcoholCetearyl alcohol Oleyl alcoholMyristyl alcohol
Higher Alcohols (Fatty alcohols)Higher Alcohols (Fatty alcohols)Cetyl alcohol, CH3(CH2)15OHknown as Cetanol, 1-hexadecanol and palmityl alcoholAt room temperature: waxy white solid or flakes
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At room temperature: waxy white solid or flakes. The name cetyl derives from the whale oil (Latin: cetus) from which it was first isolated.OH group-no emulsifying properties itselfThickening agent
Higher Alcohols (Fatty alcohols)Higher Alcohols (Fatty alcohols)
Stearyl alcohol, CH3(CH2)17OHOctadecyl alcohol Waxy white solid or flakes
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Melting point of 61°CIt is used as an emollient, and thickener in ointments of various sorts
ReferencesReferences
1. Mitsui,T., New Cosmetic Science, Elsevier Science B.V, Tokyo,
Japan, 1997.
2. Schueller, R., Romanowski, P., Conditioning Agents for Hair and
Skin, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY, USA, 1999.
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