emotions lectur

8/14/2019 Emotions Lectur

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ArticleArticleEnvironmental influences onEnvironmental influences onintelligenceintelligence

AssignmentAssignmentQ1-What is intelligence?Q1-What is intelligence?

Q2-Explain two test that measureQ2-Explain two test that measureintelligence?intelligence?



EmotionsEmotionsA state involving a pattern of A state involving a pattern of

facial and bodily changes,facial and bodily changes,cognitive appraisals,cognitive appraisals,and beliefs.and beliefs.

culture, in turn, shapes theculture, in turn, shapes theexperience and expression of experience and expression of emotion.emotion.



THE PSYCHOLOGY OFTHE PSYCHOLOGY OF

EMOTIONEMOTIONUniversal Facial ExpressionsUniversal Facial Expressions

HappinessHappiness

AngerAngerDisgustDisgustSadnessSadness

FearFearSurpriseSurprise



Components of anComponents of anEmotionEmotion

Affective stateAffective statePhysical reactionPhysical reaction

Thoughts & beliefs Thoughts & beliefsFacial expressionFacial expression

Behavior (action tendencies)Behavior (action tendencies)



EmotionTriggered by Behavioral response

1- Anger Being prevented from Destroy the thingdoing something you in your waywant

2- Fear Any threat or danger Protection often through‘freezing’ so you arenot noticed

3- Sadness Loss of something Search for helpimportant and comfort

4- Disgust Something gruesome, Reject or push away theawful thing that is revolting

5- Surprise A sudden unexpected Focus on the new thing,event wide eyes take in as

much as possible



What are the FunctionsWhat are the Functionsof Emotions?of Emotions?

1.1. They are a source of information They are a source of information2.2. They prepare us for action They prepare us for action3.3. They help us communicate with others, They help us communicate with others,e.g.e.g. facial expressionsfacial expressions and attachmentand attachment

4.4. They regulate social behaviour They regulate social behaviour5.5. They can create cognitive bias and They can create cognitive bias and

maintain self-esteemmaintain self-esteem



Culture and EmotionsCulture and Emotions

Research has uncovered that culture is aResearch has uncovered that culture is adetermining factor when interpreting facialdetermining factor when interpreting facial

emotions. The study reveals that inemotions. The study reveals that incultures where emotional control is thecultures where emotional control is thestandard, such as Japan, focus is placed onstandard, such as Japan, focus is placed onthe eyes to interpret emotions. Whereas inthe eyes to interpret emotions. Whereas in

cultures where emotion is openlycultures where emotion is openlyexpressed, such as the United States, theexpressed, such as the United States, thefocus is on the mouth to interpret emotionfocus is on the mouth to interpret emotion



Body/PhysicalBody /Physical blood pressure,blood pressure,

Tears, Tears,Heart rate,Heart rate,

Neural images,Neural images,

Lie detector readings,Lie detector readings,Posture,Posture,

Perspiration,Perspiration,

Muscle activity when smiling,Muscle activity when smiling,Frowning, etc.Frowning, etc.



r mary econ aryr mary econ aryEmotionsEmotions

Primary emotionsPrimary emotions are probably innate and universalare probably innate and universaland includeand include

fear,fear,rage,rage,surprise,surprise,

happiness,happiness,joy, disgust joy, disgust



Secondary emotionsSecondary emotions are more complex and appear to beare more complex and appear to beacquired or learnedacquired or learnedinclude optimism,include optimism,love,love,humiliation,humiliation,hope,hope,

vigilance,vigilance,optimism.optimism.



Emotions at work placeEmotions at work placeA company employs the wholeA company employs the wholeperson and must, therefore,person and must, therefore,accept that people have feelingsaccept that people have feelingsand can be emotional.and can be emotional.

Emotions affect the way weEmotions affect the way webehave towards and relate tobehave towards and relate toothers. They will also affect howothers. They will also affect howwell we perform.well we perform.



useuse empathetic listeningemp athetic listening to try to putto try to putyourself in his/her placeyourself in his/her place

useuse reflecting responsesreflecting responses to paraphraseto paraphrasethe feelings of the emotional personthe feelings of the emotional personencourage him/her to express his/her feelingsencourage him/her to express his/her feelingsin ain a positivepositive wayway

Once you have dealt with emotions, youOnce you have dealt with emotions, youcan then work on the content and solvingcan then work on the content and solvingthe problem.the problem.



(refers to William James and Carl Lange)(refers to William James and Carl Lange)According to this theory emotionAccording to this theory emotion

provoking stimuli will cause some changeprovoking stimuli will cause some changein physiological state. The emotion is thein physiological state. The emotion is thecognitive interpretation of thesecognitive interpretation of thesephysiological changes. In other words theyphysiological changes. In other words theyare a by-product (or cognitiveare a by-product (or cognitiverepresentation ) of automatic physiologicalrepresentation ) of automatic physiologicaland behavioural responses.and behavioural responses.



James-Lange Theory James-Lange Theory

Perception of bodily experiences =Perception of bodily experiences =subjective feeling statesubjective feeling state

Attacked by Canon:Attacked by Canon:Internal changes occur too slowlyInternal changes occur too slowlyChanging bodily sensations artificiallyChanging bodily sensations artificiallydoesn’t produce true emotional statedoesn’t produce true emotional stateBodily patterns don’t seem to discriminateBodily patterns don’t seem to discriminateone feeling state from anotherone feeling state from another



James-Lange Theory James-Lange Theory

The James-Lange theory of emotion argues The James-Lange theory of emotion arguesthat an event causes physiological arousalthat an event causes physiological arousal

first and then we interpret this arousal.first and then we interpret this arousal.Only after our interpretation of the arousalOnly after our interpretation of the arousalcan we experience emotion. If the arousalcan we experience emotion. If the arousalis not noticed or is not given any thought,is not noticed or is not given any thought,

then we will not experience any emotionthen we will not experience any emotionbased on this event.based on this event.



EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alleyEXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alleylate at night. You hear footsteps behind youlate at night. You hear footsteps behind youand you begin to tremble, your heart beatsand you begin to tremble, your heart beatsfaster, and your breathing deepens. You noticefaster, and your breathing deepens. You noticethese physiological changes and interpret themthese physiological changes and interpret themas your body's preparation for a fearfulas your body's preparation for a fearfulsituation. You then experience fear.situation. You then experience fear.

Sight of



Physiological changes occur beforethe emotion and create the feelingswe label as emotions: stimulatingsituation → physiological changes→ emotion labeling. A visceralexperience (gut reaction) is labeledas an emotion. We have someautonomic reactions to stimuli.We observe these physicalsensations and label them asfeelings.

James-LangeTheory of Emotion

..

Sight of oncomin

g car(percept

ion of stimulus

)

Pounding

heart(arous

al)

Fear(emot

ion)

Benoit, Anthony G. (2002). Emotion and Motivation. Retrieved from http://environmentalet.org/psy111/motimotion.htm Slide arranged by Vessels 2005.



Schachter & SingerSchachter & Singer

Injected with epinephrine (adrenaline)Injected with epinephrine (adrenaline)One group of subjects informed of One group of subjects informed of effects, other group noteffects, other group notExposed to either a “happy” or “angry”Exposed to either a “happy” or “angry”confederateconfederate

Subjective feeling state influenced bySubjective feeling state influenced bycognitive frameworkcognitive framework



Appraisal Theory:Schachter-Singer

“two factor” or“social-environmental

context and

arousal” theory

Appraisal Theory:Schachter-Singer

“two factor” or“social-environmental

context and

arousal” theory

CognitiveLabel After Appraising

Social-Environmental

Context:“I’m afraid”

Fear (emotion)

Sight of Oncoming

Car (Perceptionof Stimulus)

PoundingHeart

(Arousal)

This is the theoretical basis for cannedlaughter. A stimulus causes physiological

arousal; this stimulus is considered in lightof environmental and social cues. The

arousal is then interpreted as an emotionalstate based on these cues. In other words,the environment, particularly the behavior

of other people, is used to explain thephysiological state. Events relevant to one’s

well-being are important factors in

This is the theoretical basis for cannedlaughter. A stimulus causes physiological

arousal; this stimulus is considered in lightof environmental and social cues. The

arousal is then interpreted as an emotionalstate based on these cues. In other words,the environment, particularly the behavior

of other people, is used to explain thephysiological state. Events relevant to one’s

well-being are important factors inBenoit, Anthony G. (2002). Emotion and Motivation. Retrieved from http://environmentalet.org/psy111/motimotion.htm Slide arranged by Vessels 2005.



EXAMPLE: You are walking down aEXAMPLE: You are walking down a

dark alley late at night. You heardark alley late at night. You hearfootsteps behind you and you beginfootsteps behind you and you beginto tremble, your heart beats faster,to tremble, your heart beats faster,and your breathing deepens. At theand your breathing deepens. At thesame time as these physiologicalsame time as these physiologicalchanges occur you also experiencechanges occur you also experiencethe emotion of fear.the emotion of fear.



This theory holds that subjective experience and physiological This theory holds that subjective experience and physiologicalchanges occur simultaneously and all emotions are underliedchanges occur simultaneously and all emotions are underliedby the same pattern of response. The key to understanding thisby the same pattern of response. The key to understanding thistheory is understanding the role of the thalamus.theory is understanding the role of the thalamus.

The thalamus acts as a sensory relay station, it can send The thalamus acts as a sensory relay station, it can sendsensory information to the cortex for interpretation andsensory information to the cortex for interpretation andsimultaneously send activation signals to the rest of the bodysimultaneously send activation signals to the rest of the bodyvia the hypothalamus (remember the 4 F's).via the hypothalamus (remember the 4 F's).So, the two processes are independent. The subjectiveSo, the two processes are independent. The subjectiveexperience neither causes or depends on bodily changes.experience neither causes or depends on bodily changes.Although this might be able to explain some of the work withAlthough this might be able to explain some of the work with

deafferented subjects, the idea that physiological changes aredeafferented subjects, the idea that physiological changes are just a 'side-effect' of subjective experience is not supported by just a 'side-effect' of subjective experience is not supported bythe evidence we have already considered. Also as we shall seethe evidence we have already considered. Also as we shall seelater, Cannon was probably wrong to ascribe a central role tolater, Cannon was probably wrong to ascribe a central role tothe thalamus.the thalamus.



Schachter-Singer TheorySchachter-Singer TheoryAccording to this theory, an eventAccording to this theory, an eventcauses physiological arousal first.causes physiological arousal first.

You must then identify a reason for You must then identify a reason forthis arousal and then you are able tothis arousal and then you are able to

experience and label the emotion.experience and label the emotion.



EXAMPLE: You are walking down a darkEXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark

alley late at night. You hear footstepsalley late at night. You hear footstepsbehind you and you begin to tremble,behind you and you begin to tremble,your heart beats faster, and youryour heart beats faster, and yourbreathing deepens. Upon noticing thisbreathing deepens. Upon noticing this

arousal you realize that is comes from thearousal you realize that is comes from thefact that you are walking down a darkfact that you are walking down a darkalley by yourself. This behavior isalley by yourself. This behavior isdangerous and therefore you feel thedangerous and therefore you feel theemotion of fear.emotion of fear.



The starting point for this theory is that Cannon was wrong in The starting point for this theory is that Cannon was wrong inthinking that bodily changes and emotional experience werethinking that bodily changes and emotional experience wereindependent. Also that the James Lange theory was wrong inindependent. Also that the James Lange theory was wrong inthinking that physiological changes cause emotional experience.thinking that physiological changes cause emotional experience.In this theory the experience of emotion depends on two factors:In this theory the experience of emotion depends on two factors:physiological arousal of the autonomic nervous systemphysiological arousal of the autonomic nervous systemcognitive appraisal of the physiological arousalcognitive appraisal of the physiological arousalSo, similar to the J-L model Schachter and Singer see arousal asSo, similar to the J-L model Schachter and Singer see arousal aspreceding the subjective experience. However it is not sufficient.preceding the subjective experience. However it is not sufficient.Simply put, You experience some kind of physiological arousal andSimply put, You experience some kind of physiological arousal andthen look for an explanation. If that explanation is non emotivethen look for an explanation. If that explanation is non emotive

then you will not experience an emotion. But if it is you will! Alsothen you will not experience an emotion. But if it is you will! Alsothe degree of arousal will determine the intensity of the emotion.the degree of arousal will determine the intensity of the emotion.

Brain Based Theory ofBrain Based Theory of



Brain-Based Theory of Brain-Based Theory of EmotionsEmotions

Frontal lobesFrontal lobesinfluence people’s conscious emotional feelingsinfluence people’s conscious emotional feelingsand ability to act in planned ways based onand ability to act in planned ways based onfeelings (e.g., effects of prefrontal lobotomy)feelings (e.g., effects of prefrontal lobotomy)

left frontal lobemay be mostinvolved in

processingpositive emotionsright frontal lobeinvolved withnegative emotions

ParietalFrontal

Occipital

Temporal



The Brain & Emotion The Brain & Emotion

Emotional information presented toEmotional information presented toright hemisphere processed fasterright hemisphere processed faster

Facial expressions processed by rightFacial expressions processed by righthemispherehemisphereVoice patterns (pitch, timing, &Voice patterns (pitch, timing, &stress) processed located in rightstress) processed located in righthemispherehemisphere



Comparison of theComparison of the

TheoryTheory Initial reactionInitial reaction Secondary reactionSecondary reaction

James James ––LangeLange Physical reactionPhysical reaction Emotion occursEmotion occurs

CannonCannon ––BardBard Emotion occurs at the same time asEmotion occurs at the same time asthe physical responsethe physical response

SchachterSchachter ––SingerSinger Physical andPhysical and SituationSituation ––searchsearchemotionalemotional environmentenvironmentreactions occur atreactions occur atthe same timethe same time



NON VERBAL

COMMUNICATIONNot all nonverbal behavior =nonverbal

Communication

Only when intentionally use symboltocreate meaning for others



ACTIONS SPEAKS

LOUDER THAN WORDS!!Z ID A N E

He’s probably very

angry.



Nonverbal communication

Nonverbal communication as thoseactions and attributes of human that havesocially shared meaning, are intentionallysent or interpreted as intentional, areconsciously sent or consciously received,and have the potential for feedback fromthe receiver.



Nonverbal communication

1-Facial expression1-Facial expression2-eyes:gazing and staring2-eyes:gazing and staring3-Body language3-Body language



1-Facial expression1-Facial expression

To match a facial expression with an emotion To match a facial expression with an emotionimplies knowledge of the categories of humanimplies knowledge of the categories of humanemotions into which expressions can beemotions into which expressions can beassigned.assigned.

The The expressionexpression of the face is a basic modeof the face is a basic modeof nonverbal communication among people.of nonverbal communication among people.

The facial expression of another person is The facial expression of another person is

often the basis on which we form significantoften the basis on which we form significantimpressions of such characteristics asimpressions of such characteristics asfriendliness, trustworthiness, and status.friendliness, trustworthiness, and status.



2-eyes:gazing and staring2-eyes:gazing and staring



EYE CONTACT

Western cultures — see direct eye to eyecontact as positive (advise children to looka person in the eyes). But within USA,

African-Americans use more eye contactwhen talking and less when listening.• Japan, Africa, Latin American, Caribbeanavoid eye contact to show respect.



3-Body language3-Body language

We can convey information through theWe can convey information through theposition and movement of the body.position and movement of the body.

Body language can reveal emotionality, asBody language can reveal emotionality, aswhen a person exhibit a nervous habitwhen a person exhibit a nervous habit(biting the fingernails or writing the(biting the fingernails or writing thehands).hands).

We often use gestures, or bodyWe often use gestures, or bodymovements, to accentuate what we aremovements, to accentuate what we aresaying.saying.



CLOTHINGS

Clothing can reflect culturalheritage.• Example:– Traditional clothing of Gambia

Clothing can reflect subgroupidentity.• Example:– US Army Combat Uniform.



GESTURES

Gestures varies from culture to cultureFor example:

• Pointing : US with index finger; Japanesewith entire hand,in fact most Asiansconsider pointing with index finger to be

rude.• Counting: Thumb = 1 in Germany, 5 in

Japan

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