emotion induction techniques geneva emotion research group

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Emotion induction techniques Geneva Emotion Research Group

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Page 1: Emotion induction techniques Geneva Emotion Research Group

Emotion induction techniques

Geneva Emotion Research Group

Page 2: Emotion induction techniques Geneva Emotion Research Group

One aim - several techniques

Manipulate mood/affect/emotion

Is there really only one aim?

Several induction techniques

No generally accepted classification

A priori limitations

Practical limitations

Ethical limitations

Page 3: Emotion induction techniques Geneva Emotion Research Group

Classification for this presentation

Displaying material selected for its emotional impact

photographs movie clipsmusic excerpts

Imagination techniquesrecall and "reactivate" past emotional experiences read emotional scenarios or emotionally loaded sentences and "get into" the corresponding mood (Velten technique)

Page 4: Emotion induction techniques Geneva Emotion Research Group

Classification for this presentation

Preset interactions - with a computer program or a confederate

computer games Wizard-of-Oz experiments interaction with human confederate(s)

Facial feedback paradigm

Administration of drugs

Page 5: Emotion induction techniques Geneva Emotion Research Group

Presentation of emotional stimuli

Pictures

International Affective Picture System (Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 1999)Snakes and spiders, angry faces(Öhman, 1986)Emotional faces (Ekman & Matsumoto)

With or without instructions

Subliminal presentation

Physiological reactions and RTs

Page 6: Emotion induction techniques Geneva Emotion Research Group

An illustration: IAPS

Presentation of pictures

Often with a secondary task (e.g. react to a superimposed symbol)

Examples…

Caution: Due to copyright issues, some examples/illustrations have been removed from this presentation

Page 7: Emotion induction techniques Geneva Emotion Research Group

Int. Affective Picture System

Pictures are rated on two (three) dimensions

Valence: very unpleasant (1) - very pleasant (9)

Arousal:not arousing (1) – very arousing (9)

Dominance:(control, power)

Page 8: Emotion induction techniques Geneva Emotion Research Group

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Int. Affective Picture System

N= 604 pictures

Aro

usal

Valence

Page 9: Emotion induction techniques Geneva Emotion Research Group

Presentation of emotional stimuli

Music & film excerpts

Complex stimuli, target specific emotion categories

Sounds

Less complex stimuli, target pleasantness, unpleasantness

Page 10: Emotion induction techniques Geneva Emotion Research Group

Presentation of emotional stimuli

Effective to manipulate physiological reactions, RTs and self-reports

For the more complex stimuli:

Impact of demand characteristics

Individual and cultural differences

Page 11: Emotion induction techniques Geneva Emotion Research Group

Imagination techniques

Free recallE.g. ‘Remember/Relive a situation where you felt anger‘(Frijda, Kuipers, & ter Schure, 1989; Mauro, Sato, & Tucker, 1992)

Guided imagination (listen to stories)uses “you“-formoften read by an actordescribes in detail, what a person should think/feel/do in a given situation

Velten technique

Page 12: Emotion induction techniques Geneva Emotion Research Group

Imagination techniques

Widely used, high level, target specific emotion categories

Influence physiological reactions, emotional expressions (?)

Major limitation(s):

Recalled (relived) versus "actual" emotionsFacilitated acting ?

Page 13: Emotion induction techniques Geneva Emotion Research Group

Preset interactions

With human confederates - examplesE.g. Stemmler, Heldmann, Pauls, & T. Scherer (2001)

Fear induction: 1) Preparing and giving a speech (evaluated for verbal intelligence), 2) Announcement of blood sample drawing

Anger induction: 1) Difficult knowledge tests, mental arithmetic tests and anagram tests. Participants had to reply loudly, “I don‘t know“, when they had no idea of a correct response. Experimenter interrupts frequently, says that he doesn‘t understand, gives negative feedback2) Accusation of non-compliance: Angry experimenter told participants that their movements caused artefacts in physiological data.

Page 14: Emotion induction techniques Geneva Emotion Research Group

Preset interactions

With computers – examples

X-quest (van Reekum et al. 2004)

GAME (Wehrle, 1996)

Also: Wizard-of-Oz type interactions (the participant may be told or not that a human person controls the machine)

Page 15: Emotion induction techniques Geneva Emotion Research Group

Preset interactions – X-quest

Experimentally manipulate appraisal on different dimensions to observe main and interaction effects on physiological responding, expressions and verbal report.

Computer games in which the– intrinsic un/pleasantness– conduciveness/obstructiveness– control– power (coping potential)

of events are manipulated in a factorial design.

Page 16: Emotion induction techniques Geneva Emotion Research Group

Preset interactions – X-quest

Pleasantness: Pleasant or unpleasant sounds marking event

Conducive: Reach next levelObstructive: Loose ship

Power: Rate of bullets

Control: Wobbly cursor

Page 17: Emotion induction techniques Geneva Emotion Research Group

Preset interactions – GAME

The Geneva Appraisal Manipulation Environment (GAME; Wehrle 1996) is a tool for generating experimental computer games.

The creation of the scenarios is based on theoretical predictions concerning emotion antecedent appraisal and emotion specific action tendencies as postulated by different componential appraisal theorists (Scherer, 1988; Frijda, 1986).

Details: Kaiser, S. & Wehrle, T. (1996).

Page 18: Emotion induction techniques Geneva Emotion Research Group

Preset interactions – GAME

Example of a maze like game level created with

GAME

Page 19: Emotion induction techniques Geneva Emotion Research Group

Preset interactions – GAME

Results obtained with this approach highlight several issues:

Target emotion categories are often too broad (more than one type of anger)

Individual differences (in appraisal) for the same situation lead to different emotional reports (and to different expressions)

Page 20: Emotion induction techniques Geneva Emotion Research Group

Preset interactions

Closest to daily reactions:

Ecological validity high (?)

Not very intense emotions

Controlled/regulated expressions

Large individual differences in emotional reactions (?)

Page 21: Emotion induction techniques Geneva Emotion Research Group

Production of facial expressions

E.g. Ekman, Levenson, & Friesen (1990)Participants are requested to perform particular facial expressions

Highly technical instructions like “Raise your upper eyebrow“ without referring to emotional terms

Idea:Performance of an action characteristic of an emotion (here: facial expression) is associated with a specific subjective feeling state and capable to elicit the latter one.

Page 22: Emotion induction techniques Geneva Emotion Research Group

Administration of drugs

Examples:

Blocking of beta-adrenergic receptors to reduce fear (Tyrer, 1980)

Administration of Amphetamine to induce fear

Page 23: Emotion induction techniques Geneva Emotion Research Group

Open issues / problems

Ecological validity of emotions induced in a laboratory

Can we generalize the results to a non-laboratory context?

Specificity of the emotion inductionDo we induce only the target emotion?

Recognition vs. experience of emotionsParticulary problematic when using pictures or production of facial expressions as induction techniques

Ethical constraints