emotion ch 9 b

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Emotion Chapter 9B

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Emotion

Chapter 9B

Fact or Falsehood? True or false?

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1. Scientists have identified subtle differences in the brain circuits and hormones associated with different emotions.

True

True or False?

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2. The polygraph has proved to be extremely effective in detecting lies.

False

True or False?

4

3. Some emotional responses involve no conscious thinking.

True

True or False?

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4. Introverts are superior to extraverts at reading others’ emotions.

True

True or False?

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5. Facial expressions associated with emotions such as happiness and fear are the same the world over.

True

True or False?

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6. Imitating others’ facial expressions helps us feel what they are feeling.

True

True or False?

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7. State lottery winners report little change in their general life happiness.

True

True or False?

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8. Occasionally blowing off steam seems to reduce anger and aggression in the long run.

FALSE

True or False?

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9. Researchers have found that people with a higher level of education tend to be happier.

FALSE

The Need for Affect Scale Instructions: Respond to each of the following statements using a

scale from –3 (strongly disagree) to +3 (strongly agree).  1. If I reflect on my past, I see that I tend to be afraid of feeling

emotions.

2. I have trouble telling the people close to me that I love them.

3. I feel that I need to experience strong emotions regularly.

4. Emotions help people get along in life.

5. I am a very emotional person.

6. I think that it is important to explore my feelings.

7. I approach situations in which I expect to experience strong emotions.

8. I find strong emotions overwhelming and therefore try to avoid them.

9. I would prefer not to experience either the lows or highs of emotion.

The Need for Affect Scale--2

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Instructions: Respond to each of the following statements using a scale from –3 (strongly disagree) to +3 (strongly agree).

10.I do not know how to handle my emotions, so I avoid them.

11.Emotions are dangerous—they tend to get me into situations that I would rather avoid.

12.Acting on one’s emotions is always a mistake.

13.We should indulge our emotions.

14.Displays of emotions are embarrassing.

15.Strong emotions are generally beneficial.

16.People can function most effectively when they are not experiencing strong emotions.

17.The experience of emotions promotes human survival.

The Need for Affect Scale--318. It is important for me to be in touch with my feelings.

19. It is important for me to know how others are feeling.

20. I like to dwell on my emotions.

21. I wish I could feel less emotion.

22. Avoiding emotional events helps me sleep better at night.

23. I am sometimes afraid of how I might act if I become too emotional.

24. I feel like I need a good cry every now and then.

25. I would love to be like “Mr. Spock,” who is totally logical and experiences little emotion.

26. I like decorating my bedroom with a lot of pictures and posters of things emotionally significant to me.

___

The Need for Affect Scale-Scoring Source: Maio, G., et al. (2001). The need for affect: Individual differences

in the motivation to approach or avoid emotions. Journal of Personality, 69, p. 591. Copyright © 2001 Blackwell Publishers. Reprinted by permission.

Add together these answers: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 24, and 26. (your score will be somewhere between -39 and +39)

Add together these answers: 1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 21, 22, 23, and 25. (your score will be somewhere between -39 and +39)

The Need for Affect Scale-Scoring1. Need to Approach—embracing emotions

Average college student score: +15.85

2. Need to Avoid—less need for emotion Average college student: -9.24

The Need for Affect Scale-Scoring The need for affect was positively correlated

with: Extraversion, agreeableness, and openness to

experiences. Intensity of emotional experiences. Being more aware of emotions and thus more

able to understand and utilize emotions. The need of cognition (thinking). Openness to uncertainty and tolerance of a lack

of structure.

Negatively correlated to neuroticism.

Emotion Emotion can be defined as the “feeling”

aspect of consciousness, characterized by three elements: a certain physical arousal, certain behaviors that reveals the feeling to the

outside world, and an inner awareness of feelings.

Three elements of EmotionEmotions are a mix of 1) physiology2) expressive behaviors3) conscious experience

1. Physiology: Emotions and Autonomic Nervous System

During an emotional experience our autonomic nervous system mobilizes energy in the body and arouses us.

Physical arousal and emotion

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Arousal helps determine emotional intensity as well.

Low arousal=milder emotions. High arousal=high intensity emotions.

Annoyed……to irritation…..to anger……to rage.Surprised…to apprehensive…to scared…to

panicked.Curious….to interested….to infatuated…to love.Disappointed…to sadness….to despair.

Fear, anger and rage seem to travel along either of two neural pathways, depending on intensity.

These emotions are felt directly through amygdala (a) or through cortex for analysis

(b).

Physiological responses are pretty much similar across the emotions of fear, anger, and love. Heart rate, body temperature, and breathing do just about the same thing!

Excitement and fear involve similarphysiological arousal.

M. G

recco/ Stock Boston

2. Expressive Behaviors2. Expressive Behaviors• Various ways emotions

expressed thru behaviors

• Display rules (learned ways of controlling displays of emotion in social settings.)

• Facial expressionso Some universal facial

expressions seem to have a biological basis (blind people have the same expressions)Show expressions

Expressed Emotion

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Facial Feedback effect: Proposes that expressions amplify our

emotions by activating muscles associated with specific states (such as happiness) and the muscles signal the body to respond as though we were experiencing those states.

Saying ME ME ME….may put you in a better mood than saying YOU YOU YOU. Why?

Behavior Feedback phenomenon

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Assumes that if we move our body as we would when experiencing some emotion, we are likely to feel that emotion to some degree.

Shuffling vs. long strides?

3. Conscious experience of emotion

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This is what we usually think of as emotion—the conscious awareness of a feeling. It is very subjective—meaning, only we can label what we are feeling.

There is a “cognitive element” here because we are “thinking” about our feelings and telling ourselves things about our situation.

Theories of emotion

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How and why do we feel emotion?

Which of the three elements is primary?

Controversy

1) Does physiological arousal precede or follow your emotional experience?

2) Does cognition (thinking) precede emotion (feeling)?

Common Sense Theory of Emotion Common Sense Theory of Emotion - a

stimulus leads to an emotion, which then leads to bodily arousal.

Menu

Common sense theory of emotions Interpreting subjective feelings “Common sense” theory

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Physiological reaction leads to labeling of emotion

James-Lange Theory

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

Physiological reaction and emotion occur at same time

Cannon-Bard Theory

Schacter-Singer / Cognitive Arousal Theory

Physical arousal AND labeling based on environmental cues occur before emotion

Cognitive arousal theory

Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer; Also known as

the Two Factor Theory.

Schachter and Singer’s Study

Male student volunteers were told that they were going to answer a questionnaire about their reactions to a new vitamin called Suproxin.

Participants were given epinephrine instead, which causes increased heart rate, rapid breathing, and reddened face. Participants exposed to “angry” man interpreted

their physical arousal as anger Participants exposed to “happy” man interpreted

their physical arousal as happiness

The Spillover Effect:When arousal and cognition begin to merge unexpectedly…….…..Arousal response to one event spills over into our response to the next event.Note: Arousal fuels emotion, but cognition channels it.

Because physiological arousal is similar for emotions, an emotion can quickly change with the next event (…however intensity is similar).

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Arousal from a soccer match can fuel anger, which can descend into rioting.

Cognitive Mediational Theory (Lazarus)

Cognitive-mediational theory: a stimulus is interpreted by the person, resulting in physical and emotional reactions.

Cognition and Emotion

What is the connection between how we think (cognition) and how we feel (emotion)?

Can we change our emotions by changing our thinking?

Common Cognitive Distortions in Our Everyday Self-Talk (Taken from When Panic Attacks, by David D. Burns, Morgan Road Books, New York, 2006.)

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All-or-nothing Thinking. You view things in absolutes, black-and-white categories.

Overgeneralization. You view a negative event as never-ending pattern of defeat: “This always happens.” .

Mental Filter. You filter everything through a certain mind frame. You may dwell on the negatives and ignore the positives.

Discounting the Positive. You insist that your positive qualities don’t count.

Cognitive Distortions--continued

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Jumping to Conclusions. You jump to conclusions not warranted by the facts. Mind-reading. You assume the people are reacting

negatively to you. Fortune-telling. You predict that things will turn out

badly.

Magnification and Minimization. You blow things out of proportion or shrink them.

Emotional reasoning. You reason from your feelings. “I feel like an idiot, so I must really be one.”

Cognitive Distortions--continued

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Should Statements. You use should, shouldn’ts, musts, oughts, and have-tos. I shouldn’t make any mistakes.

Labeling. Instead of saying “I made a mistake,” you say, “I’m a jerk,” or “I’m a loser.” 

Blame. You find fault instead of solving the problem.  Self-blame. You blame yourself for something you

weren’t entirely responsible for. Other-blame. You blame others and overlook ways you

contributed to the problem.

Self Talk Record – ABC Chart

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A B C DActivating event Beliefs, self talk, appraisal Consequences Different perceptions, truth

Emotions &Behaviors

(rate emotions 1-10)

Analyzing Emotion

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Analysis of emotions is carried out on different levels.