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Empathic Interaction Lynne Hall

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Page 1: Empathic Interaction Lynne Hall. Overview Empathy in other media The market for empathic interaction When is empathic interaction appropriate Domains

Empathic Interaction

Lynne Hall

Page 2: Empathic Interaction Lynne Hall. Overview Empathy in other media The market for empathic interaction When is empathic interaction appropriate Domains

Overview

Empathy in other media The market for empathic interaction When is empathic interaction appropriate Domains where empathic interaction likely to

have impact How can we achieve empathic interaction

Page 3: Empathic Interaction Lynne Hall. Overview Empathy in other media The market for empathic interaction When is empathic interaction appropriate Domains

Empathy

“An observer reacting emotionally because he perceives that another

is experiencing or about to experience an emotion”

Stotland et al., 1978

Page 4: Empathic Interaction Lynne Hall. Overview Empathy in other media The market for empathic interaction When is empathic interaction appropriate Domains

Our experience of empathy

The written word Harry Potter

Performance Macbeth

Audio-visual Soaps Shrek

Music Anthems Theme Tunes

Page 5: Empathic Interaction Lynne Hall. Overview Empathy in other media The market for empathic interaction When is empathic interaction appropriate Domains

Lessons from other media

Empathising with individuals in understandable contexts

“Feeling” for the individuals Not necessarily liking nor wanting to emulate For specific human activities

Learning & exploring Recreation, enjoyment & fun Relaxing

Stronger empathy may be possible through using multiple communication channels

Page 6: Empathic Interaction Lynne Hall. Overview Empathy in other media The market for empathic interaction When is empathic interaction appropriate Domains

Empathic Interaction

Interaction to evoke an empathic reaction in users Sorrow, Pity Anger, Irritation, Frustration Happiness, Pleasure, Joy, Delight Fear, Loss Association, Understanding

Page 7: Empathic Interaction Lynne Hall. Overview Empathy in other media The market for empathic interaction When is empathic interaction appropriate Domains

The Market for Empathic Interaction

Dramatic changes in user population Demographics & competences Goals & expectations

Technological potential Powerful multimedia machines as standard Infrastructure increasingly solid

The role of the PC No longer number cruncher but entertainer, educator, time-

filler, fun-maker Alternative to passive media

Page 8: Empathic Interaction Lynne Hall. Overview Empathy in other media The market for empathic interaction When is empathic interaction appropriate Domains

When should empathic interaction be used?

To enhance the task To increase usability To improve utility To add-value to the user experience

WHEN interaction improves for the user if he reacts emotionally in response to the perception that a computational entity is experiencing or about to experience an emotion

Page 9: Empathic Interaction Lynne Hall. Overview Empathy in other media The market for empathic interaction When is empathic interaction appropriate Domains

Domains for empathic interaction

Recreation Casinos, football, decorating

Relaxation, enjoyment & fun Performance, art, games, conversation

Learning & exploration Social education, personal issues

Page 10: Empathic Interaction Lynne Hall. Overview Empathy in other media The market for empathic interaction When is empathic interaction appropriate Domains

Any solutions?

How to provide the user with the perception that a computational entity is experiencing or about to experience an emotion

Get acquainted with your group Sticky note time!

Page 11: Empathic Interaction Lynne Hall. Overview Empathy in other media The market for empathic interaction When is empathic interaction appropriate Domains

The User’s Perception: Interaction to evoke empathy

Need for human type ascriptions Does the user care?

Suspension of disbelief Gaining user compliance / buy-in

Visualisation Appropriate rather than perfect

Behaviour Matches user expectations

Page 12: Empathic Interaction Lynne Hall. Overview Empathy in other media The market for empathic interaction When is empathic interaction appropriate Domains

Summary

Considerable experience of empathic reactions to fictional characters

Only some situations relevant for empathic interaction

Empathic interaction only of value if it enhances and improves the user’s experience

Page 13: Empathic Interaction Lynne Hall. Overview Empathy in other media The market for empathic interaction When is empathic interaction appropriate Domains

HCI 2004

Leeds, 6-10 September 2004

Workshop 4: Empathy in Human Computer Interaction

CASE STUDY: Bullying among school children

Sarah Woods, University of Hertfordshire

Page 14: Empathic Interaction Lynne Hall. Overview Empathy in other media The market for empathic interaction When is empathic interaction appropriate Domains

CASE STUDY: Bullying among school

children

Sarah Woods

Page 15: Empathic Interaction Lynne Hall. Overview Empathy in other media The market for empathic interaction When is empathic interaction appropriate Domains
Page 16: Empathic Interaction Lynne Hall. Overview Empathy in other media The market for empathic interaction When is empathic interaction appropriate Domains

True or False? Bullying only happens among boys. Bullying others toughens you up. Fighting back with the bully is the best thing to do. Ignoring the bullying will make it go away. Bullying is part of growing up & you just have to

accept it. Bullying only happens in disadvantaged schools. There is more bullying in large classes compared to

small classes.

Page 17: Empathic Interaction Lynne Hall. Overview Empathy in other media The market for empathic interaction When is empathic interaction appropriate Domains

Bullying Behaviour

What is bullying? What is teasing?

Page 18: Empathic Interaction Lynne Hall. Overview Empathy in other media The market for empathic interaction When is empathic interaction appropriate Domains

Why is bullying different to teasing?

Bullying behaviour is different to teasing & aggression

Bullying behaviour is repeated over time and does not just happen once

Bullying involves power relationships. The victim feels over powered and intimidated by the bully.

Bullying is planned and deliberate and is not just a joke.

Page 19: Empathic Interaction Lynne Hall. Overview Empathy in other media The market for empathic interaction When is empathic interaction appropriate Domains

Bullying Definitions

Direct/Physical bullying: “ A Student is being bullied or victimised when he or she is exposed repeatedly and over time to negative action on the part of one or more other students and there is an imbalance of power.” (Olweus, 1991)

Relational Bullying: “The purposeful damage and manipulation of peer relationships and feelings of social exclusion.” (Crick & Grotpeter, 1995)

Page 20: Empathic Interaction Lynne Hall. Overview Empathy in other media The market for empathic interaction When is empathic interaction appropriate Domains

Direct/Physical Bullying

This includes behaviours such as:

- being hit

- being kicked

- being punched

- being blackmailed or threatened

- people being spiteful to you

Page 21: Empathic Interaction Lynne Hall. Overview Empathy in other media The market for empathic interaction When is empathic interaction appropriate Domains

Verbal Bullying

This includes behaviours such as:

- Being called nasty names

- Having lies spread about you

- Receiving nasty or threatening text

messages.

Page 22: Empathic Interaction Lynne Hall. Overview Empathy in other media The market for empathic interaction When is empathic interaction appropriate Domains

Relational Bullying

This type of bullying usually involves the people who you hang around with:

- Friends deliberately leaving you out

- Friends deliberately falling out with you

- Friends spreading nasty rumours about

you or stories that are not true

Page 23: Empathic Interaction Lynne Hall. Overview Empathy in other media The market for empathic interaction When is empathic interaction appropriate Domains

Prevalence of bullying

Studies worldwide Victimisation Bullying others

Primary school (aged 8-12) 8% to 46% 3% to 23%

Secondary school

(aged 11-16) 4% to 30% 4% to 19%

Page 24: Empathic Interaction Lynne Hall. Overview Empathy in other media The market for empathic interaction When is empathic interaction appropriate Domains

Characteristics of Victims INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES: withdrawn, anxious, low self-

esteem, unassertive, upset easily, boys physically weak.

SOCIAL COGNITION: negative attitude to violence, poor social understanding, poor in conflict resolution strategies.

SOCIOMETRIC STATUS: low social impact, few or no friends (lonely), rejected or neglected.

FAMILY FUNCTIONING: over protective mothers, enmeshed family (abused by siblings?) or father often distant, cold, no role model.

Page 25: Empathic Interaction Lynne Hall. Overview Empathy in other media The market for empathic interaction When is empathic interaction appropriate Domains

Characteristics of Bully/Victims INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES: irritable, angry and hot

tempered, impulsive, hyperactive, short attention. SOCIAL COGNITION: +ive attitude to aggression,

misinterpret hostile intentions (ambiguous provocation), low-mod social understanding.

SOCIOMETRIC STATUS: moderate to high social impact, few friends, highly rejected by peers, reinforcer or assistant.

FAMILY FUNCTIONING: experiences of violence in family, inconsistent discipline & parenting, often marital conflict, father often absent, dysfunctional.

Page 26: Empathic Interaction Lynne Hall. Overview Empathy in other media The market for empathic interaction When is empathic interaction appropriate Domains

Characteristics of Bullies INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES: little anxiety, good self-

esteem, well regulated, physically strong boy

SOCIAL COGNITION: uses aggression to dominate, ‘cool cognition’, good understanding of social situations; little empathy.

SOCIOMETRIC STATUS: high social impact, no. of friends, ring leader, popular & rejected (controversial).

FAMILY FUNCTIONING: harsh discipline, but no violence, disengaged family structure, -ive sibling relations, father to have been bully himself.

Page 27: Empathic Interaction Lynne Hall. Overview Empathy in other media The market for empathic interaction When is empathic interaction appropriate Domains

Bullying & Consequences

Lower

Self-esteem

DepressionIncreased Anxiety

Conduct problems & Hyperactivity

Victims YES YES YES NO

Bullies NO YES YES YES

Previous studies have found:

Page 28: Empathic Interaction Lynne Hall. Overview Empathy in other media The market for empathic interaction When is empathic interaction appropriate Domains

Media coverage of bullyingGirl found dead after taunting A 12 year old girl who was allegedly bullied at

school was found hanged in her bedroom. According to family, Emma Morrison had

been off school for 2 weeks to escape the constant teasing by other girls who made fun of her appearance and called her “ugly”.

Telegraph, 12 March 2003

Page 29: Empathic Interaction Lynne Hall. Overview Empathy in other media The market for empathic interaction When is empathic interaction appropriate Domains

Media Coverage of Bullying Pupils who were bullied sue school for

£100,000

‘Teeside county court heard that Miss Newby was reduced from a model pupil with an excellent attendance record to a psychological wreck by a gang of 8 girls.

She became so afraid that in 1 year she missed as quarter of her time at Shotton Hall Comprehensive school.’

Telegraph, 12 March 2003

Page 30: Empathic Interaction Lynne Hall. Overview Empathy in other media The market for empathic interaction When is empathic interaction appropriate Domains

Social Information Processing (SIP) The SIP model is used to explain how

children process information and how they may display aggressive behaviour. E.g misinterpretation of goals and others intentions.

Considered 2 sub-types of aggression:- Reactive aggression (bully/victim)- Proactive aggression (pure bully)

Page 31: Empathic Interaction Lynne Hall. Overview Empathy in other media The market for empathic interaction When is empathic interaction appropriate Domains

SIP Model

Suggested that biased/deficient processing results in deviant social behaviour.

Research shows that aggressive children perceive, interpret & make decisions about social stimuli in ways that increase the likelihood of engaging in aggressive acts.

Page 32: Empathic Interaction Lynne Hall. Overview Empathy in other media The market for empathic interaction When is empathic interaction appropriate Domains

SIP Model

Proactive aggressors: - evaluate verbal & physical aggression in

significantly more positive ways than others- Use instrumental aggressive behaviour- Controlled and motivated by expectation of

external rewards- More use of relational aggression

Page 33: Empathic Interaction Lynne Hall. Overview Empathy in other media The market for empathic interaction When is empathic interaction appropriate Domains

SIP Model

Reactive aggressors:- aggressive acts are motivated by attributions

of hostility to peers who are perceived as mean or threatening to the self.

- Use retaliatory aggression- Self-fulfilling prophecy (peers begin to dislike

child more and child uses increased aggression)

Page 34: Empathic Interaction Lynne Hall. Overview Empathy in other media The market for empathic interaction When is empathic interaction appropriate Domains

Theories & Models: Social Competence & ToM

Sutton, Smith & Swettenham (1999) criticised the SIP model as it failed to consider the social competence of some aggressive children (e.g pure bullies, relational bullying). Too much reliance on ‘social deficits’.

Argue that effective bullying may involve a sophisticated ability to manipulate psychologically both victims and the rest of the peer group.

Page 35: Empathic Interaction Lynne Hall. Overview Empathy in other media The market for empathic interaction When is empathic interaction appropriate Domains

Social competence & emotions

Could be that proactively aggressive children understand emotions but differ in the way that they share emotions.

reactive aggression linked with high negative emotional intensity and under-control.

Proactive aggression associated with under-control but also low emotional intensity.

Page 36: Empathic Interaction Lynne Hall. Overview Empathy in other media The market for empathic interaction When is empathic interaction appropriate Domains

Intervention StrategiesThe No Blame Approach (Maines &

Robinson, 1992).

The Method of Shared Concern (Pikas, 1989).

Whole School Approach (Rigby, 1996). Individual strategies for bullies, victims

and families.

Page 37: Empathic Interaction Lynne Hall. Overview Empathy in other media The market for empathic interaction When is empathic interaction appropriate Domains

The No-Blame Approach

Step 1: Listen to the victim Step 2: Meeting with all involved Step 3: Explanation of problem Step 4: Share responsibility Step 5: Ask group for their ideas Step 6: Leave it up to them Step 7: Meet group again

Based on view that bullying is an interaction which establishes group identity, dominance and status at expense of another. Need to develop ‘higher values’ such as empathy. Punishment is not used.

Page 38: Empathic Interaction Lynne Hall. Overview Empathy in other media The market for empathic interaction When is empathic interaction appropriate Domains

The Method of Shared Concern

Suitable for children >9 years old. Individual ‘chats’ with each pupil involved,

ringleader is seen first and the victim last. Follow-up interviews with each pupil. Group meeting of all children. Time span between each stage is typically 1

week.

Process rests on premise that as a group the bullies are caught up in a collective phenomenon - aggression towards a victim. Aim is to bring into conscious awareness feelings of unease/shame which individual group members have about the groups bullying behaviour.

Page 39: Empathic Interaction Lynne Hall. Overview Empathy in other media The market for empathic interaction When is empathic interaction appropriate Domains

The Whole School Approach General prerequisites ++ awareness & involvement on the part of adults Measures at the school level ++ q’aire survey ++ school conference day ++ better supervision during break/lunch times + formation of co-ordinating group Measures at class level ++ class rules against bullying ++ regular class meeting with

students + class PTA meetings Measures at individual level ++ serious talks with bullies and victims ++ serious talks with parents of involved students + teacher and parent use of imagination

Page 40: Empathic Interaction Lynne Hall. Overview Empathy in other media The market for empathic interaction When is empathic interaction appropriate Domains

Individual Strategies Problem-Solving for victims - This aims to

provide social skills training and self-esteem building.

Counselling for the families of bullies and victims.

Empathic training for bullies. Use of Drama and Role Play. Improving individual care.

Page 41: Empathic Interaction Lynne Hall. Overview Empathy in other media The market for empathic interaction When is empathic interaction appropriate Domains

Do intervention programmes for bullying work?

Overall, research studies have reported that intervention programmes have positive short-term results in reducing bullying problems in schools, but less success in the long-term.

What should be done next?

Page 42: Empathic Interaction Lynne Hall. Overview Empathy in other media The market for empathic interaction When is empathic interaction appropriate Domains

Bullying & intervention strategiesYOUR CASE STUDY

‘Imagine you are a professional team who have been consulted to work with a school who has been experiencing sharp increases in bullying behaviour over the past 2 years.’

How do you think technology could be used as an innovative means of developing an intervention strategy for the school and how would you implement it?