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Empirically Speaking – practical application of theoretical principles in distance education

By RZP For AU – EdD - Professor FahyEDDE801- Assignment 3Sep. 15, 2015 – Adobe Connect presentation

Learning Theories

Vision Metaphor

DE Theories

Classical

Emerging

Field of practiceStudent audienceEmpirical observationTimelineRationaleFindings 2011-2014

2014 –

2015

Images courtesy of ClipArt

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Why is behavirourism associated with a black box?

I don’t really know20%

Learner obtains Knowledge

20%Learner viewed as

empty vessel60%

Source: Christensen, T.K. (2008). The role of theory in instructional design: some views of an ID practitioner http://performancexpress.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/PFI47_4_25.pdf Retrieved on August 30, 2015Ormrod, J. E. (2009). Essentials of Educational Psychology (Second edition ed.). Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.: Pearson.

GoogleDocs survey results (Sep. 2015): Why may “theory x” be associated with “metaphor y”?

obtains

shows

know

ledge

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Learning Theories – vision metaphor

Source: Christensen, T.K. (2008). The role of theory in instructional design: some views of an ID practitioner http://performancexpress.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/PFI47_4_25.pdf Retrieved on August 30, 2015*Siemens, G. (2006). Knowing Knowledge. (pp.26-27) Lulu.com (November 5, 2006) ISBN-13: 978-143030230

GoogleDocs survey (Sep. 2015) results – role of learner

Constructing?

Connecting?

*“These established metaphors fall short in an era defined by rapid knowledge development.”

actively copies knowledge from others 40%passively receives information 40%I don't really know 20%

strategically uses knowledge 60%passively processes knowledge 0%I don't really know 40%

is viewed as part of the environment 0%interacts with the environment to learn 80%I don't really know 20%

globe 20%television 0%Stairs 0%scaffold 40%I can't think of any 40%other 0%

Social Learning

Information Processing

Constructivism

Social Cultural Choose a metaphor

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Role of learner – vision metaphorPerformer: obtains and shows knowledge

Observer: copies knowledge from others

Processor: strategizes to obtain and use knowledge

Explorer: discovers knowledge by interacting with the environment and others in in it (cognitive)

Collaborator: interprets knowledge by collaborating, negotiating and interacting (social)

Christensen, T.K. (2008). The role of theory in instructional design: some views of an ID practitioner http://performancexpress.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/PFI47_4_25.pdf Retrieved on August 30, 2015Ormrod, J. E. (2009). Essentials of Educational Psychology (Second edition ed.). Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.: Pearson.

Siemens (2005): “Our metaphors of learning have become tired and worn.”Retrieved September 07, 2015 http://www.elearnspace.org/Articles/networks.htm

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Acknowledging classical and emerging concepts

DE Theories

Classical

Emerging

1960s Wedemeyer - Independent Study1960s Holmberg - Guided Didactic Conversation1973/1983 Moore - Transactional Distance*

1990s Garrison et al -Community of Inquiry1990s Simonson et al - Equivalency~2005 Siemens & Downes - Connectivism

Thorndike

Siemens

Krathwohl Bloom

1800s

1900s

Freire

2000s

Node

Internode

Siemens, G. (2006). Knowing Knowledge. (p.29)“Nodes are external entities whichwe can use to form a network.”

Images courtesy of ClipArt

Holmberg, B. (1983). Guided didactic conversation in distance education. Moore, M. G. (1973). Towards a theory of independent learning and teaching.Wedemeyer, C. A. (1981). Learning at the Back Door: Reflections on Non-Traditional Learning in the Lifespan.

Dewey*

Kilpatrick

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Integrating teaching strategies from various theoretical approaches in distance education

Thorndike’s

Connectionism

Humanism BehaviourismProgrammed learning

CognitivismInformation processing

ConstructivismMetacognition

Post-Constructivism?Network of knowledge

Case studiesRole plays

Step-by-step instruction/testing

Surface learning – ‘shovel-ware’Deep learning – self-questioning; ePortfolios

Project-based learning (PBL)Curating and creating artifacts - ePortfolios

Twitter (#search)OER (global repository)Tutors, peersSkim, scan, shareCurate, repurposeCollaborating - ePortfolios

Connectivism?

“To establish desirable connections, learners’ individual differences had to be taken into consideration.”

Thorndike in: Saettler, P. (1990). The Evolution of American Educational Technology. (p.56)

“We do not always construct (which is high cognitive load), but we do constantly connect.” (Siemens, 2006, p.27)

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Why apply theoretical principles in distance education?

Learning Theories

Vision Metaphor

DE Theories

Design instructionCreate meaningful learning eventsFocus on the situationConsider the instructional problemIdentify theories/models Use theoretical perspective as guide

Classical

Emerging

“We dance and court the knowledge of others in ways the original creators did not intend.” (Siemens, 2006, p.7)

“Although acclaimed as the great interpreter of Dewey, it seems clear that Kilpatrick ended by transforming Dewey’s ideas intosomething quite different than Dewey had originally intended.” (Saettler, 1990, p. 60)

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Learning Humanism, BehaviourismCognitivism, Constructivism

Empirical evidence“Different theories reflect differentpositions on the nature of knowledge…there is some form of empirical evidenceto support each”**

EmergingConnectivism: SiemensEquivalency: SimonsonTaxonomy of the Many*: Anderson, Dron (2007) Social learning 2.0

Theoretical principles – application in DE

*Metaphor: virtual classroom

Source: * http://www.slideshare.net/terrya/ecel-copenhagen-2007-terry-anderson Tony Bates: ** http://www.tonybates.ca/2014/07/29/learning-theories-and-online-learning/Surowiecki, J.(2005). The Wisdom of Crowds. Anchor Books.( pp. xv.)

*Metaphor: virtual community of practice

*Metaphor: wisdom of crowds

Network

CollectiveGroups1, 2, 3

Previous

cohorts?

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Empirically Speaking – practical application of theoretical principles in distance education

Learning Theories DE Theories

Classical Emerging

Post-constru

ctivism?

If I have seen further than others, it is by standing upon the shoulders of Giants.Sir Isaac Newton in a letter dated mid 1600s (idea borrowed from another “giant”)

“The quote above is attributed to Sir Isaac Newton, and comes from a letter to his erstwhile friend and later rival, Robert Hooke, sent in 1676: ‘If I have seen further it is by standing on ye shoulders of Giants’.”http://0-eds.a.ebscohost.com.aupac.lib.athabascau.ca/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=29f224f5-213f-45cb-ad25-20ee1175f2ca%40sessionmgr4003&vid=5&hid=4102 retrieved 15 September, 2015 from AU Library

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References: some of the work cited

Bandura, A. (1989). Social cognitive theory. In R. Vasta (Ed.), Annals of Child Development, 6. Six theories of child development (pp. 1–60). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.Bandura, Albert (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman. p. 604. ISBN 978-0-7167-2626-5Brown, J.S.(2002) USDLA Journal: Journal of the United States Distance Learning Association. v16 n2, February, 2002 Dewey, J. (1966). Democracy and Education - An Introduction to the Philosophy of Education. NY.: The Free Press - A Division of MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc.Dewey, J., & Tufts, J. H. (1959). Ethics. NY.: Henry Holt and Company.Holmberg, B. (1983). Guided didactic conversation in distance education. In D. Sewart, D. Keegan, and B. Holmberg (Eds.), Distance education: International perspectives (p. 114-122). London: Croom Helm. Retrieved 2015-07-06 http://www.c3l.uni-oldenburg.de/cde/support/readings/holm83.pdf Levine, S.Joseph et al (2005). Making Distance Education Work: Understanding Learning and Learners at a Distance. LearnerAssociates.net LLCKeegan, D. (1990). Foundations of Distance Education. New York: Routledge.Knowles, Malcolm S. (1950) Informal Adult Education, Chicago: Association Press, pages 9-10. Moore, Michael G. 1973).Toward a Theory of Independent Learning and Teaching - http://192.107.92.31/Corsi_2005/bibliografia%20e-learning/theory.pdf retrieved, 2015-05-25http://www.slideshare.net/kshelton/equivalency-theory retrieved 2015-08-01http://www.slideshare.net/terrya/ecel-copenhagen-2007-terry-anderson retrieved 2015-08-05 "Marshall McLuhan: The Medium and the Messenger". Philipmarchand.com. Retrieved 2015-04-23.Moore, M. G. & Shin, N. (Eds.).(2000). '"Charles Wedemeyer: The Father of Distance Education" in Michael G. Moore and Namin Shin (Eds.), Speaking Personally about Distance Education: Foundations of Contemporary Practice. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.Ragan, L.C. Ragan (1999). Good Teaching Is Good Teaching: An Emerging Set of Guiding Principles and Practices for the Designand Development of Distance Education.Saettler, P. (1990). The Evolution of American Educational Technology. Siemens, G. (2005). Connectivism: Learning as Network-Creation http://www.elearnspace.org/Articles/networks.htm retrieved 2015-07-07Siemens, G. (2006). Knowing knowledge. Vancouver, BC, Canada: Lulu PressSiemens, G. & Tittenberger, P. (2009) (http://ltc.umanitoba.ca/blogs/cetl/) Simonson, M., Smaldino, S., Albright, M., & Zvacek, S. (2009). Teaching and learning at a distance: Foundations of distance education, 4th edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.Surowiecki, J.(2005). The Wisdom of Crowds. Anchor Books. pp. xv.Wedemeyer, C. A., & Childs, G.B. (1961). New Perspectives in University Correspondence Study. Chicago: Center for the Study of Liberal Education for Adults.Wedemeyer, C. A. (1981). Learning at the Back Door: Reflections on Non-Traditional Learning in the Lifespan. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.

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