EMPIRES

Mark Hanna elects McKinley• Populism dies out

• Economy grows rapidly due to:–gold strikes in Canada and Alaska

–war in Europe

–Pro-business government

–Every 20 years

The Great Land Rush (Grab)

Nationalism in Action• 1889: US Vs..

Germany over Samoa

• 1891: 11 Italians lynched in N.O.

• 1892: two US sailors killed in Chile

• 1893: US Vs. Canada over border islands

• 1894: GB Vs. Venez. Over Br. Guinea--threatens Monroe Doctrine

Road to Expansion/Imperialism

• Commercial/Business InterestsCommercial/Business Interests

• Social Darwinist Thinking: White Social Darwinist Thinking: White Man’s BurdenMan’s Burden

• Military/Strategic InterestsMilitary/Strategic Interests

Reason 1. Reason 1. Commercial/Business Commercial/Business

InterestsInterests

Reason 1. Reason 1. Commercial/Business Commercial/Business

InterestsInterests

U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

1st Overseas Expansion: Hawaii• 1870 Missionaries: Josiah Strong• Coaling Station• 1875: Commercial Reciprocity Treaty signed• 1887: Pearl Harbor leased as naval station• 1888 American fruit plantation owners want

the US to annex Hawaii• President Cleveland refuses

1890: McKinley Tariff hurts Amer. Plantation owners1893: Queen Liliuokalani rejects Planters request for US annexation

Sanford Ballard DoleSanford Ballard Dole uses US marines touses US marines to

proclaim the Republic proclaim the Republic of Hawaii in 1894.of Hawaii in 1894.

1896: McKinley elected 1896: McKinley elected

1898: Hawaii annexed

Hawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen Liliuokalani

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

Reason 2: white Man’s BurdenReason 2: white Man’s BurdenReason 2: white Man’s BurdenReason 2: white Man’s Burden

American Missionari

esin China,

1905

American Missionari

esin China,

1905

Reason 2: Social Darwinist Reason 2: Social Darwinist Thinking/Thinking/

Reason 2: Social Darwinist Reason 2: Social Darwinist Thinking/Thinking/

The White Man’sBurden

The White Man’sBurdenThe Hierarchy

of RaceThe Hierarchy

of Race

Reason 3: Military/Strategic Reason 3: Military/Strategic InterestsInterests

Reason 3: Military/Strategic Reason 3: Military/Strategic InterestsInterests

Alfred Mahan

Influence of Sea Power on History

America WANTS a war,AND

THE WINNER IS SPAINBUT WHAT EXCUSE

CUBA

JINGOISM

• Many Americans wanted a fight to:

•competition between Hearst & Pulitzer

•Weyler The Butcher

•A CIVIL WAR for independence

•Sell papers (Yellow Press)

–Prove to Europe we could

–Expand territory

–Increase trade

–Roosevelt & Dewey (Boys and their Toys)

CUBA

• 1895 Revolt by peasants as the McKinley Tariff increases price of foreign sugar

• US sympathizes w/ rebels and worries about $50,000,000 capital and $100,000,000 in trade

• Spain sends in “Butcher Weyler”

• McKinley Pres..• Delome Letter• Feb 9th, 1898: The

Maine

Pulitzer; No “prize”

as a journalist

Hearst’s “Yellow Kid”

““Yellow Journalism” & Yellow Journalism” & JingoismJingoism

““Yellow Journalism” & Yellow Journalism” & JingoismJingoism

Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer

William Randolph Hearst

William Randolph Hearst

Hearst to Frederick Hearst to Frederick Remington:Remington: You furnish the You furnish the pictures,pictures, and I’ll furnish the war! and I’ll furnish the war!

Spanish Misrule

Valeriano Weyler’s Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy

Valeriano Weyler’s Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy

De Lôme LetterDe Lôme LetterDe Lôme LetterDe Lôme Letter

Dupuy de Lôme, Dupuy de Lôme, SpanishSpanishAmbassador to the Ambassador to the U.S.U.S.

Criticized PresidentCriticized PresidentMcKinley as McKinley as weak and weak and aabidder for the bidder for the admirationadmirationof the crowd, besidesof the crowd, besidesbeing a would-be being a would-be politicianpoliticianwho tries to leave a who tries to leave a doordooropen behind himself open behind himself whilewhilekeeping on good termskeeping on good termswith the jingoes of hiswith the jingoes of hisparty.party.

“Remember The Maine

To Hell With Spain”

Remember the MaineRemember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!and to Hell with Spain!Remember the MaineRemember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!and to Hell with Spain!

The Dogs of War• The PEOPLE were

generally jingoistic, but labor was leery of more immigrants

• Business was mostly pro war

• The South wanted Cuba• McKinley was a politician

Teddy as ASSISTANTSecretary of

the Navy

• Feb. 25, 1898 TR orders Navy to the Philippines without permission.

The The “Rough “Rough Riders”Riders”

The The “Rough “Rough Riders”Riders”

““That Splendid That Splendid Little War”Little War”

What are the two theaters of war?

CUBA & Puerto Rico• TEDDY RESIGNS TO FORM Rough Riders

• July 1st1898 San Juan and Kettle Hill taken. 17,000 US “soldiers” Vs. 200,000 Spanish--but only 2,000 show up to fight.

• July 3rd Spanish navy defeated. 500 dead Spaniards, one dead American.

• Puerto Rico--no Resistance at all

• August 12th 1898 Spain sues for peace.

San Juan Hill????

What are the two theaters of war?

Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!

Philippines• Aug. 13th 1898 The

Filipino rebels defeat Spanish troops on land.

• Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the independence of the Philippines on June 12, 1898.

• America said – Not so fast…

Emilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo

LLeader of the Filipinoeader of the FilipinoUprising.Uprising.

July 4, 1946:July 4, 1946:Philippine Philippine independenceindependence

Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?

What does she represent, and is it the same for

all groups?

Filipino’s Too??

Peace of Paris 1898• US Gets:

– Guam– Puerto Rico– Cuba (temp)– US gives Spain

$20,000,000 for Philippines

Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?

Senator Orville Platt

Senator Orville Platt

Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment (1903) (1903)

1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence. foreign powers that would endanger its independence.

2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if 2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt. necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.

3. Cuba must lease 3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo BayGuantanamo Bay to the U.S. for to the U.S. for naval and coaling station. naval and coaling station.

4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.

New Colonial Laws: 1898New Colonial Laws: 1898New Colonial Laws: 1898New Colonial Laws: 18981900 - Foraker ActForaker Act..Limited Independence.Limited Independence. The new government had a governor and an executive council appointed by the President of the United States,

1901-1903 1901-1903 the the Insular CasesInsular Cases..

1917 – 1917 – Jones ActJones Act. Gives . Gives Philippines territorial Philippines territorial status, & promises status, & promises future independence.future independence.

American Casualties• 400 dead from bullets

• 5,000 dead from – “embalmed” beef

– tropical diseases

– woolen uniforms• Our ideals???? What would we do with these

islands?

• Puerto Rico: 1900 limited self-gov’t, 1917 becomes a US Terr with citizenship but w/out taxation.

• Philippines: Aquinaldoes forces have been fighting for 20 years and expect independence….

• Philippines becomes America’s 1st Vietnam

The American Anti-The American Anti-Imperialist Imperialist LeagueLeague

The American Anti-The American Anti-Imperialist Imperialist LeagueLeague

Founded in 1899.Founded in 1899.

Mark Twain, Andrew Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, WilliamCarnegie, WilliamJames, and WilliamJames, and WilliamJennings Bryan Jennings Bryan amongamongthe leaders.the leaders.

Campaigned against Campaigned against thetheannexation of theannexation of thePhilippines and otherPhilippines and otheracts of imperialism.acts of imperialism.

William H. Taft, 1stWilliam H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the PhilippinesGov.-General of the Philippines

William H. Taft, 1stWilliam H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the PhilippinesGov.-General of the Philippines

Great Great administrator.administrator.

The Imperialist TailorThe Imperialist TailorThe Imperialist TailorThe Imperialist Tailor

Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”

The freedom fighters we liberate from Spain, turn their guns on US when we refuse to

leave.

CHAPTER 11 sec 4

2nd Filipino Revolution

• 1900 65,000 US troops sent in to keep order• Concentration camps reopened.• 5,000 US soldiers dead• Discord and distrust split Filipino forces• 1901 Aguinaldo captured & the rebellion ends• Taft’s administration reduces US hatred• July 4th, 1946 Independence granted

Filipino: “What yer got?”

Cuba: “Pie”

Filipino: “Were’d yer git it?”

Cuba: “Mah Uncle Sam gin it to me, an maybe if you was half way decent he’d gib you some.”

The war fought by American troops in the Philippines against the Filipinos

A. was highly popular in the United States.

B. was remarkable for its lack of atrocities.

C. waged in accord with traditional American ideals.

D. was won with fewer casualties than the war in Cuba.

E. caused the Americans to use reconcentration camps.

What About China?• 160 million potential consumers• warlord period• European and Japanese colonialism

beginning• US (John Hay) issues the Open Door

Policy• Rejected by all sides until the Boxer

Rebellion has to be put down.

The Boxer Rebellion: The Boxer Rebellion: 19001900

The Boxer Rebellion: The Boxer Rebellion: 19001900

The Righteous Harmonious The Righteous Harmonious Fists.Fists.

““55 Days at Peking.”55 Days at Peking.”

•Europe and Japan want to colonize and even conquer China if necessary. •The US (a late-comer to imperialism) wants a less obvious, less expensive economic imperialism.

•Europe and Japan want to colonize and even conquer China if necessary. •The US (a late-comer to imperialism) wants a less obvious, less expensive economic imperialism.

The Open Door PolicyThe Open Door PolicyThe Open Door PolicyThe Open Door Policy

Secretary Secretary John HayJohn Hay..

Give all nations equalGive all nations equalaccess to trade in China.access to trade in China.

Guaranteed that China would NOT be Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken taken over by any one foreign power.over by any one foreign power.

Election of 1900• McKinley Vs.

W. J. Bryan• TR chosen as VP to get

him OUT of NY (also to win NY and put a reform spin on things.

• 4 more years of a full dinner pail Vs. anti-imperialism and the old “Silver” issue.

• Landslide Rep victory

1901--McKinley Assassinated

• “That Damn little cowboy is the president?” Mark Hanna

• Only 42 years old

• Advocate of “Strenuousity”

• Republican Reformer (oxymoron?)

• Speak softly and carry a big stick’

Roosevelt’s Corollary

Foreign Policy

•US forces put down revolts in –Cuba–Haiti–Columbia (Panama)–Nicaragua–Dominican Republic

Roosevelt’sCorollary results in

What he REALLY wanted was a canal thru the Isthmus of Panama • Part of Columbia, offer them $10 mill, but

they demand $25 mill

• Supports a Panamanian revolution

• Pays off ($40 mill) the French consortium that had failed 10 years earlier

• Congress recognizes Panama 3 days BEFORE they ask for it.

• Congress gives Columbia $10 mill

Panama CanalPanama CanalPanama CanalPanama Canal

TR in Panama(Construction

begins in 1904)

TR in Panama(Construction

begins in 1904)

The Cares of a Growing The Cares of a Growing FamilyFamily

The Cares of a Growing The Cares of a Growing FamilyFamily

Constable of the WorldConstable of the WorldConstable of the WorldConstable of the World

Treaty of Portsmouth: Treaty of Portsmouth: 19051905

Treaty of Portsmouth: Treaty of Portsmouth: 19051905

Nobel Peace Prize for TeddyNobel Peace Prize for Teddy

The Great White Fleet: The Great White Fleet: 19071907

The Great White Fleet: The Great White Fleet: 19071907