employment & industries · many factors influence the location of industry. location factors...
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Employment & industries
Which job would you choose?
How can industrial activity be classified?
PRIMARYThese industries
extract raw materials directly from the earth or
sea.
SECONDARYThese industries
process and manufacture
products from raw materials.
TERTIARYThese industries
provide a service.
QUATERNARYThese industries
incorporate a high degree of research and
technology in their processes and employ
highly qualified people.
What is the employment structure?Employment structure is the proportion of people working in each type of industry. This changes over time and vary from one place to another. Employment structure give indication to how rich or poor a country is. Poor countries tend o have most people working in the primary sector while richer countries have more people
working in the tertiary.
People made living from farming, were on low wages and lived in
rural areas. Majority were farmers while others made things either for use in farming (ex. ploughs).
During the nineteenth century jobs changed dramatically. The Industrial Revolution led people to move to town and work in heavy industries (ex. Coal mining, steel factories making ships and machinery).
Further changes occurred as primary and secondary industries have become more
mechanised, therefore needing less workers. Coal and other resources started
running out and industries started facing competition from other countries. More hospitals, schools, shops and transport
provided many new jobs.
Industrialised countries have experienced increased
wealth and improved quality of life.
What is an industrial system?Inputs: The things that are needed to make or create a product. These maybe physical or human e.g. labour (workers), money or raw materials.
Processes: The events or activities that take place to make a product e.g. watering crops or assembling a car.
Outputs: The finished product that is sold to a consumer e.g. milk, a television or a car.
Where should an industry be located?
Cement works
Distribution firm
Accountants
Modern steel factory
Locational factorsMany factors influence the location of industry. Location factors are easily divided into two sections: physical factors and socio-economic (human) factors.
A general rule is that the physical factors were the primary influence over the location of the older industries in most places, whilst the economic ones are increasingly important in industrial location now.
Heavy industry required large amounts of bulky raw materials, which were very costly to transport, and so the industry located close to them.
Now, industries can gain their power from the National Grid and so power does not really influence location a great deal.
Flat land is the most essential thing to find. Most industries also try to find areas where there is room to expand once production has become successful.
Very important to old, labour-intensive industries. This is why many of them located near cities, so that there was a huge pool of potential workers close by.
With the growth in car ownership, and industries becoming more mechanised labour supply is not such an important factor for most industries.
In the last 19th Century the market for most industries would be fairly local. Into the 20th century the market widened with improved transport technology. Now, the market for many companies is a global one.
Changes in industrial location
Iron and steel industryThe iron industry - a lot of raw materials were needed. These were available locally.
The raw materials were heavy and expensive to
transport over long distances. Coal became the main source of power for the furnaces.
Three tonnes of coal was needed to smelt one tonne
of iron. It was therefore much cheaper to produce
iron and steel near the sources of iron ore and coal.
The finished product could be easily exported
through the ports of Cardiff and Newport. By 1860
there were 35 ironworks in the South Wales valleys, all using local resources.
In the past iron and steel works were located close to the raw
materials. They changed locations because of a number of factors:
• The local raw materials ran out – the raw materials are now imported from other countries.
• There is a need for ports and docks to handle the imported
raw materials.
• the steelworks need to be close to water for cooling and other processes.
• the new steelworks are integrated plants where all the processes are done on one site.
Port Talbot steelworks imports its coal from America, Australia,
Canada and Europe. Its iron ore comes from Australia, Brasil,
Canada and Africa. The limestone comes from local sources
AND Cumbria. The steelworks uses up to 15 million gallons of water a day with 70% of it being recycled.
Port Talbot steelworksPort Talbot was a new steelworks
build in 1990. There is a large
area of flat land, near to the sea
for importing and exporting
purposes.
Near by is a large workforce and
access to the entire British market
through the excellent motorway
links. It has created employment
opportunities in the area, and has
encouraged further investmentand growth.
The car industryPresent-day industries need large markets in which to
sell their goods. The car industry is an example of an
industry that is building new factories near to
markets.
A modern car consists of many small parts. Each part
is made in its own factory. If the factories making
theses parts are all close together then it is easier
and cheaper for the car manufacturer to assemble
(put together) all of these parts. If large towns are
nearby then workers from these towns can make and
assemble the parts and, hopefully, buy many of the
finished cars. Transport is important for moving car
parts, assembled cars and workers.
Car industry in the UKIn the UK foreign car producers have been doing
well in Britain. As a result of high foreign direct
investment, Britain has a wider range of car
manufacturers than anywhere else in Europe.
Nissan’s Sunderland factory however, remains the most efficient in Europe. It is the largest
plant in the UK.
Toyota - BurnastonManufacturing Plant
JUST-IN-TIME PRODUCTION
Hi-tech industriesHigh-technology or high-tech industries make products such as microchips, computers,
mobile phones, pharmaceuticals(drugs) and scientific equipment. They have been the
growth industry of recent years. High-tech companies use the most advanced
manufacturing methods and they put great emphasis on the research and development of
new products. They employ highly skilled and inventive workforce.
Newly industrialised countries• A newly industrialized country (or NIC) is a developing economy that has. transitioned
from being based on agriculture or extraction of raw materials, to being primarily based
on the production of manufactured goods
• These nations have taken important steps towards industrialization and might be
considered as developed economies at some point in the near future.
