empirical investication on pedestrian crowd dynamics and grouping
TRANSCRIPT
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Empirical Investigation on Pedestrian Crowd Dynamics and Grouping
Andrea Gorrini1, Stefania Bandini2, Giuseppe Vizzari2
1 Information Society Ph.D. Program, Department of Sociology and Social Research University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
2 Complex Systems and Artificial Intelligence Research Center (CSAI)University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
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TGF 2013 - Jülich Supercomputing Centre - Sept. 25-27, 2013
Outline
• Why observing groups? Motivations and fundamental research question
• Available literature, data and observations on group influence on pedestrian behaviour
• An observation and analysis of group influence in Vittorio Emanuele II Gallery in Milano
• Towards an interdisciplinary research on pedestrian and crowd analysis and synthesis
• Conclusions and discussion
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Crowds of pedestrians as complex systems
• Overall system behaviour depends on individuals’ decisions and actions…• … that are generally influenced
by a large number of factors• … intertwined in an often
unpredictable way• Mixed and conflicting mechanisms
• Competition for the shared space…
• … but also cooperation (non written social norms) to prevent stall situations
• Imitation...• ... but also natural tendency to
stay at a distance (proxemics)• Emergent phenomena • …
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Impact of groups in pedestrian and crowd dynamics
• Current approaches to modeling and simulation generally consider every pedestrian as a individual with almost no relationships• Considering only his/her own
goals• Considering other pedestrians
as moving obstacles or movement opportunities
• Nonetheless, in several situations pedestrians are bound by relationships influencing their movement• Generally speaking, a crowd is
made up of groups of pedestrians...
• What do we miss by neglecting this aspect of pedestrian behaviour?
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Groups in the literature - Observations
• At least two studies report observations about groups
• Willis A, Gjersoe N, Havard C, Kerridge J, Kukla R, 2004, "Human movement behaviour in urban spaces: implications for the design and modelling of effective pedestrian environments" Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 31(6) 805 – 828
• Michael Schultz, Christian Schulz, and Hartmut Fricke. “Passenger Dynamics at Airport Terminal Environment”, Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2008, Springer-Verlag, 2010
• Observations carried out in low density conditions
• Groups of small size were most frequently observed
• Little data about dynamic group proxemic behaviour
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Admission test University of Milano-Bicocca
• Admission test of the Faculty of Psychology at the University of Milano-Bicocca - September 1, 2011
• Counting activity supported by video footages of the event
• About two thousand students attended the test• About 34% individuals, 50%
couples, 13% triples and 3% groups of 4 members (!)
• Statistically validated relationship between group size and velocity• Additional quantitative analyses
about the arrival and entrance process, LOS
• Qualitative analysis of group shapes and related phenomena
• More details in PED and ACRI (C&CA) 2012 papers
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Scenario Analysis The Vittorio Emanuele II gallery is a popular commercial-touristic walkway situated in the Milan city centre; it represents an optimal scenario for video recording pedestrian flows
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Data CollectionThe survey was performed the 24th of November 2012 from 2:50 pm to 4:10 pm. Thanks to the official authorization of the Municipality of Milan, the video footages
were performed from the balcony of the gallery; the staff was composed of four
observers; the equipment consisted of two video-camera with tripods
TGF 2013 - Jülich Supercomputing Centre - Sept. 25-27, 2013
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Data Analysis The survey was aimed at collecting data about: level of density and walkway level of
service; presence of groups; group size and proxemics spatial patterns; trajectories;
walking speed; group proxemics dispersion
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Data Reduction and Analysis A selected portion of the gallery was considered for the analyses (12.8m – 12.8m). A grid of square cells (designed by using Adobe Photoshop CS5) was used in order
to discretize the environment in cells and to perform data analyses
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1. Results – Fruin’s LOS The bidirectional pedestrian flows were measured every minute; the total flow was composed of 7773 people; the level of density was low; the average walkway
level of service corresponded to the B level (7.78 ped/min/m) that correspond to an irregular flow in low density situations
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2. Results – Presence of Groups The video was sampled considering one minute every five: a subset of 15 minutes
was extracted (1645 people - 21.16% of the total); the presence of groups (84.19%), their size and proxemics arrangements were detected
Patterns Couples Triples ≥ 4 Members
Lane 94.43% 31.91% 29.61%
River 5.57% 9.57% 3.12%
V-like - 58.51% 10.39%
Rhombus - - 7.79%
Two Dyads - - 32.47%
Triad + Single - - 10.39%
Single + Triad - - 6.23%
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3. Results – Walking Path and Speed A sample of 30 singles, 15 couples, 10 triples and 8 groups of four member was
considered related to the B level of service. Data analysis was aimed at checking any differences in walking path and speed between singles and group members
Singles Couples Triples 4 Members
Walking Speed 1.22 m/sec (sd 0.16)
0.92 m/sec(sd 0.18)
0.73 m/sec(sd 0.10)
0.65 m/sec(sd 0.04)
Path 13.96 m(sd 1.11)
13.39 m(sd 0.38)
13.45 m(sd 0.27)
13.16 m(sd 0.43)
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Identification of groups (and elderlies)
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3.1 Results – Trajectories and Path Within B level of service the differences in walking path between singles-couples and
singles-triples were significant (t-test, p < 0.05); no significant difference in path
between couple-triples (p > 0.05). The path of singles is 4.48% longer the the average
path of group members
Singles Couples Triples 4 Members
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3.2 Results – Walking Speed Within B level of service the differences in walking speed between singles-couples,
singles-triples, singles-4members, couples-triples and triples-4 members were
significant (t-test, p < 0.01). The average walking speed of group members is 37.21%
lower than the one of singles
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4.1 Results – Proxemics Dispersion Within B level of service situations the differences in proxemics group dispersion
(distance from the centroid of the group) between couples-triples and couples-4
members was significant (t-test, p < 0.01). The average spatial dispersion of triples and
groups of 4 members is 40.97% higher than the one of couples
Couples Triples 4 Members
DistanceCentroid
0.58 m(sd 0,22)
0.76 m(sd 0,11)
0.67(sd 0.12)
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4.2 Results – Proxemics Dispersion The normalized position of each pedestrian with respect to the centroid and the
movement direction show that couples tend to walk with a line-abreast layout and a
distance of 0.4 m; triples tend to walk with a line-abreast pattern of 0.6 m (from left to
right members); no particular pattern regarding groups of 4 members can be detected
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Couples Triples
Groups of 4
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Towards integrated analysis and synthesis?
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Model and simulator
Target system
Simulation results
Empirical data
Simulation campaignexecution
Modellingand design of
a simulator
Analysis ofresults and
interpretation
Analysis of thedynamics of target
system
Synthesis
Analysis
(i) Formalisation ofphenomenologies
(ii) Metrics, indicators,techniques
(i) Motivations and goalsfor model innovation(ii) Data for calibration
and validation
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Towards integrated analysis and synthesis?
TGF 2013 - Jülich Supercomputing Centre - Sept. 25-27, 2013
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Conclusions and discussion
• Groups are relevant and significant
• Models for the simulation of crowds of pedestrians focused on collective events should consider them
• More observations, experiments and simulations are necessary to improve our understanding of the phenomenon
• More tight collaboration between researchers working on synthesis and analysis of crowds is promising and possibly beneficial for both
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Grazie dell’attenzione! Thanks for your attention! Giuseppe Vizzari