EMOTIONS

Definition of Emotion Came from the Latin word ''emovere'' which means ''to move out''. Subjective reactions to experiences that are associated with physiological and behavioral changes(According to Woolfolk) Feelings that generally have both physiological and cognitive elements and that influence behavior(Acc. to Feldman) Considered as the building blocks of personality

Basic Emotions (Matlin,1992)Emotion Function

FEAR PROTECTION

ANGER DESTRUCTION

JOY INCORPORATION

DISGUST REJECTION

ACCEPTANCE REPRODUCTION

SADNESS REINTEGRATION

SURPRISE ORIENTATION

ANTICIPATION EXPLORATION

ASPECTS OF EMOTIONS:Personal emotional experiences- characteristics of emotion which people consciously feel, know and describe verballyPhysiological or bodily changes- occur during the emotionBehavior of the person- how one acts and what one doesMotivational aspect

3 Ways in Which Emotions Vary:

1.Intensity- shows through the distinction we make between grief and sadness, between fear or panic, or annoyance and fury2.Similarity- emotions have tones; another is reflected in our acceptance of the fact that joy and disgust3.Polarity- some emotions are opposite or polar to each other

Functions of Emotions3 MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF EMOTIONS

( BY FELDMAN )1.Preparation for action

- we are able to respond to changes in our environment because our emotions enable us to prepare to respond to the stimulus in our surroundings

2.Shaping future behavior- one factor that shapes our future behavior is our emotion.- constant exposure to stimuli that stir our emotions enables us to learn, relearn and unlearn a certain behavior.

3.Helping us interact more effectively with others - we are interacting with one another almost every time. - understanding our emotions and emotions of others enables us to symphatize with others

Physiological Components of Emotions

1.Dilation of the Pupils 5.Muscle Tremor and Tension

2.Breathing Pattern Changes

6.Salivary Secretion

3.Heart Rate Changes 7.Pilimotor Response (Goosebumps)

4.Blood Pressure Usually Rises

8.Galvanic skin response(Skin Conductance)

Types of Emotional Reactions

Anger- the primary occasion for anger is when a goal seeking activity is hindered.Depression or grief- situations which cause depressive or grief reactions are similar to those that produce anger. The major difference is that there is more of the element of finality in depressive states than in angry situations.Fear- one of the most troublesome emotional reactions.Love- mainly involves a focusing of strong positive feelings on a person.

JAMES-LANGE Theory of Emotion The concept of William James and Carl Lange about

emotion is that we are having emotional experiences as the result of the body's reaction to the environmental stimulation.

We experience emotions as a result of our physiological changes that produce specific sensation.

CRY STRIKE REACT

SAD ANGRY INTERPRET

Facial Feedback Theory of Emotion

A major approach to the James-Lange Theory;

This emphasized on the facial expressions.

It is believed that the facial expressions hold the key in initiating the experience of emotions

Cannon-Bard Theory Walter Cannon and Philip Bard proposed a different view

on explaining the nature of human emotions. Walter and Philip believed that both physiological arousal

and emotional experience are produced simultaneously by the same stimulus

In perceiving certain stimulus which produces emotion, the thalamus initiates a response that signals the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) and a visceral response is produced.

Also, the thalamus sends messages to the cerebral cortex for the understanding of the emotional experiences.

The thalamus plays a major function in processing an emotional response or experience.

THALAMUSSTIMULUS

AutonomicNervousSystem(ANS)

PHYSIOLOGICAL

REACTION

CerebralCortex

AWARENESSOF

EMOTIONS

THE CANNON-BARD THE CANNON-BARD THEORYTHEORY

SCHACHTER-SINGER THEORY Formulated by Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer, this

theory emphasized that we express emotions through a combination of physiological arousal and environmental cues.

We experience emotion based on the physiological arousal and our assessment on our current situation

STIMULUS THALAMUS

OBSERVATION OF

ENVIRONMENTALCUES

PHYSIOLOGICAL AROUSAL

IDENTIFYING EMOTIONS

LAZARUS Cognitive Meditational Theory It is the stimulus that causes emotional reaction. However,

this emotional reaction undergoes the process of cognitive appraisal mediatus or ''to come between'', which means that before the actual physical arousal and emotional experience the person first interprets the arousal before experiencing physiological and emotional experience.

STIMULUS

APPRAISAL(mediate)

EMOTIONAL

EXPERIENCE

PHYSIOLOGICAL

RESPONSE

IntelligenceIntelligence : : an overviewan overview

Intelligence: the basics

Dr. Gardner discovered the eight different types of intelligence

Intelligence refers to how we are wired

Thinking refers to how we use our intelligence

People can be intelligent but have poor thinking skills

Linguistic Intelligence “word smart”

Definition: capacity to use language, your native language, and perhaps other languages, to express what's on your mind and to understand other people

Linguistic Intelligence traits: like to read, like to write, like to listen, good at spelling, good memory for general knowledge.

Logical-Mathematical Intelligence “number/reasoning smart”

Definition: the capacity to reason, calculate, recognize patterns and handle logical thinking. 

Logical-mathematical Intelligence traits:  likes to count, likes to be organized, good at problem solving.

Spatial Intelligence“picture smart”

Definition: intelligence refers to the ancient hunter-gatherer ability to represent the outer world internally in your mind. It gives you the ability to know where you are in space.

Traits: likes art, drawing, sculpting, painting, good at reading maps, thinks in pictures, can visualize or imagine vividly.

Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence“body smart”

Definition: the capacity to use your whole body or parts of your body: (your hands, your fingers, your arms), to solve a problem, make something, or put on some kind of production.

Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence traits: good sense of balance, good sense of rhythm, is graceful in movements, good hand-eye coordination, can communicate ideas through gesture.

Musical Intelligence “music smart”

Definition: The ability to compose songs and music, sing and play instruments and appreciate all kinds of music. Also having a strong sense of universal harmony and awareness of patterns in life. Musical Intelligence traits: sensitive to sound patterns, has a good sense of pitch and rhythm, aware of complex structure of musical notes.

Interpersonal Intelligence“people smart”

Definition: the ability to work well with other people, to understand and 'get' them, to be aware of their motivations, their goals, their stated and unstated intentions. It's about being a 'people person' able to empathize with others.Interpersonal Intelligence traits: good at negotiating, enjoys company, gets on well with others, likes team work, sensitive to the feelings of others.

Intrapersonal Intelligence“self smart”

Definition: the ability to access, understand and communicate one's own inner feelings.

Intrapersonal Intelligence traits: self-knowledge, deeply aware of one’s own feelings, good at following instincts, self motivated.

Naturalist Intelligence“nature smart”

Definition:  the ability to see patterns in nature and work in natural environment with livestock, wildlife, plants etc.

Naturalist Intelligence traits: feels at their best in nature, sensitive to ecology, sensitive to environmental and animal abuse.

ConclusionEach person has every one of

these intelligences

People are stronger in some intelligences and weaker in others

The idea of standard “intelligence” does not sufficiently encompass the different abilities that humans have

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