empire of brazil

8/13/2019 Empire of Brazil

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Empire of BrazilThe Empire of Brazil was a 19th-century state that broadlycomprised the territories which formmodern Brazil and Uruguay. Its go ernment wasa representati e parliamentary constitutional monarchy underthe rule of Emperors !om "edro I and his son !om "edro II#both members of the $ouse of Braganza %a branch ofthe &apetian dynasty. ' colony of the (ingdom of "ortugal #Brazil became the seat of the "ortuguese colonial Empire in1)*)# when the "ortuguese "rince regent # later (ing!om +o,o I# fled from apoleon Is in asion of "ortugaland established himself and his go ernment in the Braziliancity of/io de +aneiro . +o,o I later returned to "ortugal#lea ing his eldest son and heir# "edro# to rule Brazil asregent.0n 2eptember 1)33# "edro declared the independence of Brazil and# after waging a successful war against his father4s5ingdom# was acclaimed on 13 0ctober as "edro I# the firstEmperor of Brazil. The new country was huge but sparselypopulated and ethnically di erse. Unli5e most of its$ispanic republic neighbors# Brazil had political stability# freedom ofspeech# respect for ci il rights and ibrant economic growth.Its bicameral parliament was elected under comparati elydemocratic methods for the era# as were the pro incial andlocal legislatures. This led into a long ideological conflictbetween "edro I and a sizable parliamentary faction o er therole of the monarch in the go ernment. $e also faced otherobstacles6 the unsuccessful &isplatine 7ar against theneighboring United "ro inces of the /8o de la "lata led to the

secession of a Brazilian pro ince later to becomeUruguay: in1)3). !espite his role in Brazilian independence# he becamethe 5ing of "ortugal in 1)3; but immediately abdicated infa or of his eldest daughter. Two years later her throne wasusurped by "edro I4s younger brother. Unable to deal withboth Brazilian and "ortuguese affairs# "edro I abdicated on
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'pril 1)uely Brazilian.!espite the fact the last four decades of "edro II4s reign weremar5ed by continuous internal peace and economicprosperity# he personally had no desire to see the monarchysur i e beyond his lifetime. 's the Emperor grew older# hemade no effort to maintain support for the institution. 2ince he

lac5ed iable heirs the ne=t in line was his daughterIsabel#and both "edro II and the ruling classes considered a femalemonarch unacceptable: the Empire4s political leaders belie edthat there was no reason to defend the monarchy. !espite thelac5 of enthusiasm among most Brazilians for adopting arepublican form of go ernment# on 1? o ember 1))9# after a
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?)-year reign# the Emperor was o erthrown in a sudden coup d tat that had almost no support outside a cli>ue of militaryleaders whose goal was the formation of a republic headed bya dictator.Independence and early yearsThe territory which would come to be 5nown as Brazil wasclaimed by "ortugal on 33 'pril 1?**# when thena igator"edro @l ares &abral landed on its coast.A1 "ermanent settlement followed in 1?


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throughout Brazil by armed military units loyal to "ortugal. Theensuing war of independence was fought across the country#with battles in the northern# northeastern# and southernregions. The last "ortuguese soldiers to surrender did so inDarch 1)3 #A13A1< and independence was recognized by"ortugal in 'ugust 1)3?. A1

"edro I encountered a number of crises during his reign. 'secessionist rebellion in the pro ince of&isplatina in early1)3? and the subse>uent attempt by the United "ro inces of the /8o de la "lata later 'rgentina : to anne= &isplatina ledthe Empire into the &isplatine 7ar H a long# inglorious# andultimately futile war in the southJ.A1? In Darch 1)3;# +o,o Idied and "edro I inherited the "ortuguese crown# brieflybecoming (ing "edro I of "ortugal before abdicating in fa orof his eldest daughter# Daria II.A1; The situation worsened in1)3) when the war in the south ended with Brazil4s loss of&isplatina# which would become the independent republicof Uruguay.A1 !uring the same year in Kisbon# Daria II4sthrone was usurped by "rince Diguel# "edro I4s youngerbrother.A1)

0ther difficulties arose when the Empire4s parliament# theLeneral 'ssembly# opened in 1)3;. "edro I# along with asignificant percentage of the legislature# argued for anindependent Mudiciary# a popularly elected legislature and ago ernment which would be led by the emperor who heldbroad e=ecuti e powers and prerogati es.A19 0thers inparliament argued for a similar structure# only with a lessinfluential role for the monarch and the legislati e branch

being dominant in policy and go ernance.A3*

The struggle o erwhether the go ernment would be dominated by the emperoror by the parliament was carried o er into debates from 1)3;to 1)


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behalf of his son#"edro II# on 'pril 1)uell the growing dissent# theLeneral 'ssembly passed a constitutional amendment in1)< # called the Ato Adicional 'dditional 'ct :. Instead ofending the chaos# these new powers only fed local ambitionsand ri alries. iolence erupted throughout the country.A3 Kocal parties competed with renewed ferocity to dominatepro incial and municipal go ernments# as whiche er partydominated the pro inces would also gain control o er theelectoral and political system. Those parties which lostelections rebelled and tried to assume power by force#resulting in se eral rebellions.A3?

The politicians who had risen to power during the 1)


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sur i al.JA3; 2ome of these politicians who would formthe &onser ati e "arty in the 1) *s: belie ed that a neutralfigure was re>uired%one who could stand abo e politicalfactions and petty interests to address discontent andmoderate disputes. A3 They en isioned an emperor who wasmore dependent on the legislature than the constitutionalmonarch en isioned by "edro I# yet with greater powers thanhad been ad ocated at the beginning of the /egency by theirri als who later formed the Kiberal "arty:.A3) The liberals#howe er# contri ed to pass an initiati e to lower "edro II4s ageof maMority from eighteen to fourteen. The Emperor wasdeclared fit to rule in +uly 1) *.A39

ConsolidationTo achie e their goals# the liberals had allied themsel es witha group of high-ran5ing palace ser ants and notablepoliticiansH the &ourtier CactionJ. The courtiers were part ofthe Emperor4s inner circle and had established influence o erhim#A


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continued unabated# howe er# and the British go ernment4spassage of the 'berdeen 'ct of 1) ? authorized Britishwarships to board Brazilian ships and seize anyone who wasfound to be in ol ed in the sla e trade.A


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Lrowth 't the beginning of the 1)?*s# Brazil was enMoying internalstability and economic prosperity.A 3 The nation4s infrastructurewas being de eloped# with progress in the constructionof railroads# the electrictelegraph and steamship lines unitingBrazil into a cohesi e national entity.A 3 'fter fi e years inoffice# the successful conser ati e cabinet was dismissed andon 2eptember 1)?uis of "aranG# chieftain of the &onser ati e "arty# wascharged with forming a new cabinet.A < Emperor "edro IIwanted to ad ance an ambitious plan# which became 5nownas the &onciliationJ#A aimed at strengthening parliament4srole in settling the country4s political disputes.A uim /odrigues Torres# iscount of Itabora8# EusFbio de NueirOs and"aulino 2oares de 2ousa# 1 st iscount of Uruguai %all formerministers in the 1) )P1)?< cabinet. These elder statesmen
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had ta5en control of the &onser ati e "arty after "aranG4sdeath.A?1 In the years following 1)? # none of the cabinetssur i ed long. They >uic5ly collapsed due to the lac5 of amaMority in the &hamber of !eputies.The remaining members of the Kiberal "arty# which hadlanguished since its fall in 1) ) and thedisastrous Praieira rebellion in 1) 9# too5 ad antage of whatseemed to be the &onser ati e "arty4s impending implosionto return to national politics with renewed strength. Theydeli ered a powerful blow to the go ernment when theymanaged to win se eral seats in the &hamber of !eputies in1);*. A?3 7hen many moderate conser ati es defected tounite with liberals to form a new political party# the

"rogressi e KeagueJ#A?< the conser ati es4 hold on powerbecame unsustainable due to the lac5 of a wor5ablego erning maMority in the parliament. They resigned# and inDay 1);3 "edro II named a progressi e cabinet. A? The periodsince 1)?< had been one of peace and prosperity for BrazilH

The political system functioned smoothly. &i il liberties weremaintained. ' start had been made on the introduction into

Brazil of railroad# telegraph and steamship lines. The countrywas no longer troubled by the disputes and conflicts that hadrac5ed it during its first thirty years.JA??

"araguayan war This period of calm came to an end when the British consul in/io de +aneiro nearly spar5ed a war between Lreat Britainand Brazil. $e sent an ultimatum containing abusi e demandsarising out of two minor incidents at the end of 1);1 andbeginning of 1);3. A?; The Brazilian go ernment refused toyield# and the consul issued orders for British warships tocapture Brazilian merchant essels as indemnity.A? Brazilprepared itself for the imminent conflict#A?)A?9 and coastaldefenses were gi en permission to fire upon any Britishwarship that tried to capture Brazilian merchant ships.A;* The
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Brazilian go ernment then se ered diplomatic ties with Britainin +une 1);


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A 3 onetheless# the ministry formed by the iscount ofItabora8 was a far abler body than the cabinet itreplacedJA 1 and the conflict with "araguay ended in Darch1) * with total ictory for Brazil and its allies.A < Dore than?*#*** Brazilian soldiers had died#A and war costs wereele en times the go ernment4s annual budget.A ? $owe er# thecountry was so prosperous that the go ernment was able toretire the war debt in only ten years.A ;A The conflict was alsoa stimulus to national production and economic growth.A )

'pogeeThe diplomatic ictory o er the British Empire and the military

ictory o er Uruguay in 1);?# followed by the successfulconclusion of the war with "araguay in 1) *# mar5ed thebeginning of the golden ageJ of the Brazilian Empire.A 9 TheBrazilian economy grew rapidly6 railroad# shipping and othermodernization proMects were started6 immigration flourished.A)* The Empire became 5nown internationally as a modernand progressi e nation# second only to theUnited 2tates inthe 'mericas 6 it was a politically stable economy with a goodin estment potential.A 9

In Darch 1) 1# "edro II named the conser ati e+osF "aranhos# iscount of /io Branco as the head of a cabinetwhose main goal was to pass a law to immediately free allchildren born to female sla es.A)1 The contro ersial bill wasintroduced in the &hamber of !eputies in Day and faced adetermined opposition# which commanded support from aboutone third of the deputies and which sought to organize publicopinion against the measure.J A)3 The bill was finallypromulgated in 2eptember and became 5nown as the Kaw of Cree BirthJ.A)3 /io Branco4s success# howe er# seriouslydamaged the long-term political stability of the Empire. Thelaw split the conser ati es down the middle# one party factionbac5ed the reforms of the /io Branco cabinet# while thesecond%5nown as the escravocratas EnglishH sla ocrats:%
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were unrelenting in their oppositionJ# forming a newgeneration of ultraconser ati es.A)uently a enue fore=pressing opposition to policies and airing grie ances.Kegislators enMoyed immunity from prosecution for speechesmade from the floor and in the discharge of their offices. 0nlytheir own chambers within the 'ssembly could order the
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arrest of a member during his tenure. 7ith no actualresponsibility for the actual conduct of affairs# the legislatorswere free to propose sweeping reforms# ad ocate idealsolutions# and denounce compromising and opportunisticconduct by the go ernment.JA13?Emperor and council of ministersThe Emperor was the head of both the moderating ande=ecuti e branches being aided by the&ouncil of 2tate andthe &ouncil of Dinisters# respecti ely:6 he had the final sayand held ultimate control o er the national go ernment.A13< $ewas tas5ed with ensuring national independence and stability.The &onstitution 'rticle 1*1: ga e him ery few a enues forimposing his will upon the Leneral 'ssembly. $is mainrecourse was the right to dissol e or e=tend legislati esessions. In the 2enate# an emperor4s authority to appointsenators did not necessarily gi e him added influence sincesenators held their offices for life and were thus freed fromgo ernment pressure once confirmed. 0n those occasionswhen the &hamber of !eputies was dissol ed# new electionswere re>uired to be held immediately and the new &hamberseated. This power was effecti e when held in reser e as athreat. It could not be employed repeatedly# nor would its usewor5 to the emperor4s ad antage.JA13?

!uring the reign of "edro I the &hamber of !eputies wasne er dissol ed and legislati e sessions were ne er e=tendedor postponed.A13; Under "edro II# the &hamber of !eputieswas only e er dissol ed at the re>uest of the "resident of the &ouncil of Dinisters "rime minister:. There were ele endissolutions during "edro II4s reign and# of these# ten occurredafter consultation with the&ouncil of 2tate# which was beyondwhat was re>uired by the &onstitution.A13 ' &onstitutionalbalance of power e=isted between the Leneral 'ssembly andthe e=ecuti e branch under the Emperor. The legislaturecould not operate alone and the monarch could not force his
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988133-125https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_councilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_(government)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988132-123https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988133-125https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1994476-126https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Council_of_Ministers_of_Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Council_of_Ministers_of_Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_councilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho199342-127https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988133-125https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_councilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_(government)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988132-123https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988133-125https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1994476-126https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Council_of_Ministers_of_Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Council_of_Ministers_of_Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_councilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho199342-127


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will upon the 'ssembly. The system functioned smoothly onlywhen both 'ssembly and Emperor acted in a spirit ofcooperation for the national good.A13?

' new element was added when the office of "resident of the&ouncil of DinistersJ was officially created in 1) %althoughit had e=isted in practice since 1) uim abucos aid that the

"resident of the &ouncil in Brazil was no /ussian &hancellor #2o ereign4s creature# nor aBritish "rime Dinister # made onlyby the trust of the A$ouse of &ommonsH thedelegation of the&rown was to him as necessary and important as thedelegation of the &hamber# and# to e=ert with safety hisfunctions# he had to dominate the caprice# the oscillations andambitions of the "arliament# as well as to preser e alwaysunalterable the fa or# the good will of the emperor.JA13)

"ro incial and local go ernment7hen enacted in 1)3 # the Imperial &onstitution createdthe Conselho Geral de Provncia "ro incial Leneral &ouncil:#the legislature of the pro inces.A139 This council wascomposed of either 31 or 1< elected members# depending onthe size of a pro ince4s population.A1


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'ssemblies enMoyed much greater autonomy from the nationalgo ernment.A1


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character. 2ince the national go ernment wanted to ensuretheir loyalty# presidents were# in most cases# sent to apro ince in which they had no political# familial or other ties.A1


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granted greater autonomy to the pro inces from the centralgo ernment# it transferred the towns4 remaining autonomy tothe pro incial go ernments.A1 * There was no office of mayor#and towns were go erned by a town council and its president

who was the councilman who won the most otes duringelections:.A1 1

ElectionsUntil 1))1# oting was mandatoryA1 3 and elections occurred in two stages . In the first phase oters chose electors who thenselected a slate of senatorial candidates. The Emperor wouldchoose a new senator member of the 2enate# the upper house in the Leneral 'ssembly: from a list of the threecandidates who had recei ed the highest number of otes.The Electors also chose the Leneral !eputies members ofthe &hamber of !eputies# the lower house:# pro incialdeputies members of the"ro incial 'ssemblies : andcouncilmen members of the town councils: without thein ol ement of the Emperor in ma5ing a final selection.A1 < 'llmen o er the age of 3? with an annual income of at least/s 1**Q*** or 1**#***ris 6 the e>ui alent in 1)3 to Q9)U.2.A1 : were eligible to ote in the first phase. The oting agewas lowered to 31 for married men. To become an elector itwas necessary to ha e an annual income of at least/s 3**Q***. A1 uirement was much higher in the United(ingdom# e en after the reforms of 1)


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could >ualify to ote.A1 A1 's an illustration# the lowest paidci il employee in 1) ; was a Manitor who earned /s ;**Q***annually.A1 ?

Dost oters in Brazil had a low income.A1 )A1 9 Cor e=ample# inthe Dinas Lerais town of Cormiga in 1) ;# the poorconstituted *R of the electorate. In IraMG in the pro inceof /io de +aneiro # the poor were ) R of the electorate.A1?* Cormer sla es could not ote# but their children andgrandchildren could#A1 ; as could the illiterateA1?1 which fewcountries allowed:.A1 ) In 1) 3# 1*.)R of the Brazilianpopulation otedA1 9 1


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'rmed forcesCorSas 'rmadas:

Under 'rticles 1*3 and 1 ) of the &onstitution# the Brazilian

'rmed Corces were subordinate to the Emperoras &ommander-in-&hief .A1?)$e was aided by the Dinisters of 7ar and a y in matters concerning the 'rmy andthe 'rmada a y:%although the "resident of the &ouncil ofDinisters usually e=ercised o ersight of both branches inpractice. The ministers of 7ar and a y were# with fewe=ceptions# ci ilians.A1?9A1;*(Segundo os artigos 102 e 148 da Constituio, as Foras Armadas brasileiras eramsubordinadas ao Imperador como Comandante Supremo !le era au"iliado pelos #inistrosda $uerra e #arin%a em assuntos re&erentes ao !"'rcito e a Armada (#arin%a ) embora o*residente do Consel%o de #inistros normalmente e"ercesse &iscali+ao de ambos osramos na pr tica -s ministros da $uerra e #arin%a eram, com poucas e"ce.es, ci/is

The military was organized along similar lines to the Britishand 'merican armed forces of the time# in which a smallstanding army could >uic5ly augment its strength duringemergencies from a reser e militia force in Brazil# the

ational Luard:. Brazil4s first line of defense relied upon a

large and powerful na y to protect against foreign attac5. 's amatter of policy# the military was to becompletely obedient toci ilian go ernmental control and to remain at arm4s lengthfrom in ol ement in political decisions.A1;1(As &oras armadas esta/am organi+adas ao longo de lin%as similares s &oras armadas

brit nicas e americanas da 'poca, nas uais um pe ueno e"'rcito permanente poderiarapidamente ampliar sua &ora durante emerg3ncias a partir de uma &ora mil cia reser/a(no 5rasil, a $uarda 6acional A primeira lin%a brasileira de de&esa dependia de umaampla e poderosa marin%a para proteger contra ata ue estrangeiro *or uma uesto de

pol tica, o militar seria completamente obediente ao controle do go/erno ci/il e permanecer

distante do en/ol/imento em decis.es pol ticas

Dilitary personnel were allowed to run for and ser e in politicaloffice while remaining on acti e duty. $owe er they did notrepresent the 'rmy or the 'rmada# but were instead e=pectedto ser e the interests of the city or pro ince which had electedthem.A1?9 "edro I chose nine military officers as2enators and
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Armed_Forceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Armed_Forceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-Chiefhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues186379.2C_117-158https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Brazil)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Brazil)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Armyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Navyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007193-159https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007193-159https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977.2C_Vol_384-160https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_control_of_the_militaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedrosa2004289-161https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007193-159https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Armed_Forceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Armed_Forceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-Chiefhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues186379.2C_117-158https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Brazil)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Brazil)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Armyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Navyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007193-159https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977.2C_Vol_384-160https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_control_of_the_militaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedrosa2004289-161https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007193-159https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Brazil


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appointed fi e out of fourteen: to the&ouncil of 2tate. !uringthe /egency# two were named to the 2enate and none to the&ouncil of 2tate this body was dormant during the/egency:. "edro II chose four officers as 2enators during the1) *s# two in the 1)?*s and three others during the remainingyears of his reign. $e also appointed se en officers to be2tate &ouncilors during the 1) *s and 1)?*s# and threeothers after that.A1;3

0s militares foram autorizados a candidatar-se e ser ir em cargos pol8ticos en>uanto permanecessem

ati os na funS,o. Entretanto# eles n,o representa am o E=Frcito ou a 'rmada# mas em ezdisso esperou-se >ue ser issem aos interesses da cidade oupro 8ncia >ue os tinha elegido. "edro I escolheu no e oficiaismilitares como senadores e nomeou cinco de 1 : para o&onselho de Estado. !urante a /eg ncia# dois foramnomeados para o 2enado e nenhum para o &onselho deEstado este corpo foi inati o durante a /eg ncia:. "edro IIescolheu >uatro oficiais como 2enadores durante a dFcadade 1) *# dois na de 1)?* e outros tr s durante os anosrestantes de seu reinado. Ele tambFm nomeou sete oficiaispara serem &onselheiros de Estado durante as dFcadas de

1) * e 1)?* e tr s outros depois disso:The Brazilian 'rmed Corces were created in the aftermath ofIndependence. They were originally composed of Brazilian-and "ortuguese-born officers and troops who had remainedloyal to the go ernment in /io de +aneiro during the war ofsecession from "ortugal. The 'rmed Corces were crucial tothe successful outcomes of international conflicts faced by theEmpire# starting with Independence 1)33P1)3 :# followed by

the &isplatine 7ar 1)3?P1)3):# then the "latine 7ar 1)?1P1)?3:# the Uruguayan 7ar 1); P1);?: and# finally#the"araguayan 7ar 1); P1) *:. They also played a part in>uelling rebellions# beginning with the&onfederation of the E>uator 1)3 : under "edro I# followed by the uprisings during"edro II4s early reign# such as the7ar of the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_councilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolanda1974241.E2.80.93242-162https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisplatine_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platine_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguayan_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguayan_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Equatorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Equatorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Ragamuffinshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_councilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolanda1974241.E2.80.93242-162https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisplatine_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platine_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguayan_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguayan_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Equatorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Equatorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Ragamuffins


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/agamuffins 1)


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!issension resulting from inade>uate go ernment attention to 'rmy needs was restrained under the generation of officerswho had begun their careers during the 1)3*s. These officerswere loyal to the monarchy# belie ed the military should beunder ci ilian control# and abhorred the caudillism $ispanic- 'merican dictatorships: against which they had fought. But bythe early 1))*s# this generation including commanders suchas the !u5e of &a=ias# the&ount of "orto 'legre # andthe Dar>uis of Er al: had died# were retired# or no longere=ercised direct command.A99A1;

' discOrdia resultante da atenS,o inade>uada do go erno Vs necessidades doE=Frcito foi contida sob a geraS,o de oficiais >ue tinhamcomeSado suas carreiras durante a dFcada de 1)3*. Estesoficiais eram leais V monar>uia# acredita am >ue os militaresde eriam estar sob o controle ci il# e abomina am ocaudilhismo ditadores hispanoamericanos: contra os >uaiseles tinham lutado. Das por olta do in8cio da dFcada de1))*# esta geraS,o incluindo comandantes como !u>ue de&a=ias# o &onde de "orto 'legre# e o Dar>u s de Er al: tinhafalecido# esta a reformada# ou n,o mais e=ercia o comando

direto:.!issatisfaction became more e ident during the 1))*s# andsome officers began to display open insubordination. TheEmperor and the politicians did nothing to impro e the militarynor meet their demands. A1;) The disseminationof "ositi ist ideology among young officers brought furthercomplications# as "ositi ism opposed the monarchy under thebelief that a dictatorial republic would bring impro ements.A1**

' coalition between a mutinous 'rmy faction and the"ositi ist camp was formed and directly led to the republicancoup on 1? o ember 1))9. A1;9 Battalions and e en fullregiments of soldiers loyal to the Empire# who shared theideals of the older generation of leaders# attempted to restorethe monarchy. 'ttempts at a restoration pro ed futile and
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_control_of_the_militaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudillohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Alves_de_Lima_e_Silva,_Duke_of_Caxiashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Marques_de_Sousa,_Count_of_Porto_Alegrehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Lu%C3%ADs_Os%C3%B3rio,_Marquis_of_Ervalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007195-99https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977.2C_Vol_369-167https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999321-168https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positivismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999353-100https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007196-169https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_control_of_the_militaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudillohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Alves_de_Lima_e_Silva,_Duke_of_Caxiashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Marques_de_Sousa,_Count_of_Porto_Alegrehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Lu%C3%ADs_Os%C3%B3rio,_Marquis_of_Ervalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007195-99https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977.2C_Vol_369-167https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999321-168https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positivismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999353-100https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007196-169


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*+>/) and Paraguay (in *+/,)% .*/-0 .*/>0 !y *++= most of its 2orders$ere firmly esta2lished% &he remaining issues?including thepurchase of the region of Acre from !oli'ia $hich $ould gi'e!ra"il its present@day configuration .*//0 ?$ere only finally resol'ed

after the country 2ecame a repu2lic% .*/+0(Ap s a IndependBncia de Portugal o foco imediato da pol tica estrangeira 2rasileira foi o2ter o reconhecimento

internacional geral% A primeira naDo a reconhecer a so2erania 2rasileira foram os 9stados Unidos em maio de

*+,-% 1utras naes seguiram esta2elecendo relaes diplomEticas ao longo dos pr ximos anos% Portugal

reconheceu a separaDo em agosto de *+,-% 1 go'erno 2rasileiro ulteriormente tornou uma prioridade

esta2elecer suas fronteiras internacionais por meio de tratados com seus 'i"inhos% A tarefa de conseguir as

fronteiras reconhecidas foi complicada pelo fato de 4ue entre */// e *+6* Portugal e 9spanha tinham anulado

seus tratados anteriores esta2elecendo suas fronteiras entre seus imp rios coloniais americanos% 9ntretanto o

Imp rio foi capa" de assinar 'Erios tratados 2ilaterais com seus 'i"inhos incluindo o Uruguai (em *+-*) Peru

( em *+-* e *+/7) a RepG2lica de :o'a ;ranada (depois ColHm2ia em *+-3)


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4ue forma'am as fronteiras continuou ap s aindependBncia% A falta de acordos de fronteira comunsnesta Erea le'ou a 'Erios conflitos internacionais desdea ;uerra Cisplatina at a ;uerra do Paraguai)%L!ra"il is next to oursel'es the great po$er on theAmerican continentM affirmedNames Jatson Je22 theU% % minister to !ra"il in *+>/%.*+*0 &he 9mpire#s rise $asnoticed as early as *+77 2y Nohn C% Calhoun the U% %

ecretary of tateO L:ext to the United tates !ra"il is themost $ealthy the greatest and the most firmlyesta2lished of all the American po$ers%M .*+,0 !y the early*+/6s ./=0 the international reputation of the 9mpire of!ra"il had impro'ed considera2ly and it remained $ell@regarded internationally until its end in *++=%.*6,0 Christopher Colum2us Andre$s an Americandiplomat in the !ra"ilian capital in the *++6s laterrecalled !ra"il as an Limportant 9mpireM in his memoirs%.*+30 In *+/* !ra"il $as in'ited to ar2itrate the dispute2et$een the United tates and !ritain $hich 2ecame5no$n as the Ala2ama Claims % In *++6 the 9mpire acted

as ar2iter 2et$een the United tates and France o'er thedamage caused to U% % nationals during the French inter'ention in exico % In *++7 !ra"il $as called upon toar2itrate 2et$een Chile and se'eral other nations (FranceItaly !ritain ;ermany !elgium Austria@8ungary and

$it"erland) o'er damages arising from the Jar of the Pacific%.*+70(L1 !rasil depois de n s mesmos o grande poder no continente

americanoM afirmou NJJ o ministro norte@americano no !rasil em *+>/% AascensDo do Imp rio foi anunciada E em *+77 por NCC o secretErio de9stado norte@americanoO LQepois dos 9UA o !rasil o mais rico o maior eo mais firmemente esta2elecido de todos os poderes americanos% Pelo in ciode *+/6 a reputaDo internacional do Imp rio do !rasil tinha melhoradoconsidera'elmente e permaneceu 2em@'isto internacionalmente at seu fim
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Watson_Webbhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith20107-183https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhounhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201018-184https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977.2C_Vol_29-79https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTETopik200056-102https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus_Andrewshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999306-185https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Claimshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_intervention_in_Mexicohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_intervention_in_Mexicohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Pacifichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Pacifichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues1995208-186https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Watson_Webbhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith20107-183https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhounhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201018-184https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977.2C_Vol_29-79https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTETopik200056-102https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus_Andrewshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999306-185https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Claimshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_intervention_in_Mexicohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_intervention_in_Mexicohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Pacifichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Pacifichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues1995208-186


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em *++=% CCA um diplomata americano na capital 2rasileira na d cada de*++6 mais tarde recordou o !rasil como um Limportante Imp rioM em suasmem rias% 9m *+/* o !rasil foi con'idado para ar2itrar a disputa entre os9UA e a ;rD@!retanha 4ue se tornou conhecido como Rei'indicaes do

Ala2ama% 9m *++6 o Imp rio atuou como Er2itro entre os 9UA e a Franaso2re os danos causados pelos nacionais dos 9UA durante a inter'enDofrancesa no xico% 9m *++7 o !rasil foi chamado a ar2itrar entre o Chile e'Erias outras naes (F I ;! A ! A8 e ) so2re os danos decorrentes da;uerra do Pac fico%

&he !ra"ilian go'ernment e'entually felt confidentenough to negotiate a trade deal $ith the United tates in*++= the first to 2e underta5en $ith any nation since the

disastrous and exploitati'e trade treaty $ith !ritain in*+,> (canceled in *+77)% American historian te'en C%&opi5 said that Pedro II#s L4uest for a trade treaty $ith theUnited tates $as part of a grander strategy to increasenational so'ereignty and autonomy%M Unli5e thecircumstances of the pre'ious pact the 9mpire $as in astrong position to insist on fa'ora2le trade terms asnegotiations occurred during a time of !ra"ilian domestic

prosperity and international prestige%.*+-0

(1 go'erno 2rasileiro finalmente sentiu@se seguro o 2astante para negociar um acordo comercial

com os 9U em *++= o primeiro a ser empreendido com uma naDodesde o desastroso e explorador tratado comercial com a;! em *+,> (cancelado em *+77)% 1 historiador norte@americano C& disse 4ue Pedro II L2uscou 4ue o tratadocomercial com os 9UA fosse parte de uma grandeestrat gia para aumentar a so2erania e a autonomia

nacionaisM% Qiferente das circunst ncias do pactoanterior o Imp rio esta'a numa forte posiDo para insistirem termos comerciais fa'orE'eis como as negociaesocorreram durante uma poca de prosperidade nacional2rasileira e prest gio internacional%)&urrency
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The unit ofcurrency from the Empire4s founding# and until19 3# was thereal royalJ in English# its plural formwas ris and is reais in modern "ortuguese:# and was deri edfrom the "ortuguese real . It was usuallycalled milris EnglishH thousand royals: and written as 1Q***. ' thousand milris 1H***Q***:%or one millionris %was5nown as conto de ris .A1); 0ne conto de ris wasrepresented by the symbol Rs written before the alue and bya dollar sign was written before any amounts lower than1#***ris . Thus#


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in 1)?* was the highest in Katin 'merica and triple thatof 'rgentina which was in fourth place. Brazil would 5eep itshigh standing in e=ports and general economic growth untilthe end of the monarchy. A1)9Brazilian economic e=pansion#especially after 1)?*# compared well with that of the United2tates and European nations. A19* The national ta= re enueamounted to /s 11. 9?H***Q*** in 1)ually distributed.A193 $owe er# for purposes ofcomparison# according to historian 2te en &. Topi5# in the

United 2tates# by 1)9*# )* percent of the population li ed onthe margin of subsistence# while 3* percent controlled almostall wealth.JA19uilibrium in thebalance of trade . !uringthe 1)3*s sugar constituted about


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ent,o a naS,o mais rica nas 'mFricas# os produtos agr8colastaram )*R de todas as suas e=portaSWes.In the 1)3*s# Brazil e=ported 11#*** tons ofcacao and by1))* this had increased to


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total capital of /s .***H***Q***. 't the end of the Imperialperiod in 1))9# Brazil had ; enta fGbricas com um capital total de /s... o fim do per8odo

imperial em 1))9# o Brasil tinha ;ue representa uma proporS,o anual de crescimento em

alor de 1*#9 R de 1)?* a 1))9:. 0 campo ecoa a com o tinir da pista de ferrosendo sulcado com as ferro ias >ue foram constru8das no mais furioso ritmo dosFculo [I[6 com efeito# as construSWes na dFcada de 1))* foram a segunda maiorem termos absolutos em toda a histOria brasileira. 'penas oito pa8ses em todo omundo instalaram mais ias ferro iGrias na dFcada do >ue o Brasil. ' primeiralinha ferro iGria# com apenas 1? 5m de pista# foi inaugurada em ue muitos pa8ses europeus n,o tinham ser iSoferro iGrio. "or olta de 1);)# ha ia 1) (m de linhas ferro iGrias# e por olta dofim do ImpFrio em 1))9 isto tinha aumentado para 9.33* (m com outros 9*** (mem construS,o fazendo o pa8s com a maior rede ferro iGria na 'mFrica KatinaJ.

Cactories were constructed throughout the Empire in the1))*s# allowing Brazil4s cities to be modernized and recei e
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the benefits of gas# electrical# sanitation# telegraph and tramcompanies. Brazil was entering the modern world.JA1*3 It wasthe fifth country in the world to install modern citysewers # thethird to ha esewage treatment A3*1 and one of the pioneers inthe installation of a telephone ser ice.A3* In addition to theforegoing impro ements to infrastructure# it was also the first2outh 'merican nation to adopt public electric lighting in1))uinta naS,o sul-americana a adotar a iluminaS,oelFtrica pXblica em 1))


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2ince the second half of the 1) th century# when Brazil was stilla colony# the go ernment had attempted to gather dataregarding the population. $owe er# few captaincies latercalled pro inces: collected the re>uested information.A31* 'fterindependence the go ernment instituted a commission forstatistics in an 1)39 decree with a mandate to hold a nationalcensus. A31* The commission was a failure and was disbandedin 1)< . In the ensuing years# pro incial go ernments weretas5ed with collecting census information# but their censusreports were often incomplete or not submitted at all.A31* In1)?1# another attempt at a nationwide census failed whenrioting bro5e out. This was the result of the erroneous belief

among Brazilians of mi=ed-race descent that the sur ey was asubterfuge designed to ensla e anyone ha ing 'frican blood.A311

!esde a segunda metade do sFculo [ III# >uando o Brasil ainda era uma colZnia# o go erno tentou coletar

dados com relaS,o V populaS,o. Entretanto# poucas capitanias depois chamadas pro 8ncias: coletaram as

informaSWes solicitadas. 'pOs a independ ncia o go erno instituiu uma comiss,o para estat8sticas num

decreto de 1)39 com um mandato para realizar um censo nacional. ' comiss,o foi umfracasso e foi dissol ida em 1)< . os anos seguintes# os

go ernos pro inciais foram encarregados de coletarinformaSWes para o censo# mas suas informaSWes sobre ocenso eram geralmente incompletas ou n,o submetiam atodos. Em 1)?1# outra tentati a para um censo em escalanacional falhou >uando tumultos eclodiram. Isso foi oresultado da errZnea crenSa entre os brasileiros deascend ncia mestiSa de >ue a pes>uisa era um subterfXgioproMetado para escra izar >ual>uer pessoa tendo sangue

africano:.The first true national census with e=hausti e and broadco erage was carried out in 1) 3. The small number ofpeople and small number of towns reported by the censusre eal Brazil4s enormous territory to ha e been sparselypopulated. It showed Brazil as ha ing a total population of
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9#9ueno nXmero de pessoas e o pe>ueno nXmerode cidades coberto pelo censo re elou um Brasil com enormeterritOrio tendo sido esparsamente po oado. 0 censo mostrouo Brasil tendo uma poulaS,o total de ... habitantes.Estimati as feitas pelo go erno em dFcadas anterioresdemonstraram ... de habitantes em 1)3< e deu uma cifrade ... em 1)? . ' populaS,o esta a distribu8da ao longo de 3*pro 8ncias e do Dunic8pio eutro a capital do ImpFrio: com; 1 munic8pios:.

'mong the free population 3


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1. 0s habitantes nas regiWes sudeste e nordestecombinados forma am ) #3R da populaS,o nacional. 0segundo censo nacional foi realizado em 1)9* >uando arepXblica brasileira tinha apenas alguns meses de idade. 2euresultado demonstrou >ue a populaS,o tinha crescido para...de habitantes desde o censo de 1) 3.Ethnic groups

Lrupos Ftnicos:Cour ethnic groups were recognized in ImperialBrazilHwhite#blac5#Indian and pardo .A31 The pardo EnglishHbrown: was a designation for multiracial Brazilians which is

still officially used#A31?A31;

though some scholars prefer theterm mestio EnglishH mi=ed one:. The term denotes a broadcategory which includes caboclos descendants of whites andIndians:#mulattoes descendants of whites and blac5s:and cafu os descendants of blac5s and Indians:.A31

Nuatro grupos Ftnicos eram reconhecidos no Brasil ImperialH branco# negro# 8ndio e pardo.0 pardoIngl sH marrom: era uma designaS,o para os multirracias

brasileiros >ue F ainda oficialmente usada# embora alguns

estudiosos prefiram o termo mestiSo Ingl sH misto:. !enotauma ampla categoria >ue inclui caboclos descendentes debrancos e 8ndios:# mulatos descendentes de brancos enegros: e cafuzos descendentes de negros e 8ndios:The caboclos formed the maMority of the population inthe orthern# ortheastern and &entral-7estern regions.A31)A313 A319 ' large mulatto population inhabited the eastern coastof the northeastern region from Bahia to "ara8baA33*A331 and

were also present in northern Daranh,o#A333A33ue de ... habitantes ha ia


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negros e ue numa populaS,o de ... R

eram brancos...

Europpean immigration

ImigraS,o eurpeia:"rior to 1)*)# the "ortuguese were the only European peopleto settle Brazil in significant numbers. 'lthough British#Lermans# Italians and 2panish had pre iously immigrated toBrazil# they had only done so as a small number of indi idualsor in ery small groups. These earliest non-"ortuguesesettlers did not ha e a significant impact on the culture of"ortugal4s Brazilian colony.A33? The situation changed after

1)*) when (ing +o,o I began to encourage immigrationfrom European countries outside "ortugal. A33?A33;'ntes de 1)*)# os portugueses eram os Xnicos po os europeus a colonizar o Brasil em nXmeros

e=pressi os. Embora brit\nicos# alem,es# italianos e espanhOistenham anteriormente imigrado para o Brasil# eles tinhamfeito apenas como um pe>ueno nXmero de indi 8duos ou emgrupos muito pe>uenos. Estes primeiros colonizadores n,oportugueses n,o ti eram um impacto significati o na cultura

da colZnia brasileira de "ortugal. ' situaS,o mudou depois de1)*) >uando o rei ! +o,o I comeSou a encoraMar aimigraS,o dos pa8ses europeus fora de "ortugal:.The first to arri e in numbers were the 2wiss# of whom some3#*** settled in /io de +aneiro pro ince during 1)1). A33 Theywere followed by Lermans and Irish# who immigrated to Brazilin the 1)3*s. Lerman settlers gra itated mostly to thesouthern pro inces# where the en ironment was more li5e

their homeland.A33)

In the 1)


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attract immigrants. The scheme endured until the end of the1)?*s# when the system collapsed and was abandoned. Thefailure was rooted in the large debts European settlersincurred in order to subsidize their tra el and settlemente=penses# lea ing them as irtual sla es to their employers.A3uecidos pelas lucrati ase=portaSWes de cafF# criaram o sistema de parceriaJ umaforma de ser id,o por contrato: para atrair imigrantes. 0programa durou atF o fim da dFcada de 1)?*# >uando osistema fracassou e foi abandonado. 0 fracasso este ebaseado nas grandes d8 idas em >ue os colonizadores

europeus incorreram para sub encionar suas despesas deiagem e estabelecimento# dei=ando-os como potenciaisescra os para seus empregadores. ' imigraS,o sofreu outrodecl8nio durante a Luerra do "araguai# >ue durou de 1); a1) *:.Immigrant numbers soared during the 1) *s in what came tobe called the great immigrationJ. Up to that point# around1*#*** Europeans arri ed in Brazil annually# but after 1) 3#

their numbers increased dramatically.A3


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decades# with );3#1** between 1)9 and 19*ue chegaram entre1)) e 1)9< subiram para ))


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antes da imigraS,o em massa# tornou-se atF mais di ergenteentre as regiWes. "ara uma naS,o >ue tinha uma pe>uena#muito dispersa populaS,o ...:# a imigraS,o de mais de ...europeus te e um enorme efeito sobre a composiS,o Ftnicado pa8s. Em 1) 3# o ano do primeiro censo nacional deseguranSa# os brasileiros brancos representa am um poucomais de um terSo do total da populaS,o6 em 1)9*# elestinham aumentado para um pouco menos da metade R:de todos os brasileiros.2la ery

Escra id,o:

In 1)3


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regions de oted to producing e=ports for foreign mar5ets.A3 3 2ugarcane plantations on the eastern coast of the northwest region during the 1; th and 1 th centuries are typical of economicacti ities dependent on sla e labor.A3 < In northern Daranh,o pro ince#

sla e labor was used in cotton and rice production in the 1) th century.A3 In this period# sla es were also e=ploited inDinas Lerais pro incewhere gold was e=tracted.A3 ? 2la ery was also common in /io de +aneiro and 2,o "aulo during the 19th century for the culti ationof coffee which became ital to the national economy.A3 ;

'lguns dos escra os trazidos para as 'mFricas tinham sido capturados en>uanto luta am em guerras

intertribais na @frica e tinham ent,o sido endidospor traficantes de escra os.Embora os escra os fossem normalmente negros ou mulatos

hou e casos relatados de escra os brancos P produto degeraSWes de relaSWes se=uais interFtnicas entre donos deescra os masculinos e suas escra as mulatas embora istofosse muito raro e n,o fosse socialmente apro ado:. 0sescra os e seus descendentes eram normalmenteencontrados em regiWes dedicadas a produzirem e=portaSWespara os mercados estrangeiros. 's plantaSWes de cana-de-aSXcar na costa leste da regi,o noroeste durante os sFculos

[ I e [ II eram t8picas das ati idades econZmicasdependentes do trabalho escra o. a pro 8ncia do Daranh,o#no orte# o trabalho escra o era usado na produS,o dealgod,o e arroz no sFculo [ III. este per8odo# escra ostambFm eram e=plorados na pro 8ncia de DL onde o ouroera e=tra8do. ' escra id,o tambFm foi comum no /+ e 2"durante o sFculo [I[ para o culti o de cafF >ue se tornaria

ital para a economia nacional:.

Dost sla es wor5ed as plantation laborers.A3

/elati ely fewBrazilians owned sla es and most small and medium-sizedfarms employed free wor5ers.A3 ) 2la es could be foundscattered throughout society in other capacitiesH some wereused as house ser ants# farmers# miners# prostitutes#gardeners and in many other roles. A3 9 Dany emancipated
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sla es went on to ac>uire sla es and there were e en casesof sla es who had their own sla es.A3?*A3?1 E en the harshestsla e owners adhered to a long-established practice of sellingsla es along with their families# ta5ing care not to separateindi iduals.A3?3

' maioria dos escra os trabalhou como trabalhadores da fazenda. /elati amentepoucos brasileiros possu8am escra os e a maioria dos mFdiose pe>uenos fazendeiros emprega am trabalhadores li res.Escra os poderiam ser encontrados espalhados em toda asociedade em outras habilidadesH alguns eram usados comoempregados domFsticos# la radores# mineiros# prostitutas#fazendeiros e em muitos outros papFis. Duitos escra osemancipados iriam obter escra os e hG atF casos deescra os >ue tinham seus prOprios escra os. 'tF os maisse eros proprietGrios de escra os aderiram V prGticalongamente estabelecida de ender escra os Munto com suasfam8lias# tomando o cuidado para n,o separar os indi 8duos:.The pre alence of sla ery was not geographically uniformacross Brazil. 'round 1) * only fi e pro inces /io de +aneirowith


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com R:. Entre as 1< pro 8ncias restantes no eseparadamente tinham atF ue eram libertadosimediatamente torna am-se cidad,os com todos os direitosci is garantidos - a Xnica e=ceS,o sendo >ue# atF 1))1# osescra os libertos eram impedidos de otarem nas eleiSWes#embora seus filhos e descendentes poderiam otar:.:o2ility(6obre+a

The nobility of Brazil differed mar5edly from its counterparts inEuropeH noble titles were not hereditary# with the solee=ception of members of the Imperial Camily#A3? and thosewho had recei ed a noble title were not considered to belongto a separate social class# and recei edno appanages #stipends or emoluments.A3?

' nobreza do Brasil diferia marcadamente de seus e>ui alentes na EuropaH os t8tulos de nobre n,o eram

hereditGrios# com a Xnica e=ceS,o dos membros da fam8lia imperial# e a>ueles >ue tinham recebido um

t8tulo de nobre n,o eram considerados pertencentes a uma classe social separada# e n,o recebiam

apanGgios# estip ndios ou emolumentos:.

$owe er# many ran5s# traditions# and regulations in Brazil4ssystem of nobility were co-opted directly from the "ortuguesearistocracy.A3??A3?; !uring "edro I4s reign there were no clearre>uisites for someone to be ennobled. !uring "edro II4s reign

apart from the /egency period during which the regent couldnot grant titles or honorsA3? : the nobility e ol ed intoameritocracyA3?? with titles granted in recognition of anindi idual4s outstanding ser ice to the Empire or for the public

good. oble ran5 did not represent recognition of illustriousancestry.JA3?)A3?9Entretanto# muitas posiSWes# tradiSWes e normas no sistema brasileiro de nobreza eram cooptados

diretamente da aristocracia portuguesa. !urante o reinado de "edro I n,o ha ia re>uisitosclaros para alguFm ser nobilitado. !urante o reinado de"edro II e=ceto pelo per8odo da /eg ncia durante o >ual o
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regente n,o poderia conceder t8tulos ou honras: a nobrezae oluiu numa ameritocracia com t8tulos concedidos emreconhecimento a indi 8duos >ue se destacaram no ser iSoao ImpFrio ou ao bem pXblico. ' posiS,o de nobre n,orepresenta a reconhecimento de ancestrais ilustresJ:.It was the Emperor4s right as head of the E=ecuti e branch togrant titles and honors.A3?? The titles of nobility were# inascending order# baron# iscount# count# mar>uis and du5e.A3?? 'part from position in the hierarchy there were otherdistinctions between the ran5sH counts# mar>uises and du5eswere considered Lrandees of the Empire J while the titles ofbarons and iscounts could be bestowed with LreatnessJ or

without LreatnessJ.A3?? 'll ran5s of the Brazilian nobility wereto be addressed as ]our E=cellencyJ. A3??

Era direito do Imperador como chefe do E=ecuti o conceder t8tulos e honras. 0s t8tulos de nobreza foram#

em ordem crescente# bar,o# isconde# conde# mar>u s e du>ue. 'lFm da posiS,o na hierar>uia ha ia

outras distinSWes entre as categoriasH condes# mar>ueses e du>ues eram considerados Lrandes do

ImpFrioJ en>uanto os t8tulos de barWes e iscondes poderiam ser concedidos com LrandezaJ ou sem

LrandezaJ. Todas as categorias da nobreza brasileira eram endereSadas como 2ua E=cel ncia:.

Between 1)33 and 1))9# 9); people were ennobled. A3;* 0nlythree became !u5esH 'uguste de Beauharnais# 3 nd !u5e ofKeuchtenberg as !u5e of 2anta &ruz# brother-in-law to"edro I:# !ona Isabel Daria de 'lc\ntara Brasileira as!uchess of LoiGs# illegitimate daughter of "edro I: andlastly Ku8s 'l es de Kima e 2il a as !u5e of &a=ias# hero ofthe "araguayan 7ar :.A3;1 The other titles granted were asfollowsH mar>uises# ?1 counts# 1 ; iscounts withLreatnessJ# )9 iscounts without LreatnessJ# 1


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limited to male BraziliansHThomas &ochrane# 1*th Earl of !undonald # a2cot# was made Dar>uis of Daranh,o for hisrole in the Brazilian 7ar of Independence #A3;< and 39 womenrecei ed grants of nobility in their own right.A3; 's well asbeing unrestricted by gender # noracial distinctions were madein conferring noble status. Caboclos #A3;? mulattoes#A3;; blac5sA3; and e en IndiansA3; were ennobled.

Entre 1)33 e 1))9# 9); pessoas foram enobrecidas. 'penastr s tornaram-se !u>uesH ... 0s outros t8tulos concedidosforam os seguintesH ... $ou e menos nobres do >ue t8tulos denobre por>ue muitos foram ele ados mais do >ue uma ezdurante sua e=ist ncia# como por e=emplo o !u>ue de &a=ias>ue primeiro foi feito um bar,o# depois um conde# depois ummar>u s e finalmente foi ele ado a !u>ue. &oncessWes denobreza n,o foram limitadas aos homens brasileirosH Thomas&ochrane# dFcimo &onde de !undonald# um escoc s# foi feitoDar>u s do Daranh,o por seu papel na Luerra brasileira deIndepend ncia# e 39 mulheres receberam concessWes denobreza por direito prOprio. Bem como sendo irrestrita porg nero# nenhuma distinS,o racial era feita na concess,o do

status de nobre. &aboclos# mulatos# negros e atF 8ndios foramnobilitados:.

The lesser nobility# who were untitled# were made up ofmembers of the Imperial 0rders. There were si= of theseHthe 0rder of &hrist# the0rder of 2aint Benedict of ' iz #the 0rder of 2aint +ames of the 2word # the0rder of the 2outhern &ross# the0rder of "edro I and the 0rder of the /ose .A3?; The first three had grades of honor beyond theLrand Daster reser ed for the Emperor only:H 5night#commander and grand cross. The latter three# howe er# haddifferent ran5sH the 0rder of the 2outhern &ross with four# the0rder of the /ose with si=# and the 0rder of "edro I withthree.A3?;
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' nobreza menor# >ue esta a sem t8tulo# foi feita pormembros das 0rdensImperiais. $a ia seis destasH a 0rdem de &risto# a 0rdem de2,o Bento de ' is# a 0rdem de 2,o Tiago de Espada# a0rdem do &ruzeiro do 2ul# a 0rdem de "edro I e a 0rdem da/osa. 's tr s primeiras tinham graus de honra alFm do Lr,o-Destre reser ado apenas para o Imperador:H ca aleiro#comandante e Lr,-&ruz. 's tr s Xltimas# entretanto# tinhamcategorias diferentesH a 0rdem do &ruzeiro do 2ul com>uatro# a 0rdem da /osa com seis# e a 0rdem de "edro Icom tr s:./eligion

/elig,o: 'rticle fi e of the &onstitution declared&atholicism to bethe state religion.A3;) $owe er# theclergy had long beenunderstaffed# undisciplined and poorly educated#A3;9A3 * all ofwhich led to a general loss of respect for the &atholic &hurch.A3;9 !uring "edro II4s reign# the Imperial go ernment embar5edupon a program of reform designed to address thesedeficiencies.A3;9

0 artigo cinco da &onstituiS,o declarou o &atolicismo areligi,o do Estado. Entretanto# o clero hG muito tempo te efalta de pessoal# era indisciplinado e insuficientementeeducado# todos os >uais le aram a uma perda geral dorespeito para a IgreMa &atOlica. !urante o reinado de "edro II#o go erno imperial embarcou num programa de reformaproMetado para enfrentar estas defici ncias:. 's &atholicism was the official religion# the Emperor

e=ercised a great deal of control o er &hurch affairsA3;9

andpaid clerical salaries# appointed parish priests# nominatedbishops# ratifiedpapal bulls and super ised seminaries. A3;9A3 1 In pursuing reform# the go ernment selected bishopswhose moral fitness# stance on education and support forreform met with their appro al.A3;9A3 * $owe er# as more
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Churchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002126-270https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254-271https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254-271https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007151-272https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254-271https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254-271https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254-271https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_(Catholic_Church)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_bullshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254-271https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007150-273https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254-271https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254-271https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007151-272https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Churchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002126-270https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254-271https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007151-272https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254-271https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254-271https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254-271https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_(Catholic_Church)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_bullshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254-271https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007150-273https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254-271https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007151-272


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capable men began to fill the clerical ran5s# resentment ofgo ernment control o er the &hurch increased.A3;9A3 * &atholicclerics mo ed closer to the "ope and his doctrines. Thisresulted in the /eligious Nuestion # a series of clashes duringthe 1) *s between the clergy and the go ernment# since theformer wanted a more direct relationship with /ome and thelatter sought to maintain its o ersight of church affairs.A3 3

0 catolicismo eraa religi,o oficial# o Imperador e=ercia grande partedo controle sobre os assuntos da IgreMa e paga a os salGriosdos clFrigos# nomea a os pGrocos# indica a os bispos#ratifica a as bulas papais e super isiona a os seminGrios. apersecuS,o da reforma# o go erno selecionou bispos cuMa boamoral# posiS,o sobre educaS,o e apoio para a reformareuniu-se com a sua apro aS,o. Entretanto# como os maiscapazes homens comeSaram a ocupar as fileiras do clero# oressentimento do controle do go erno sobre a IgreMaaumentou. &leros catOlicos apro=imaram-se do "apa e desuas doutrinas. Isto resultou na Nuest,o /eligiosa# uma sFriede conflitos durante a dFcada de 1) * entre o clero e ogo erno# desde >ue os primeiros procuraram uma relaS,o

mais direta com /oma e o segundo buscou manter suafiscalizaS,o dos assuntos da igreMa:.The &onstitution did allow followers of other# non-&atholic#faiths to practice their religious beliefs# albeit only in pri ate.The construction of non-&atholic religious buildings wasforbidden.A3 < Crom the outset these restrictions were ignoredby both the citizenry and authorities. InBelFm# "arG4s capital#the first synagogue was built in 1)3 .A3 < +ews migrated to

Brazil soon after its independence and settled mainly in thenortheastern pro inces of Bahia and "ernambuco and in thenorthern pro inces of 'mazonas and "arG. A3 < 0ther +ewishgroups came from the 'lsace-Korraine region of Lermany andfrom /ussia. A3 By the 1))*s# there were se eral +ewishcommunities and synagogues scattered throughout Brazil. A3 ?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254-271https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254-271https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007151-272https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Questionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254.E2.80.93256-274https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002450-275https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A9mhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002450-275https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002450-275https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace-Lorrainehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002450.E2.80.93451-276https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002451-277https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254-271https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007151-272https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Questionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254.E2.80.93256-274https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002450-275https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A9mhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002450-275https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002450-275https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace-Lorrainehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002450.E2.80.93451-276https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002451-277


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' constituiS,o permitia a seguidores de outras fFs n,o catOlicas praticarem suas crenSasreligiosas# embora apenas de forma pri ada. ' construS,odos edif8cios das religiWes n,o catOlicas foi proibida. !esde oprinc8pio estas restriSWes foram ignoradas tanto peloscidad,os >uanto pelas autoridades. Em BelFm# capital do"arG# a primeira sinagoga foi constru8da em 1)3 . +udeusmigraram para o Brasil logo depois de sua independ ncia eestabeleceram-se principalmente nas pro 8ncias nordestinasda Bahia e "ernambuco e nas pro 8ncias do orte do

'mazonas e do "arG. 0utros grupos de Mudeus ieram da 'lsGcia-Korena# regi,o da 'lemanha# e da /Xssia. "or oltada dFcada de 1))*# ha ia Grias comunidades Mudaicas e

sinagogas espalhadas em todo o Brasil:.The "rotestants were another group that began settling inBrazil at the beginning of the 19th century. The first "rotestantswere English# and an 'nglican church was opened in /io de+aneiro in 1)3*. 0thers were established afterwards in 2,o"aulo# "ernambuco and Bahia pro inces. A3 ; They werefollowed by Lerman and 2wiss Kutherans who settled in the2outh and 2outhwest regions and built their own houses of

worship.A3 ;

Collowing theU.2. &i il 7ar in the 1);*s#immigrants from the southern United 2tates see5ing toescape /econstruction settled in 2,o "aulo. 2e eral

'merican churches sponsored missionary acti ities#includingBaptists#Kutherans#&ongregationalists and Dethodists .A3

0s protestantes eram outro grupo >ue comeSou estabelecendo-se no Brasil no in8cio do sFculo [I[. 0s

primeiros protestantes eram ingleses# e uma IgreMa 'nglicana foi aberta no /+ em 1)3*. 0utros

estabeleceram-se

mais tarde nas pro 8ncias de 2"# "E e B'. Elesforam seguidos pelos luteranos alem,es e su8Sos >ue seestabeleceram nas regiWes 2ul e 2udoeste e co

empire of brazil

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