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EMV Contactless Payment Systems based on AS3911Overview and System Simulations

Giuliano Manzi, PhDMannheim, May 23–25, 2012

CST EUROPEAN USER CONFERENCE 2012

a leap ahead in analog

© 2011 austriamicrosystems

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CST EUROPEAN USER CONFERENCE 2012, May 23–25, 2012 Mannheim, Germany2

• AS3911 OVERVIEW• EMVCo OVERVIEW

• EMVCo History and Today• EMV Contactless Specifications for Payment Systems Standard• Reference PICC and PCD• Analog / Signal RF Requirements

• Simulation Model Reference PICC PCD• Reference System Simulations and Validation

• RF Power Validation (Simulations vs. Measurements)• RF Signal Overview

• EMVCo System Modeling• austraimicrosystems EMVco Reference Design

OUTLINE


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CST EUROPEAN USER CONFERENCE 2012, May 23–25, 2012 Mannheim, Germany

AS3911 OVERVIEW

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The AS3911 is a highly integrated NFC Initiator / HF Reader IC. It includes theanalog front end (AFE) and a highly integrated data framing system for ISO18092 (NFCIP-1) initiator, ISO 18092 (NFCIP-1) active target, ISO 14443 A andB reader (including high bit rates) and Felica™ reader. Implementation ofother standard and custom protocols is possible through using the AFE andimplementing framing in the external microcontroller (Transparent mode).

The AS3911 includes several features, such as low power capacitive sensor,which can be used to detect a presence of a card without switching on the readerfield. Additionally, a presence of a card can be detected by performing ameasurement of amplitude or phase of signal on antenna LC tank and comparingit to stored reference.

The AS3911 is also qualified for use in automotive applications which makes itideal for car access, ignition and diagnostic functions. The AS3911 is designedfor operation from wide power supply range from 2.4V to 5.5V, peripheralinterface IO pins support power supply range from 1.65V to 5.5V.

ApplicationsThe AS3911 is suitable for a wide range of applications including EMVPayment, Access Control, Automotive, NFC Infrastructure, and Ticketing.


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AS3911 – Unique Features

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Resonance increase the current that is flowing through the coil.AS391x optimize the resonance

Optimized resonance behavior will maximize current

Advantage: antenna management make the system independent of parameter variances

Antenna Tuning

Minimum current @ 800 ms: 2,0 µATypical current @ 100ms: 4,7µAFast detection @ 10ms: 31 µA

Capacitive Wake-up

Advantage: lowest current consumption enables Battery powered system


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EMVCo History and Today

The EMV name comes from Europay, MasterCard and Visa, the companies that in 1994 initiateddevelopment of the EMV Specifications. Europay International SA became part of MasterCard in2002. JCB joined EMVCo in 2004, and American Express in 2009.At the time, many banks recognized the benefits of chip-based payment but also realized thatinternational standards for such payment were needed to help foster global interoperability. The EMVSpecifications were created to fill that void.The first version of the EMV Specifications was published in 1996, as version 3.1.1. The most recentversion, EMV 4.2, was published in June 2008.Today EMVCo manages, maintains and enhances the EMV Integrated Circuit Card Specifications tohelp facilitate global interoperability and compatibility of payment system integrated circuit cards andacceptance devices. EMVCo maintains and extends specifications, provides testing methodologyand oversees the testing and approval process.EMV chip-based payment card systems are now utilized in numerous countries around the world.

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The basic components of a contactless system are the contactless reader or Proximity Coupling Device(PCD) and a transponder or Proximity IC Card (PICC).The PCD is an antenna connected to an electronic circuit. The PICC consists of an inductive antenna andan integrated circuit connected to the ends of the antenna. The combination PCD – PICC behaves like atransformer. An alternating current passes through a primary coil (PCD antenna) and creates anelectromagnetic field, which induces a current in the secondary coil (PICC antenna). The PICC converts theelectromagnetic field (or RF field) transmitted by the PCD, into a DC voltage by means of a diode rectifier topower the PICC’s internal circuits. The configuration and tuning of both antennas determines the couplingefficiency from one device to the other.

EMVCo DEFINITION


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The RF energy transmitted by the PCD and received by the PICC not only powers up the PICC but is alsoused to transport the data through modulation of the carrier. The PICC decodes and processes the dataand responds to the PCD by means of load modulation.Load modulation is based on the electromagnetic coupling (i.e. mutual inductance) between PICC and PCDsimilar to the power transfer and communication from PCD to PICC. The PICC changes the current in itsantenna. The current variation in the PICC antenna is sensed by the PCD as a small change in the currentin its antenna, typically sensed as a small increase in voltage across a resistor in series with the PCDantenna.

EMVCo DEFINITION


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The RF power and signal interface part of the specification is specified in terms of the EMVCo referenceequipment. EMVCo reference equipment consists of an EMVCo reference PCD, an EMVCo referencePICC and an EMVCo reference CMR (Common Mode Rejection).

The purpose of the EMVCo reference equipment is to provide a PCD and PICC that cover the variations incontactless technology. A PCD can therefore be checked against the EMVCo – Reference PICC and aPICC can be checked against the EMVCo – Reference PCD.

EMVCo REFERENCE SYSTEM

Why a Reference System is needed?


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The Reference PCD has a circular antenna of about 7 cm, which is in the small range of antenna sizesencountered in EMVCo terminals.

Customer Trend is to have smaller and smaller PCD “antennas”

The circular antenna creates a symmetric field distribution from the z-axis, which simplifies measurements.When fed with 600 mW into its 50 Ω input impedance at resonance, the EMVCo – Reference PCD providesa magnetic field which is representative of most PCDs.



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The EMVCo – Reference PICC has an antenna similar to those found in ID-1 cards. (64 mm x 34 mm)As payment products based on this specification the system is designed to work with only one PICC in thePCD field and PICC it is tuned to 16.1 MHz. This is a compromise between power consumption, detuningand communication capability.The EMVCo – Reference PICC allows the analysis of the signal as sent out by a PCD. For analyzing thefrequency content of these signals, it is equipped with a pickup coil, which is an integral part of the EMVCo– Reference PICC.The EMVCo – Reference PICC can also send information back to a PCD, using various levels of loadmodulation.The EMVCo – Reference PICC can be configured with a linear and a non linear load. The non linear load isself-adapting to the magnetic field strength. The (variable) load parameters are set based on the maximumpower consumption in current contactless cards. The maximum power consumption represents a worst casescenario for a PCD.



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The Operating Volume of a PCD is the 3-dimensional space for which the specification imposesrequirements on the magnetic field HOV (Operating Field).

The Operating Volume is measured from the centre of the landing plane, along an axis perpendicular to thelanding plane. Requirements on this geometry suppose that the PCD is stationary and that the PICC movesslowly (less than 1 m/s) through the Operating Volume.

EMVCo OPERATING VOLUME


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EMVCo RF Requirements

RF signal powerEnvelope shaping PCD to PICCEnvelope shaping PICC to PDC


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RF signal powerEMVCo RF Requirements


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EMVCo PCD to PICCThe ISO/IEC 14443 standard defines two possible modulation types, called Type A and Type B.For communication from PCD to PICC, both Type A and Type B use Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK). Theamplitude of the carrier is switched between V1 and V2 , creating a lower level when the field is at valueV2 . The requirements of the lower level as well as of the envelope of the carrier for the two modulationtypes of ISO/IEC 14443 are defined in this section.

Type A communication from PCD to PICC uses the modulation principle of ASK 100%. The carrier isturned on and off, creating a lower level when turned off. In practice, it will result in a modulation depth of95% or higher. The lower level for Type A modulation is referred to as “pause” by ISO/IEC 14443-2.

http://www.netbook.cs.purdue.edu/animations/Amplitude Shift Keying.html


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EMVCo PCD to PICCPCD signal shaping Type-AThe PCD shall modulate the Operating Field in the Operating Volume in such a way that the signal measured at theoutput of the pickup coil of the EMVCo – Reference PICC has the following characteristics:• The time between V4 of the falling edge and V2 of the rising edge shall be t1 . • If V does not decrease monotonically from V4 to V2 , the time between a local maximum and the time of passing

the same value before the local maximum shall be t5 . This shall only apply if the local maximum is greater than V2.

• Ringing following the falling edge shall remain below VOU,A V1. • V shall remain less than V2 for a time t2 . • V shall increase monotonically to V3 in a time t4 . • V shall increase monotonically to V4 in a time t3 . • Overshoots immediately following the rising edge

shall remain within (1±VOU,A )V1 .


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EMVCo PCD to PICCPCD signal shaping Type-BThe PCD shall modulate the Operating Field in the Operating Volume in such a way that the signal measured atthe output of the pickup coil of the EMVCo – Reference PICC has the following characteristics:• The modulation index (m i ) of the signal shall be mod i .• V shall decrease monotonically from V3 to V4 (i.e. the falling edge) in a time tf .• V shall increase monotonically from V4 to V3 (i.e. the rising edge) in a time tr .• The rising and falling edges of the modulation shall be monotonic.• Overshoots and undershoots following the falling and rising edge shall be less thanVOU,B (V1 -V2 ).


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EMVCo PICC to PCDPICC signal shapingFor the communication from PICC to PCD, both Type A and Type B use load modulation. The carrier frequency fc isused to derive a subcarrier with frequency fs equal to fc/16 (~847 kHz).Switching a load on and off at this frequency creates the subcarrier. When the PICC is in the loaded state, a highercurrent will flow through the antenna of the PICC than in the case where the load is not switched on. This difference incurrent in the PICC antenna is sensed by the PCD.


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EMVCo PICC to PCDPICC signal shapingFor the communication from PICC to PCD, both Type A and Type B use load modulation. The carrier frequency fc isused to derive a subcarrier with frequency fs equal to fc/16 (~847 kHz).Switching a load on and off at this frequency creates the subcarrier. When the PICC is in the loaded state, a highercurrent will flow through the antenna of the PICC than in the case where the load is not switched on. This difference incurrent in the PICC antenna is sensed by the PCD.

Type A modulates the subcarrier using On-Off Keying (OOK).

Type B modulates the subcarrier using Binary Phase ShiftKeying (BPSK) .BPSK uses two signal phases: 0 degrees and 180 degrees.If the phase of the wave does not change with regard to areference phase, then the signal state stays the same (low orhigh). If the phase of the wave changes by 180 degrees (i.e.the phase reverses) then the signal state changes. Thereference phase is referred to as Ø0.


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Mesaurement POINTS

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SIMULATIONSReference PICC PCD

SIMULATIONS


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MW StudioFEM solver

DS StudioS-Parameter Analysis

SIMULATIONS PICC


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MW StudioFEM solver

DS StudioS-Parameter Analysis

SIMULATIONS PCD


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SIMULATION MODELVALIDATION(vs. measurements)

SYSTEM SIMULATIONS


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Simulation sweep of distance D from 15mm to 45mmsweep of input signal from 3Vpp to 5Vppdifferent configuration PINs at J7 (1-2;1-3;1-4;1-5)

Hardware used during measurements:- PAYPASS reference PICC Antenna (Version 2.1)- Reference PCD (A01-088)

SYSTEM SIMULATIONS


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D

CST MW Studio 3D model

SYSTEM SIMULATIONS


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PCD PICCPhysical model (3DEM)

PICC circuitry(w/o Modulation and external noise)

PCD circuitry

Example of simulation resultsDS TD-analysis

SYSTEM SIMULATIONS


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NOTE:15m: Measurements data at D = 15mm 15s: Simulation data at D = 15mm …

Measurements vs Simulation (@ differents PICC Setting)

SYSTEM SIMULATIONS (RF Power Validation)


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Example of simulated signal at the pick-up coil

28

SYSETM SIMULATIONS (Example of Signal)


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REAL SYSTEM SIMULATIONS


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REAL SYSTEM SIMULATIONSPCD to PICC Signal (Type A)


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REAL SYSTEM SIMULATIONSPCD to PICC Signal (Type B)


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CONCLUSION

EMV contactless equivalent system model developed.Good agreement between simulations and measurements in simulation of:• RF power level• Time domain behavior of the signal

Model can be used to optimize and fine tune any EMV Contactless system.


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Reference Design

33


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d. Th

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Reference Design

34

Sim 4.9 VMeas 5 V

Sim 2.5 VMeas 2.7 V


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ll righ

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d. Th

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ucati

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use.


Reference Design

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